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LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Aula 6 – THE SYLLABLE
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
Count the number of syllables in a word
Know the structure of the syllable
Learn the rules of syllabification (Hyphenation)
 
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
THE ENGLISH SYLLABLES
A syllable is the basic rhythm unit in English. 
It is important to note that when we say the number of vowels, it does not mean the number of vowel letters. When we talk about vowels and consonants, we mean the vowel sounds and consonant sounds.
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 Syllables have internal structure: they can be divided into parts. 
ONSET
RHYME
NUCLEOUS
CODA
Not all syllables have all parts; the smallest possible syllable contains a nucleus only. E.g. I.
RHYME (or rime) = NUCLEOUS + CODA
read R – onset
EAD – rhyme
 
win.dow W and D – onsets
IN and OW -rhyme
SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 READ = one syllable Onset = [ r ] Rhyme = [ i:d ]   ead        Nucleus = [ i: ]      Coda   = [ d ] 
 
FLOP = one syllable Onset = [ f l ] Rhyme  = [ op ]     Nucleus  =  [ o ]     Coda  =  [ p ] 
 
SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
WINDOW = 2 syllables 
First syllable:  [win] Onset  = [ w ] Rhyme  = [ in ]     Nucleus = [ i ]     Coda  = [ n ] 
 
Second syllable: [ d o ] Onset = [ d ] Rhyme = [ o ]     Nucleus = [ o ] (This syllable has no coda) 
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
TO FIND THE NUMBER OF SYLLABLES 
Count the vowels in the word
Subtract any silent vowels, (like the silent "e" at the end of a word or the second vowel when two vowels a together in a syllable – diphthongs or digraphs) 
The number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables. 
The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For example: 
CAME – 1 Syllable
OUTSIDE – 2 syllables
PLOUGH – 1 syllable
PEOPLE	-1 syllable 
NOISE – 1 syllable
NEAR – 1 syllable
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
TO FIND THE NUMBER OF SYLLABLES 
ATTENTION: Regular past tense of monosyllabic verbs:
If the verbs end in \t\ and \d\, another syllable is added: \ed\. Otherwise, it doesn’t occur.
1. painted = 2 syllables (paint-ed) 2. landed = 2 syllables (land-ed) 3. walked = 1 syllable 4. caused = 1 syllable 5. laughed = 1 syllable 
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
SYLLABIFICATION - GENERAL RULES
A split which gives:
only one or two letters at the beginning of the second line is NEVER PERMISSIBLE
only one or two letters at the end of the first line is UNDESIRABLE, BUT NOT IMPERMISSIBLE. (Exceptions are prefixes, such as re-, di-, etc.).
 
If the word has five letters or fewer, do not divide it. Some grammarians consider six letters or less.
IMPORTANT: One thing is the theory and the other is the practice. 
 THEORY		PRACTICE
Ac-tor			actor
a-moe-ba		amoeba
cu-ri-ous			curi-ous (or cu-rious)
paint-er			painter
a-typ-i-cal		atypi-cal 
ma-ni-ac			ma-niac (or maniac)
re-gret			re-gret (prefix) (or regret)
 
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
SYLLABIFICATION - GENERAL RULES
 
A good option to check word-division is:
The Oxford Minidictionary of Spelling and Word-Division
Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English (in practice)
The free dictionary (on the internet) – in theory
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
SYLLABIFICATION – OTHER CASES
 
Do not divide abbreviations, acronyms, contractions or numbers.
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
Do not divide parts of dates, proper names, or addresses. Do not divide a person's name.
SYLLABIFICATION – OTHER CASES
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
Do not divide words that must be read together.
SYLLABIFICATION – OTHER CASES
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
First, divide off prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds. Divide off prefixes such as "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "hope/less" and "care/ful". In the word "stop/ping", the suffix is actually "-ping".
DON’T DIVIDE THE SUFFIXES.
 
Divide between two middle consonants. 
For example: hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. 
 
NOTE: The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. 
 
EXCEPTION: except when it would divide a simple base form, e.g. but sell-ing, buzz-er. 
 
SYLLABIFICATION – OTHER CASES
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Usually divide before a single middle consonant. 
When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in: "o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", and "re/port", “cu/pid”. 
 
NOTE: The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in". 
* That’s when you are going to use the vowel tenseness rules (long or short)
Words ending in “le” divide one letter before “le”. 
For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "this/tle". 
The only exception to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le". 
 
Divide off any compound words. Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". After dividing the compound words you will see if the root word can be divided itself:
Tele/vision Tele/vi/sion
 
SYLLABIFICATION – OTHER CASES
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
EXERCISES
 
 
 
 
1. Choose the word that has the same number of syllables as “massive”
a) Spend		b) thought		c) existence
d) Travel		e) eventful 
 
2. What is the correct way to divide the word “coexistence”? (CO – PREFIX; ENCE – SUFFIX, ROOT – EXIST – EX-IST)
a) co- ex- ist- ence
b) co- ex- ist -en- ce
c) co- e- xis - ten- ce
d) co- e- xis- tence
e) co – e – xist – ence
3. Select the WRONG alternative considering the word “seat”
a) the onset is “s”		b) the rhyme is /i:d/
c) the nucleus id /i:/		d) the coda is /t/
e) it has two syllables
 
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
EXERCISES
 
 
 
 
 
4. In what alternative all the words are divided for the same reason?
a) ta/ble – a/ble – ket/tle – hap/py
b) hap/py – mat/ter – cot/ton – sup/per
c) hap/py – ta/ble – a/ble – cu/pid
d) mus/ket – mu/sic - ban/dit – sup/per
e) mus/ket – mu/sic - ban/dit – a/ble
Words ending in “le” divide one letter before “le”. – A/BLE; TA/BLE
Divide between two middle consonants. – KET/TLE; HAP/PY; MAT/TER; COT/TON; SUP/PER; MUS/KET; BAN/DIT;
Usually divide before a single middle consonant. – MU/SIC; CU/PID.
CUPID – U – LONG VOWEL SOUND
MUSKET – U – SHORT VOWEL SOUND
MUSIC - U – LONG VOWEL SOUND
BANDIT – SHORT VOWEL SOUND
 
Lesson 6 – The Syllable
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
Count the number of syllables in a word
Know the structure of the syllable
Learn the rules of syllabification (Hyphenation)