LI1 03

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LITERATURA INGLESA I
English Literature – The First Steps
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The First Steps
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Class content:
The idea of literature and realit
English Literature and time evolution – The Seafarer 
Geoffrey Chaucer and the English literature.
The Canterbury Tales
 
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The First Steps
LITERATURA INGLESA I
“The earliest English records are in ninth- or tenth-century manuscripts but the texts date back in some cases to the seventh century or the eighth century.” (FORIS, B. Medieval literature - Part II. Penguin. 1995. p. 41)
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Medieval Europe
“One way to explore the literary culture of medieval europe (England) would be to investigate the manner in which these Latins and Roman influences changed. In the beginning men were struggling to preserve something of classical civilization in a barbaric world in which the Christian religion was the main solace and intellctual stimulus. (…) Another would be to examine the development of education and the spread of literacy (…)” (FORIS, B. Medieval literature - Part II. Penguin. 1995. p. 41)
“
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Stories and songs in our mother language are the essence of literature. An extraordinary variety of them comes from the great range of peoples and times that make up the European Middle Ages, (…). The medieval world has more intense joys and sorrows, it may seem, than ours; life is shorter, the light is brighter, the dark more sombre. Behaviour is more extravagant, for good and bad. It is a large world, for distances are great when travelled by foot or on horseback. (…) But medieval man is more obviously part of nature (…). The world is significant and extends beyond the bounds of the visible and beyond death. Within the world, glory is met with glad praises (…).” (FORIS, B. Medieval literature - Part II. Penguin. 1995. p. 41)
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LITERATURA INGLESA I
The Seafarer 
Summary:
The speaker of "The Seafarer" announces that he can make a true song about himself and the suffering he has endured while traveling over the ocean in the middle of winter. He remembers terrible cold and loneliness, and hearing the sounds of seabirds instead of the mead hall. This life of hardship is one about which the comfortable "city dwellers" know nothing. They'll never understand his suffering, poor guy. The weather worsens as snow and hail fall. His spirit is troubled, urging him to endure the harsh conditions on the winter sea so that he can seek a faraway "foreign" homeland.
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The First Steps
LITERATURA INGLESA I
I can recite a lay of truth about myself, relate experiences, how I often in days of toil suffered a time of hardship. I have experienced bitter breast-care,
explored in a ship many abodes of care, the terrible tossing of seawaves, where often the anxious night-watch held me at the stern of the boat, when it tosses by the cliffs. Constricted by bold were my feet, bound by frost
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with cold fetters, while cares sighed hot about my heart; hunger tore from within the spirit of the sea-weary one. That man does not know, to whom things happen most pleasantly on land, how I, wretched and sorrowful, on the ice-cold sea
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LITERATURA INGLESA I
He knows the world's riches will not last, since everyone dies and you can't take your possessions with you. Because it's only through the praise of the living after one's death that a person can hope to live forever, people should fight hard against the devil so their bravery will be remembered after their death. That way, they can live forever with the angels. Sweet deal. 
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over the whale’s realm,  the surfaces of the earth; comes again to me ravenous and greedy; the solitary flier calls out, incites irresistibly the heart onto the whale-way, over the waters of the sea. For hotter to me are
the joys of the Lord than this dead life, transitory on land. I do not believe that earthly riches endure eternally for him. Ever one of three things becomes an occasion for uncertainty for each of the retainers before his last day:
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by good deeds on earth against the enmity of fiends, by brave deeds against the devil, that the children of men may extol him afterwards, and his praise may live afterwards with the angels, always to eternity, the glory of life eternal, 
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gold cannot be a help to the soul which is full of sin, before the terror of God when he hides it formerly while he lives here. The terrible power of the Measurer will be great, before which the earth will turn aside; He established the rocky foundations, 
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Fate is stronger, The Measurer mightier, than the conception of any man. Let us think where we have a home, and then consider how we may come thither; and then also we may endeavour, so that we might go
to that eternal blessedness, where life is inseparable from the love of the Lord, bliss in the heaevens. Let there be thanks to God, the Lord of Glory, that He has honoured us, true Lord, for all time.
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The days of earthly glory are over, the speaker tells us, because the wealthy and powerful civilizations have fallen. The party's over, and the weak have inherited the earth. Glory and nobility have faded just like an aging person, whose body and senses fail. No matter how much we try to comfort the dead and ourselves with gold, it won't work because a sinful soul can't take his gold with him after death. He's painting quite the pretty picture, this seafarer guy. 
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LITERATURA INGLESA I
THE FATHER OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
Geoffrey Chaucer
(1340/1345 – 1400)
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Chaucer was the first great poet writing in English, whose best-known work is 'The Canterbury Tales'.
Geoffrey Chaucer was born between 1340 and 1345, probably in London. His father was a prosperous wine merchant. We do not know any details of his early life and education.
In 1357, he was a page to Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, wife of Edward III's third son. Edward III sent him on diplomatic missions to France, Genoa and Florence. His travels exposed him to the work of authors such as Dante, Boccaccio and Froissart.
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Around 1366, Chaucer married Philippa Roet, a lady-in-waiting in the queen's household. They are thought to have had three or four children. 
In 1374, Chaucer was appointed comptroller of the lucrative London customs. In 1386, he was elected member of parliament for Kent, and he also served as a justice of the peace. In 1389, he was made clerk of the king's works, overseeing royal building projects. He held a number of other royal posts, serving both Edward III and his successor Richard II.
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In 1387, he began his most famous work, 'The Canterbury Tales', in which a diverse group of people recount stories to pass the time on a pilgrimage to Canterbury.
Chaucer disappears from the historical record in 1400, and is thought to have died. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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LITERATURA INGLESA I
Here begins the Book of the Tales of Canterbury
When April with his showers sweet with fruit
The drought of March has pierced unto the root
And bathed each vein with liquor that has power
To generate therein and sire the flower;
When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath,
Quickened again, in every holt and heath,
The tender shoots and buds, and the young sun
Into the Ram one half his course has run,
And many little birds make melody
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That sleep through all the night with open eye
(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)
Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,
To distant shrines well known in sundry lands.
And specially from every shire's end
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In April, with the beginning of spring, people of varying social classes come from all over England to gather at the Tabard Inn in preparation for a pilgrimage to Canterbury to receive the blessings of St. Thomas à Becket, the English martyr. Chaucer himself is one of the pilgrims. That evening, the Host of the Tabard Inn suggests that each member of the group tell tales on the way to and from Canterbury in order to make the time pass more pleasantly. The person who tells the best story will be awarded an elegant dinner at the end of the trip. The Host decides to accompany the party on its pilgrimage and appoints himself as the judge of the best tale. 
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The Knight, The Wife of Bath, The Pardoner, The Miller, The Prioress, The Friar, The Summoner, The Host, The Parson, The Squire, The Clerk, The Man of Law, The Manciple, The Merchant, The Shipman, The Physician, The Franklin, The Reeve, The Plowman, The Guildsmen, The Cook, The Yeoman, Nuns, The Priest 
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LITERATURA INGLESA I
No other work prior to Chaucer's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage. It is obvious, however, that Chaucer borrowed portions, sometimes very large portions, of his stories from earlier stories, and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary world in which he lived. Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time, and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years. In 14th-century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group. The winner received a crown and as with the winner of theCanterbury Tales, a free dinner. It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen "master of ceremonies" to guide them and organize the journey. 
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A collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale, a common and already long established genre of its period. 
Middle English
Intense variation. 
Most story collections focused on a theme, usually a religious one. 
The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented
The structure of the Tales is largely linear. It depends on the characters rather than a general theme or moral.
General themes and points of view arise as tales are told which are responded to by other characters in their own tales, sometimes after a long lapse of time.
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The variety of Chaucer's tales shows the breadth of his skill and his familiarity with countless rhetorical forms and linguistic styles. 
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THEMES
Life contemplation - representation of medieval society, courtly romance, Fabliaux, tragedy, exemplum, chivalry, religion, and agricultural labor. 
Comedy – irony, satire. 
Portrait of medieval society.
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LITERATURA INGLESA I
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