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LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Aula 4- Consonantal Phonemes
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
1) Classification (voiced or voiceless, place and manner of articulation) and peculiarities of consonants (lenition, glottal, approximants and flap phenomena)
 
2) Pronunciation of consonants in final position and in the simple past.
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents. Unlike vowels, consonants usually match closely enough to permit easy transference or, in some cases, do not match at all. 
Examples in which they do not match
[dз] jaw, magic, age
[θ] think, bathtub, mouth
[ð] the, father
[t∫] chair, witch
[r] red, marry, car (retroflex) 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
A consonant is a speech sound made by partially or completely blocking the flow of air through the mouth (using the lips, teeth, tongue, and palate). 
 
CONSONANTS – include sounds which could be classed phonetically as vowels (Y, W), 
 
CONTOIDS – don’t include sounds which could be classed phonetically as vowels (Y, W).
CONSONANT AND CONTOID
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
The place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the obstruction of the consonant occurs, and which speech organs are involved. 
BILABIAL /b/ /p/ /m/ /w/
DENTAL
labio dental/f/ /v/
Interdental /θ/ /ð/ 
ALVEOLAR /t /d/ /n/ /z/ /s/ /l/
PALATAL /r/ /š/ /t∫/ /∫/ /dз/ /j/
VELAR/g/ /k/ /h/ /ŋ/
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
How air escapes from the vocal tract when the consonant or approximant (vowel-like) sound is made. 
STOPS (PLOSIVES):/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
FRICATIVES: /f/ /v/ /h/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ /š/ 
AFFRICATES: /t∫/ /dз/
LATERAL: /l/
RETROFLEX: /r/
NASALS: /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
SEMIVOWELS(GLIDES): /j/ /w/
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
You may have noticed that the letters /c/, /q/, /x/ do not have a phoneme listed. This happens because they are not listed as a pure phoneme, as the sounds that they represent can be represented by other letters or spellings. 
For example: 
the letter c can be represented by the phonemes /k/ or /s/ as in can, cent.
the letter x as in fox can be represented by two phonemes /ks/
the letter q can be represented by two phonemes /kw/ as in queue
WHAT ABOUT THE LETTERS /C/, /Q/, & /X/ ?
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT FLAP, GLOTTAL, GLIDE and APPROXIMANT
FLAPPING RULE OR TAPPING
Intervocalic alveolar flapping (more accurately 'tapping') is a phonological process found in many dialects of English, especially North American English and Australian English, by which T and D surface as the tap [ɾ] :
 There is a Lenition, i.e, a kind of consonant mutation. Lenition means 'softening' or 'weakening' (from Latin lenis = weak), and it refers to the change of a consonant considered 'stronger' into one considered 'weaker' (or fortis → lenis). 
after vowel: butter , buddy, better
after r: barter
after l: faculty (but not immediately post-tonic: alter → al[tʰ]er, not *al[ɾ]er) 
 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Glottal is a phonological phenomenon that occurs in everyday informal English. The phonetic symbol for a glottal stop is ʔ.
In a true glottal stop there is complete obstruction to the passage of air, and the result is a period of silence. Hold your breath.
It happens:
With a t-sound before unstressed vowel
Fountain – Foun- tain (like a hiccup) - Cur-tain - Bu-tton
 
Before a final T: I can’t - Let me know
 
In front of a p, t or k if there is not a vowel immediately following 
e.g. captive - kÆʔptiv, catkin’ kÆʔtkin, arctic’ a:ʔktik); 
 
NOTE: A similar case is that of tʃ when following a stressed vowel, as in in ‘butcher’ bυʔtʃə. 
GLOTTAL
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough or with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Approximants are divided into the following two sub-classes:
liquids 
lateral approximants like [l] (as in less)
non-lateral approximants like [ɹ] (as in rest)
semi-vowels - also known as "glides" . They are vowels masquerading as consonants. 
Examples of Y as a Consonant - yes - yam - yell - yellow - yogurt - yacht
Examples of Y as a Vowel - gym - my - cycle - baby - hairy - sky - fairy
Examples of Y as a Semivowel – valley 
Examples of W as a Consonant – winged – why – swell.
Examples of W as a semivowel – bow – jaw –known - lawn
 
 
 
