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LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS AULA 3 - TIPOS DE VERBOS: LEXICAL E AUXILIAR. DIFERENÇA ENTRE MODO E ASPECTO. Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS Conteúdo Programático desta aula Recognize the differences between “lexical” and “auxiliary” verbs. Learn the differences between “mood”, ‘tense” and “aspect”. Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS TENSE – ASPECT - MOOD Tense–aspect–mood, commonly abbreviated TAM and also called tense– modality–aspect or TMA, is the grammatical system in a language that covers the expression of tense (location in time), aspect (fabric of time – a single block of time, continuous flow of time, or repetitive occurrence), and mood or modality (degree of necessity, obligation, probability, ability). English has: Two tenses: present and past Four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, perfect-progressive Four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative Despite popular belief, English DOES NOT have a future tense (for didactic purpose we are going to study it is a tense). Futurity is, instead, expressed through modal verbs, specifically will and shall. Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS PRESENT TENSES • Dona is studying hard for her test right now. THE SIMPLE PRESENT • Dona is studying hard for her test right now. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE • Ron has worked in the same company for 20 years. THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE • Ron has been working on the same document without a break for hours. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS PAST TENSES • I visited my uncle in Paris last summer. THE SIMPLE PAST • While I was walking down the street yesterday, I suddenly met my boss. THE PAST PROGRESSIVE • I have already done my homework (so now I am free to go out). THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE • By the time Dona had saved enough money, she bought a new car. THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE • We had been walking the streets of Paris for hours until we finally took a break. THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS FUTURE TENSES • SEE NEXT SLIDE. THE SIMPLE FUTURE • Tomorrow at 12 o’clock I will be giving a lecture at the university so I will not be answering any calls. THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE • Dona will have graduated from university by the end of June. THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE • By 14:00 the cake will have been baking for 90 minutes (so don’t forget to take it out of the oven). THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS THE SIMPLE FUTURE • I think we will eat out tomorrow evening [unsure future prediction, future with will] • We are going to eat out tomorrow evening. [sure and intended future plans, future with be going to] • We are eating out tonight. [arrangement for the near future, using the Present Progressive] • Our dinner at Chez Paul starts at 20:00 tomorrow evening, so be there on time! [preset future schedule, using the Present Simple] Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS ASPECT • I am floating the book THE PROGRESSIVE (OR CONTINUOUS) • I have floated the book THE PERFECT ASPECT • I had been floating the book THE PERFECT- PROGRESSIVE ASPECT • Dona works in London. THE SIMPLE (OR ZERO) ASPECT [SIMPLE FACTUAL STATEMENT] Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MOOD • Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas. THE INDICATIVE MOOD • Go there now! THE IMPERATIVE MOOD • If I win the lottery, I will go on a trip around the world.THE CONDITIONAL MOOD • I demand that she leave at once! THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS LEXICAL VERBS AND AUXILIARY VERBS LEXICAL Express action, state, or other predicate meaning Charlie raises his hand. AUXILIARY (HELPING) = PRIMARY OR MODAL Help out the main verb in a sentence by giving more detail to how time is portrayed in a sentence. Charlie is raising his hand. Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS PRIMARY HELPING VERBS BE Charlie is watching television. (helping) Charlie is a clever student (full) HAVE I have finished the homework. (helping) I have three dogs and a cat. (full) DO I do not care for broccoli. (helping) I do my homework everyday. (full) Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS WOULD MUST SHOULD WILL NEED CAN MIGHT MAYHAD BETTER SHALL DARE Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS • ADVICE, MILD OBLIGATIONSHOULD/OUGHT TO • ABILITY, (PRESENT) REQUEST, PROBABILITY CAN •WEAK PROBABILITY MIGHT •POLITE REQUEST, PROBABILITYMAY •PROHIBITIONMUSTN’T •DEDUCTION, PERSONAL OBLIGATIONMUST Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS • REQUEST, ABILITY (PAST)COULD • EXTERNAL OBLIGATIONHAVE TO •NO NECESSITYDON’T HAVE TO •NECESSITYNEED TO •PROHIBITIONMUSTN’T •DEDUCTION, PERSONAL OBLIGATIONMUST Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS • PROBABILITY May it be the shadow’s call? • WEAK PROBABILITY We might as well be strangers… •NOT TO MANAGE TOI can’t get you out of my head. •PROBABILITY I know I can be what I wanna be. •PROHIBITION You mustn’t sigh and you mustn’t cry. •OBLIGATIONThe show must go on. Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS • PROBABILITY My make up may be fading. • DEDUCTIONIt must be love. •MILD OBLIGATIONShould I stay or should I go? Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS This is John É o João 100% That must be John. Deve ser o João. 95% That will be John. Deve ser o João. 85% That would be John Deve ser o João. 75% That ought to be John. Deve ser o João. 65% That should be John Deve ser o João. 55% That can be John É possível que seja o João. 45% That could be John. É possível que seja o João. 35% That may be John. É possível que seja o João. 25% That might be John. É possível que seja o João. 15% That can't be John Não pode ser o João. 10% That isn't John. Não é o João. 0% Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS The English verbs DARE and NEED have both a modal use (he dare not do it), and a non-modal use (he doesn't dare to do it). 'MUST' and 'HAVE TO' in the positive or question form are used to speak about responsibilities and obligations. Sometimes, 'must' and 'have to' can be exchanged, but the general rule is: Must is used for strong personal obligations (I must do this right now!). Something that you or a person feels is necessary. Have to is used for responsibilities (I have to file reports every week.) Let’s see: I have to go – (perhaps you have to catch the bus – external cause) I must go – (personal obligation – internal cause)Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS MODAL VERBS – MUST AND HAVE TO British: We use can to indicate capability or possibility, e.g. "I don't know if I can lift this piano by myself." The implication here is on whether you have the physical capacity or mental acuity to get the piano lifted. May is used when you are asking permission. "May I lift your piano for a little exercise?" Here you wish the permission of someone to carry out an action. American: We use can to indicate capability, possibility or permission. May is used when you are asking permission. About this, there is a funny story: Once Bernard Shaw, the famous Irish play writer received a note from an American director, who wanted to play Pygmalion at a theater in New York. He wrote: Dear sir, can I play Pygmalion here in New York? Shaw’s answer: I don’t know if you can, but you may. Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS QUASI-MODAL VERBS While full modals are single words, quasi-modals consist of either a verb plus a preposition functioning as a particle or a verb plus an adverb. ought to, used to = verb + preposition [particle] would rather, had better = verb + adverb OUGHT TO– should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability) USED TO– formerly, once but no longer, previously habitually My sister used to read a book a night. (previously habitually) WOULD RATHER – preference, prefer to I would rather eat a bug than study math. (preference) HAD BETTER/BEST– should, duty, obligation, advisability She had better teach her children some manners. (duty) Aula 3- Tipos de Verbo: Lexical e Auxiliar. Diferença ente Modo e Aspecto. LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS MORFOSSINTÁTICOS Conteúdo Programático desta aula Recognize the differences between “lexical” and “auxiliary” verbs. Learn the differences between “mood”, ‘tense” and “aspect”.
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