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LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Lesson 10 – TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS – REVIEW 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
a) The difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription;
b) The concepts seen in the previous classes by means of examples.
 
 
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
Phonemic Transcription - phonemic transcription does not consider the details as you choose it for transcription. Here we use the slashes / /
The first sound in these words are usually aspirated, but as English does not contrast aspirated vs. unaspirated plosives (phonemically) the difference is not annotated in a phonemic transcription.
Phonetic Transcription - phonetic transcription considers all the details and all the phonetic information about sounds (phone) as you choose this transcription. we use the square brackets to represent it [ ]
phonetic : cat [kʰæ t ] - Here the k with h means aspirated ( details ) X phonemic : cat / kæt / 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Intervocalic alveolar flapping – it is a phonological process found in many dialects of English, especially North American English and Australian English, by which T and D surface as the tap [ɾ] 
 
after vowel: butter , buddy, better
after r: barter
after l: faculty (but not immediately post-tonic: alter → al[tʰ]er, not *al[ɾ]er) 
 
FLAPPING RULE OR TAPPING
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
HOW MANY PHONEMES ARE THERE IN “TIME”?
“Time” has 3 phonemes /t/ /i/ /m/. –E at the end of the word is a magic –E. It doesn’t count as a phoneme. Even if a vowel has a double sound, it is 1 phoneme. So, even if the /i/ sounds /ai/, you will have one phoneme.
 
HOW MANY PHONEMES ARE THERE IN “BIBLE”?
Five. /b/ /i/ /b/ /l/ /e/. If the word ends in “LE” the “E” is counted.
 
HOW MANY PHONEMES ARE THERE IN “GLOW”?
Three. /g/ /l/ /o/. Even if the /o/ has an /ow/ sound, it counts as one phoneme. The /w/ has a mute sound. 
 
HOW MANY WORDS ARE THERE IN “WHISTLE”?
Five or 6. Five if you pronounce /w/ /i/ /s/ /e/ /l/. Six if you aspire the “H”: /h/ /w/ /i/ /s/ /e/ /l/.
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
VOWELS CLASSIFICATION
SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS
LONG VOWEL SOUNDS
HIT
PUT
BUT
DOT
ABOUT
BET
HAT
LEAVE
TOO, UNICORN
PART, APRON
CAUGHT, BOUGHT
WORD
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
LONG OR SHORT VOWEL SOUND
One syllable
two letters together - In general, the first vowel has a long sound and the second one is silent:
Leave – Caught - Seen 
 
One letter 
In the middle of the word: 
 Without magic –E - short: fat, bed, fish, spot, luck.
 With magic –E – long: place, cake, mice, vote, mute.
Exception: verbs – live, love, come
 
At the end of a syllable: long 
E.g.: he – we – why - my 
 
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
LONG OR SHORT VOWEL SOUND
Two or more syllables:
The syllable ends in vowel – long:
"pa/per, o/pen, u/nit. 
 
The syllable ends in consonant– short
Sam/my- ap/ple
 
NOTE:
The vowels i and o have the long vowel sound when followed by two or more consonants. 
E.g.: child –mind – light (see diphthongs) – old – colt
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
DOES A WORD LIKE “CAR” HAVE A LONG VOWEL SOUND OR IS IT R-CONTROLLED?
It depends on the grammarians. Some will say they are long. Others that they are neither long nor short. They are R-controlled.
 
WHAT IS A NON-RHOTIC ACCENT?
A NON-RHOTIC accent is the one in which the R is ONLY pronounced if it is followed by a vowel sound.  
In a sentence like: The river runs through the green valley under the dark blue skies, only the R’s in bold would be pronounced.
 
HOW MANY PHONEMES ARE THERE IN “BARK”?
British accent – three phonemes. /b/ /a/ /k/
American accent – four phonemes /b/ /a/ /r/ /k/
HOW MANY PHONEMES ARE THERE IN “SIX”?
Four. /s / /i / / k / /s/ as the "x" has two distinct speech sounds. 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
DO DIPHTHONGS HAVE A LONG VOWEL SOUND? 
According to some grammarians, diphthongs are neither long nor short. They are classified as diphthongs.
 
According to some grammarians, when the diphthong doesn’t come at the end of the syllable and is represented by one vowel, this vowel is long and when it is represented by two vowels, it is neither long nor short.
mAke – long 
nIght – long
nOIse – neither long nor short 
bOUgh - neither long nor short
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
DO DIPHTHONGS HAVE A LONG VOWEL SOUND? 
According to some grammarians, when the diphthong doesn’t come at the end of the syllable and is represented by one vowel, this vowel is long and when it is represented by two vowels, it is neither long nor short.
  
At the end of the syllable – neither long nor short
no – neither long nor short
Day – neither long nor short
low – neither long nor short
boy - neither long nor short
 
The following diphthongs are always NEITHER LONG NOR SHORT.
here, near – neither long nor short
there, wear – neither long nor short
cure – neither long nor short
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A “STRESS SYLLABLE” AND A “TONIC SYLLABLE”?
A stress syllable is the one that is pronounced with more strength. 
A tonic syllable is not just stressed. It also involves a change of intonation to emphasize the intention of the speaker. A tonic syllable is not just stressed. It also involves a change of intonation to emphasize the intention of the speaker: 
a) "I'm not going": meaning [1] = Not "ME", but perhaps "YOU", "SHE" or "HE".
"I'm not going": meaning [2] = I reFUSE to go.
"I'm not going": meaning [3] = I'm not GOing... I'm COMing BACK!
 b) I'm going to London for a holiday [so don't try to stop me]. I'm going to London for a holiday [not Paris]. 
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A “STRESS SYLLABLE” AND A “TONIC SYLLABLE”?
If no stressed syllable in a tone group is more important than any other, then the tonic syllable is found in the last stressed word.
I’m going to town to buy some fruit and vegetables.
 
The underlined syllables are the stressed, considering the content words. In the last word “vegetables”, the syllable VEG is both the stressed and the tonic syllable.
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
HOMONYM = unrelated in origin (they have different origins, they come from different languages, or different words from the same language)
Skate (glide on ice) [From Dutch schaats, stilt, skate (taken as pl.), from Middle Dutch schaetse, from Old North French escache, stilt, perhaps of Germanic origin.]
Skate(a kind of fish) [From Middle English scate, from Old Norse skata.]
 
POLYSEME = related origin (they have the same origins, they come from the same language or the same word from the same language)
mouth (of a river) and mouth (of an animal). [From Old English mūth.]
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOMONYM AND POLYSEME?
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
LET’S CHECK IT?
1. Which letter is silent?- Plumber
a) M		b) p		c) b		d) l		e) u
 
2. In what Word the y is a semivowel?
a) Yes		b) yellow	c) gym		d) boy		e) yacht
 
3. In which word /s/ has a /z/sound?
House	b) vase		c) mouse	
d) use (noun)	e) use (verb)
 
5. In what option the number of phonemes is WRONG?
a) dream -5 		b) glow - 3 		c) sweet - 4
d) spread - 5 		e) slice - 4 
 
Lesson 10 – Transcription Process - Review
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
a) The difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription;
b) The concepts
seen in the previous classes by means of examples.