APPROXIMANT (VOWEL-LIKE)
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Involving vibration of the vocal cords
VOICED SOUNDS
SING
AWAY
FATHER
ZOO
LAMP
BOY
DAY
JAW
GO
VERY
ROUGE
ME
NO
RED
YOU
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
VOICELESS SOUNDS
No vibration of the vocal cords
sit
PAY
TOP
CHAIR
CAKE
FUN
THINK
SIT
SHOE
HAT
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
/d/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends in a VOWEL OR VOICED CONSONANT
PRONOUNCING PAST TENSE VERBS
SING
BLOW
SMOOTH
USE
CONTROL
GRAB
ENGAGE
BRAG
LIVE
BLAME
YAWN
REPAIR
PLAY
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
PRONOUNCING PAST TENSE VERBS
/t/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with a voiceless consonant
sit
TYPE
WATCH
WORK
PUFF
MISS
CASH
/ d/ When the pronunciation of the infinitive ends with an alveolar stop consonant – /d/ or /t/
NEED
CREATE
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
The -s is pronounced like /z/ after voiced sounds.
PRONUNCIATION OF PLURAL NOUNS, GENITIVE CASE AND PRESENT TENSE VERBS (THIRD PERSONS)
THROWS
SMOOTHS
GIRLS
CABS
DOGS
LIVES
DADS
TOM’S
JANE’S
YEARS
BOYS
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
PRONUNCIATION OF PLURAL NOUNS, GENITIVE CASE AND PRESENT TENSE VERBS (THIRD PERSONS)
The -s is pronounced like /s/ after voiceless sounds.
sit
CUPS
CATS
MARK’S
JEFF’S
MOTHS
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
PRONUNCIATION OF PLURAL NOUNS, GENITIVE CASE AND PRESENT TENSE VERBS (THIRD PERSONS)
The -s is pronounced with an additional syllable - similar to "iz" - after the following endings, both voiced and voiceless which are sibilant.
CLASSES, PLACES, FIXES
SIZES, EXERCISES
DISHES
JUDGES, PAGES
MATCHES
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
MOST COMMON ERRORS WITH THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS MADE BY PORTUGUESE NATIVE SPEAKERS.
 
The aspiration of the English /p/, /t/ and /k/, when occurring word-initially or at the beginning of stressed syllables, has no equivalent in Portuguese. 
pig [phIg] if pronounced as [pIg], without aspiration, could be perceived as big
tin [thIn] if pronounced as [tIn], without aspiration, could be perceived as din 
kit [khIt] if pronounced as [kIt], without aspiration, could be perceived as git
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
In some accents in Brazil /t/ and /d/ are palatalized in the presence of a vowel as in words like leite ['leytshi] and pode ['pódzhi]. This Portuguese phenomenon, if transferred to English, will neutralize the contrast between words like: 	
till [thIl] - chill [tshIl] tip [thIp] - chip [tshIp] dim [dIm] - Jim [dzhIm] 
MOST COMMON ERRORS WITH THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS MADE BY PORTUGUESE NATIVE SPEAKERS.
 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
The phonemes /Ø/ and /ð/ have no close counterparts in Portuguese. Commonly, students resort to the clusters /ts/ or /dz/ as substitutes, which neutralize the contrast between words like: 	
math
- mats 
breathe - breeds 
 
Other students might use /s/ and /z/ as substitutes, which is still less desirable because /s/ and /z/ have a heavy functional load and this substitution could result in the neutralization of minimal pairs like: thin - sin 
thick - sick 
faith - face 
MOST COMMON ERRORS WITH THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS MADE BY PORTUGUESE NATIVE SPEAKERS.
 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
The English retroflex /r/ does not have a similar sound in Portuguese, except in one dialect in certain areas of the state of São Paulo.
hat [hæt] - rat [ræt] head [hed] - red [red] high [hay] - rye [ray] hoe [how] - row [row]
MOST COMMON ERRORS WITH THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS MADE BY PORTUGUESE NATIVE SPEAKERS.
 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
In Portuguese /s/ between two vowels has a /z/ sound, but in English it may occur or not, as there is no rule for it. So, be careful:
House /s/
Mouse /s/
Use (noun) /s/
Vase /s/
Case /s/
 
 
MOST COMMON ERRORS WITH THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS MADE BY PORTUGUESE NATIVE SPEAKERS.
 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
RECOMMENDATION
Final –s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8ksyiycxq4&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoZTs06AUGo&feature=related
 
Past Simple Regular Verb Endings 
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-EC_kk0Lso
 
'th' /θ/ & /ð/ vs. / t / & / d / - American English Pronunciation Lesson
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewQyUi4QvC0&feature=related
 
 
Aula 4 – Consonantal Phonemes
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
1) Classification (voiced or voiceless, place and manner of articulation) and peculiarities of consonants (lenition, glottal, approximants and flap phenomena)
 
2) Pronunciation of consonants in final position and in the simple past.