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FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
RAV1 – Aula de Revisão
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
• History of translation
• Types of translation
• Translation and other sciences
• Psycholinguistics and 
sociolinguistics
• Articles, passive voice, gerunds 
and infinitives
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The importance of translating
The use of applications to translate from one language to 
another has never been so used
But, how has the job of translating information from one 
language to another started? What were the first 
documents translated and how has the study of translation 
evolved since then? 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The meaning of translation
The word translation comes from the Latin 
translatio, which means “to bring across”
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The meaning of translation
The first translator was a hermeneutic who was given the 
task of interpreting the message sent by God to the Human 
beings. As time went by, the need to decode information 
among different people became more and more needed
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The process remains the same
Technology has come as an invaluable aid to the process of 
translation. Nevertheless, the process remains the same: 
there will be a person who knows both languages and will 
bridge the gap between the two to make the message 
known 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Important concepts
Source Language: the language in which the text was 
originally written 
Target Language: the language into which the text will 
be translated
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
History of translation
The Tower of Babel is part of a story told in the book of 
Genesis in the Bible as a place where there was one people 
and one single language. God would have dismantled the 
place and scattered the languages all around the world to 
prevent them to get organised as a nation, and that was 
when the varied languages were created. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
History of translation
There was a time they would say that English was not fit for 
the library but for the street (Crystal, 1995). At this time 
many foreign borrowings occurred.
In 1476, William Caxton set up his press in Westminster. 
This event is considered by many as the key factor that 
might have determined the shift from Middle to Modern 
English. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Questions posed
Theories about the nature of translation started to emerge. 
The distinction between metaphrase (referring to the 
literal translation (word-by-word) of the texts ) 
and paraphrase (reformulation of the original text )
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Questions posed
•Should we use foreign words
•Which variety of English should he follow
•How should language be spelled or punctuated
•In publishing native writers, should he change their 
language 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The role of the translator
A competent translator...
•must have very good knowledge of the SL.
•must have an excellent command of the TL.
•needs to have previous experience in translating texts
•must have a profound understanding of the etymological 
and idiomatic correlates between the two languages
•has to know about the TL culture.
•should show good sense in the use of metaphrase and 
paraphrase
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
The present job market
Have a look at the possible alternatives you have to choose 
from! 
•Translating
•Interpreting
•Dubbing
•Subtitling
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
A quote by Cervantes
“Translating from one language to another, unless it is from 
Greek and Latin, the queens of all languages, is like looking 
at Flemish tapestries from the wrong side, for although the 
figures are visible, they are covered by threads that 
obscure them, and cannot be seen with the smoothness 
and color of the right side.”
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Types of Translation
Human – Translation from SL to TL made by a human 
translator.
Mechanical – Translation in which a computer program 
analyses a source text and produces a target text without 
any human intervention. This kind of translation can 
usually be used with texts with limited range of 
vocabulary and simple sentence structure. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Types of Translation
Computer-aided – Translation in which a human 
translator decodes language from SL to TL with the 
assistance of a computer. Usually the computer does the 
first round of translation and the professional translator 
revises the produced text
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Types of Translation
Written – Translation performed in written form, 
irrespective of the text format, and can be literal or non-
literal, consecutive or simultaneous.
Oral – Translation performed in oral form, irrespective of 
the text format, and, differently from the written mode, 
can only be non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Types of Translation
Literary – Translation of texts that belong to the world of 
imagination (eg. literature and other similar texts).
Non-literary - Translation of texts that belong to the world 
of facts (eg. weather forecast, reports).
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Types of Translation
Consecutive – Type of oral translation in which the SL is 
translated into the TL after the utterance has been made.
Simutaneous – Type of oral translation in which the SL is 
translated into the TL almost at the same time
Sight-translation – Type of translation in which a written 
text in the SL is translated orally into the TL. It can occur 
both consecutively or simultaneously. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Types of Translation
Machine Translation (MT) - Computer program analyses a 
text in a SL and produces a text in the TL without human 
intervention; this sort of translation, however, involve pre-
or post-editing from a translator.
Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT)/ Machine-Assisted 
Translation (MAT) – Human translators interact with a 
translation system, as an assistance tool, and which offers, 
a list of translations that best complete the part of the 
sentence already translated. 
Human-Assisted Machine Translation (MAMT) - Computer 
system does most of the translation
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Aim of translation
•Literal - Translation which represents the precise meaning 
of the text being translated
•Summative translation - Translation in which the main 
ideas are translated into the TL.
•Abstracts - Translation done in no more than one 
paragraph in which the main idea of the SL text is 
portrayed.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Tasks and objectives of translation
•Literary translation - only the main ideas are translated in 
the TL, as opposed to a word-by-word translation.
•Informative translation - separation of important 
information from insignificant information, which enables 
the reader to understand the sense
•Semantic translation - use of semantic information to aid 
in the translation of data from SL to TL.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Interpreters and Translators
The difference between these two professionals is that the 
finalproduct of a translator’s job is a written document, 
whereas the final product of an interpreter is in oral mode.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Interpreter – skills required
•High degree of proficiency in both English and the other 
language.
•Impartiality.
•Ability to accurately and idiomatically turn the message 
from the SL into the TL without any additions, omissions or 
other misleading factors that alter the intended meaning of 
the message from the speaker.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Interpreter – skills required
•Be used to doing simultaneous and consecutive 
interpretation and sight translation.
•Ability to communicate orally including appropriate 
delivery and poise.
•Having high professional standards and professional 
conduct.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Translation workflow
1. Evaluation
2. Glossary Development
3. Initial Translation
4. Quality Assurance
5. Client Approval
6. Translator Proofreading
7. Final Delivery to Client
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Translation as a field of study
The use of translation has been part of the history of
mankind since its very early days. Translation as a field of
study, however, has only started to develop in the
beginning of the 80’s. Because of globalisation and the
need to understand other languages and cultures, courses
of translation have been spreading around the world since
then and the need to understand the process involved in 
translating texts from a SL to a TL has only increased.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Translation and other fields of study
Contribution from various fields of study such as linguistics, 
psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, philosophy and 
anthropology, among others, was welcome into the 
investigation.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Jakobson
An interesting notion brought about was that no one is able 
to understand a word unless he is acquainted with the 
meaning assigned to this word in his lexical code. That is to 
say that meaning (signatum) cannot exist without a sign 
(signum). So that a listener can fully understand the 
meaning of a word he must have the concept of this word 
clear in his mind. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Jakobson
Types of translation
• Intralingual
• Interlingual
• Intersemiotic
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Mutual translability
One of the main concerns in linguistics is the mutual 
translability between languages: is it possible to find exact 
equivalence in meaning when translating a message from a 
SL to a TL?
The translator examines the mutual translability between 
the two languages to try and find a correspondent in the TL 
that provides the exact meaning to the text (oral or 
written) in the SL
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Strategies
•Naturalization: fiancé, fiancée
•Neutralization: snow, bird, shoe
•Descriptive and functional equivalent
•Footnote
•Cultural equivalent
•Compensation
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics will aid our understanding of the 
translation process helping us reflect on the issue of the 
untranslability – is it really possible to translate all texts 
from a SL to a TL? Can all texts really be translated? Can 
translators always find equivalents from one language into 
another?
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics will help us reflect on the role of society in 
the translation process. Is the language used in a given 
social environment perfectly translatable into a different 
language? What about the society to which the other 
language belongs - can the reader from the TL understand 
the situation described in the SL?
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Psycholinguistic theories
Sapir-Whorf goes on to describe that certain ideas from a 
SL language cannot be understood by those who speak 
another language either because the structure or the 
semantics of the language does not have a corresponding 
message
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Psycholinguistic theories
Quine’s thesis of the indeterminacy of translation is based 
on the fact that there are different ways with which one 
might break a sentence into words, and different ways to 
distribute functions among words, and that, depending on 
the translator’s choices the meanings would vary 
considerably. Let’s consider the following sentence: Never 
had Joan visited this place before. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Translation and sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics can be defined as the study of language in 
its social context, which would include different aspects 
such as social class, age, gender, register, among others. It 
also aims at examining how social categorization can be 
reflected in language differentiation and also how language 
differences contribute to social distinction
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Variation
Languages have a variation according to location, age, 
style, ethnic group and social class. Besides, they should 
also be connected to social relations and, more precisely, 
who the other is and how we interact with him
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Langage as action
Sociolinguists have observed how language works in and 
across communities and realized that language use does not 
simply represent but also contributes to the definition of 
oneself, the other and those to whom they relate. 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Definite and Indefinite Articles
In more practical terms, however, one has to be very 
careful with the use of articles when translating texts into 
BrP for, unlike English, nouns cannot head sentences. Thus, 
for example: Time flies would be translated O tempo voa.
The use of the definite article as the head of a sentence 
(which is not used in English) has to be present in BrP and 
has to agree with the noun both in gender and number 
(time/ o tempo; life/ a vida; visitors/ os visitantes; ladies/ 
as senhoras). 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Definite Articles
•The definite article is not used with plural countable 
nouns in English but has to be present when the sentence 
is translated into BrP: It’s fantastic what teachers can do./ 
É fantástico o que os professores podem fazer. 
•The definite article is not used with uncountable nouns in 
English but has to be present when the sentence is 
translated into BrP: Love can change everything. O amor O 
amor pode mudar tudo.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Definite Articles
There are certain nouns that can refer to either a 
place/object or to an activity: She goes to bed very late 
(activity)/ Hey, Joey, don’t jump on the bed (object). In 
English, when the noun refers to the activity, the definite 
article should not be used. In the translation, the definite 
article is used in both cases (Ela vai para a cama muito 
tarde/ Ei, Joey, não pule na cama). 
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Passive Voice
In BrP there is a distinction between two types of passive 
voice: the “analítica” and the “sintética”, which does not 
occur in English. The two types would correspond to the 
following examples:
In English, this difference is not considered. Analyse the 
following sentence and the way in which the passive voice 
was employed:
It is said that money corrupts people. (Diz-se/É dito que o 
dinheiro corrompe as pessoas.)
It was reported that the man was killed cold blood. 
(Relata-se que o homem foi assassinado a sangue frio.)
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
A
Agree
aim
appear
arrange
ask 
attempt
be able
beg
begin
care 
choose
condescend consent
continue
dare
decide deserve
detest
dislike
expect
fail
forget 
get 
hurry
intend
leap
leave
like 
long
love
mean neglect offer
ought
plan
hope happen have
hesitate 
prefer
prepare
proceed
remember
promise propose
say
shoot
start
stop
strive
swear
threaten
try
use
wait
refuse 
want
wish
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Verbs followed by the gerund
advise
appreciate
avoid
can't help
complete
consider 
delay
deny
detest
dislike
enjoy
escape
excuse finish
forbid
get through
have
imagine
mind
miss permit
postpone
practice
quit
recall
report
resent resist
resume
risk
spend (time)
suggest
tolerate
waste (time)
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Verbs followed by both the gerund and the infinitive
begin
continue
hate
like
love
neglect
prefer
start
try
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Verbs followed by both the gerund and the infinitive
Forget
Remember
Stop
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Questions...
• Should we use metaphrases or praphrases in translations?
• Is an interpreter supposed to have a proficient 
knowledge of both source and target language?
• Is there perfect translability?
• Do the following sentences have the same meaning?
• Mary stopped smoking last year
• Mary stopped to smoke last year.
Aula de Revisão – RAV1
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
In this class, we learned...
• History of translation
• Types of translation
• Translation and other sciences
• Psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics
• Articles, passive voice, gerunds and infinitives