ECLI 02

Prévia do material em texto

ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Aula 2:Estudos culturais em língua inglesa
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
In this class, you will be able to:
be familiar with the 
classical/founding ideas of Marx and 
Durkheim. 
discuss the importance of the ideas 
of Marx and Durkheim under the 
perspective of culture and identity 
related to modern sociology.
apply functionalist and Marxist ideas 
to the modern world.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Introduction:
Hi, students.
In this class, the students will be able to evaluate the
ideas of Marxism and functionalism from an “action”
standpoint. They should have knowledge of the
contribution made by Max Weber to the understanding
of culture and identity. Students should understand the
ideas of “action” sociology . Finally students should
understand how action sociology has influenced the
contemporary development of sociology as a whole.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Marx´s theories about society
Marx's theories about society, economics and politics,
which are collectively known as Marxism, argue that all
society progresses through the dialectic of class
struggle. He was heavily critical of the current socio-
economic form of society, capitalism, which he called
the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie," believing it to be
run by the wealthy middle and upper classes purely for
their own benefit, and predicted that it would
inevitably produce internal tensions which
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
which would lead to its self-destruction and
replacement by a new system, socialism. Under
socialism, he argued that society would be governed by
the working class in what he called the "dictatorship of
the proletariat." He believed that socialism would
eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society
called pure communism.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
While Marx remained a relatively unknown figure in his
own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism
began to exert a major influence on socialist
movements shortly after his death. Marx has been
described as one of the most influential figures in
human history, and in a 1999 BBC poll was voted the
"thinker of the millennium" by people from around the
world.
Let´s watch the video about Karl Marx and Capitalism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2AZAbg1rLw –
Clássicos da Sociologia – Karl Marx De 00:00 até 13:00
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Emile Durkheim and society
Emile Durkheim followed Auguste Comte in viewing
society as a reality in its own right and in identifying
patterns to the experiences of individuals which exist
independently (Hess, Markson, & Stein, 1989).
Durkheim theorized that segmentary societies are held
together by mechanical solidarity in which repressive
laws are created, tolerated, and essentially derived
from necessity (Durkheim, 1964). The totality of beliefs
and sentiments common to average citizens of the
same society forms a determinant system which has its
own life and can be, according to Durkheim (1964), a
collective or common conscience.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
It is this common conscious, maintained by punishment
and by structures against prescribed behaviors in both
the public and the private sectors, which creates
mechanical solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is achieved
via repressive law which integrates society to a degree
which is dependent upon the greater or lesser extent of
the social life which the common conscience embraces
or regulates (Durkheim, 1964). The process can be
transformed into modern as opposed to segmentary
societies that are held together by organic solidarity.
hp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6BY6LtK9xQ –
Clássicos da Sociologia- Emile Durkheim 9:19
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Weber and society
• Max Weber (1864-1920) helped us to understand the
nature of society.
He disagreed with the approach of Marx, but in
different ways than Durkheim did.
Rather than deny the importance of material factors,
as with Marx, and rather than deny the notion of
social facts external to individuals, as with Durkheim,
he added that we should look at ideas, especially the
meanings we put onto things, and the role of changes
of ideas that contribute to society and to social
changes.
In his interest in the meanings people put to things,
Weber used the German word, "verstehen," to
discuss our deeper understanding of those meanings.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Since culture is based on symbols, and symbols must
have meanings in order to be symbols, then our
understanding of them is an essential element of
understanding society.
To oppose the approach of Marx in the understanding
of the industrial revolution, Weber suggested that
first came a radical change of ideas.
This was manifested in the Protestant Reformation,
and the preaching of protestant leaders, especially
John Calvin, in opposition to the prevailing thoughts
and practices of the Catholic church at the time.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
A third contribution of Weber was about the social
nature of inequality.
Marx had emphasised relations to production.
Without denying the importance of wealth,Weber
added prestige, the value judgements people make
about each other, and which contribute to their
social class.Again, Weber’s main concern was with
ideas.
• Weber saw society as having several layers, not only
two, and that factors other than the material were
important.Between the three of them, Marx,
Durkheim and Weber, we now see social inequality as
having three major elements, wealth, power and
prestige.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
• Let´s watch the video about Weber 04:05 até 14:25
• Functionalism
• The functionalist approach was implicit in the thought
of the original sociological positivist,Auguste Comte,
who stressed the need for cohesion after the
social malaise of the French Revolution. It was later
presented in the work of Émile Durkheim, who
developed a full theory of organic solidarity, again
informed by positivism, or the quest for "social facts".
Functionalism shares a history and theoretical affinity
with the empirical method.
Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
social structure. One has an identity, an
“internalized positional designation” (Stryker, 1980, p.
60), for
each of the different positions or role relationships
the person holds in society. Thus, self as father is an
identity, as is self as colleague, self as friend, and
self as any of the other myriad of possibilities
corresponding to the various roles one may play. The
identities are the meanings one has as a group member,
as a role-holder, or as a person. What does it mean to be
a father, or a colleague, or a friend? These meanings are
the content of the identities.
Watch the video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTvrRqPUMHE