Apostila 200 Questões de Língua Inglesa - Concurso Banco do Brasil 2023

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APOSTILA BB 2023
200 Questões de Concursos Anteriores da Disciplina de 
LÍNGUA INGLESA
LÍNGUA INGLESA
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ROBOTS, THE NEXT GENERATION OF SOCCER PLAYERS
If you think a robot will steal your job, you are not
alone. Soccer players should be worried too. The next
Messi probably won’t be of flesh and blood but plastic
and metal.
The concept emerged during the conference
“Workshop on grand challenges in artificial
intelligence,” held in Tokyo in 1992, and independently,
in 1993, when Professor Alan Mackworth from
the University of Bristol in Canada described an
experiment with small soccer players in a scientific
article.
Over 40 teams already participated in the first
RoboCup tournament in 1997, and the competition is
held every year. The RoboCup Federation wants to
play and win a game against a real-world cup humans’
team by 2050.
The idea behind artificially intelligent players
is to investigate how robots perceive motion and
communicate with each other. Physical abilities like
walking, running, and kicking the ball while maintaining
balance are crucial to improving robots for other tasks
like rescue, home, industry, and education.
Designing robots for sports requires much more
than experts in state-of-the-art technology. Humans
and machines do not share the same skills. Engineers
need to impose limitations on soccer robots to imitate
soccer players as much as possible and ensure
following the game’s rules.
RoboCup Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots,
which supports five leagues, imposes restrictions
on players’ design and rules of the game. Each has
its own robot design and game rules to give room
for different scientific goals. The number of players,
their size, the ball type, and the field dimensions are
different for each league.
In the humanoid league the players are humanlike
robots with human-like senses. However, they are
rather slow. Many of the skills needed to fully recreate
actual soccer player movements are still in the early
stages of research.
The game becomes exciting for middle and small
size leagues. The models are much simpler; they
are just boxes with a cyclopean eye. Their design
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focuses on team behavior: recognizing an opponent,
cooperating with team members, receiving and giving
a standard FIFA size ball.
Today, soccer robots are entirely autonomous.
They wireless “talk” to each other, make decisions
regarding strategy in real-time, replace an “injured”
player, and shoot goals. The only person in a
RoboCup game is the referee. The team coaches
are engineers in charge of training the RoboCups’
artificial intelligence for fair play: the robots don’t
smash against each other or pull their shirts.
The next RoboCup competition will soon be
played, virtually, with rules that will allow teams to
participate without establishing physical contact.
Available at:<https://www.ua-magazine.com/2021/05/12/robot-
s-the--next-generation-of-soccer-players>. Retrieved on: July 
4th, 2021.Adapted.
1) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
According to the second paragraph, the concept of robotic
soccer players emerged
(A) in 1997
(B) in the 1990s
(C) before the 1990s
(D) in the beginning of the 20th century
(E) in the beginning of the 21st century
2) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In the sentence fragment of the fifth paragraph
“Designing robots for sports requires much more
than experts in state-of-the-art technology”, the words
in bold can be replaced, without any change in meaning,
by the following words:
(A) drawing / scholars
(B) creating / amateurs
(C) planning / specialists
(D) finishing / professionals
(E) manufacturing / engineers
3) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In the text fragment of the sixth paragraph “RoboCup
Soccer Federation, the “FIFA” of robots, which supports
five leagues, imposes restrictions on players’ design and
rules of the game”, the word which refers to
(A) game
(B) FIFA
(C) players
(D) leagues
(E) RoboCup Soccer Federation
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4) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In paragraph 7, the word However in the fragment
“In the humanoid league, the players are human-like
robots with human-like senses. However, they are
rather slow” can be replaced, without change in
meaning, by
(A) unless
(B) indeed
(C) furthermore
(D) nevertheless
(E) consequently
5) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In paragraph 9, there is the information that in RoboCup
competitions the game referee and the team coaches are
(A) humanoids
(B) computers
(C) real people
(D) robotic engineers
(E) virtual mechanisms
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COVID-19 ECONOMY: EXPERT INSIGHTS ON WHAT
YOU NEED TO KNOW
As we practice social distancing and businesses
struggle to adapt, it’s no secret the unique challenges
of Covid-19 are profoundly shaping our economic
climate. U.S. Bank financial industry and regulatory
affairs expert Robert Schell explains what you need
to know in this uncertain time.
• Don’t panic while things are “on pause”
Imagine clicking the pause button on your favorite
TV show. Whether you stopped to make dinner or put
kids to bed, hitting pause gives you time to tackle what
matters most. Today’s economy is similar. While we
prioritize health and safety, typical activities like driving
to work, eating at restaurants, traveling and attending
sporting events are on hold. This widespread social
distancing takes a toll on our economy, putting strain
on businesses and individuals alike.
Keep your financial habits as normal as possible
during this time. Make online purchases, order
takeout, pay bills and buy groceries. These everyday
purchases put money back into the economy and
prevent it from dipping further into a recession.
• Low interest rates could help make ends meet
In March, the Federal Reserve cut rates drastically
to boost economic activity and make borrowing more
affordable. For you, this means interest rates are low
for credit cards, loans and lines of credit, and even
fixed-rate mortgages. Consider taking advantage of
these low rates if you need extra help paying your
bills, keeping your business running or withstanding a
period of unemployment.
• Spend on small businesses
Looking to make a positive impact? Supporting
small businesses is an easy and powerful way to help.
You can order takeout, tip generously or donate to
your local brick-and-mortar retail store, if they provide
that option. Your support makes a big impact for
struggling business owners.
• Prior economic strength may help us bounce
back
The thriving economy of 2019 isn’t just a distant,
bittersweet memory. When our health is no longer
at risk and social distancing mandates begin to
diminish, we’ll slowly start to rebuild. The stability,
low unemployment rate and upward-trending market
we experienced prior to Covid-19 puts us in a good
position to kick-start economic activity and rebound
more quickly.
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Available at <https://www.usbank.com/fi nancialiq/ manage-your-
--household/personal-finance/covid-economy-expert-insights.html>. 
Retrieved on: Jul. 20, 2021. Adapted.
6) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) share ideas on how people can cope with the
challenges brought by the pandemic.
(B) teach people how to practice social distancing while
shopping at local businesses.
(C) encourage people to take loans in order to make
donations to brick-and-mortar retail stores.
(D) let people know that health concerns are not as
important as taking care of one’s finances.
(E) suggest that people should engage in diversified
activities instead of watching too much TV.
7) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 1st paragraph, in the fragment “it’s no secret the
unique challenges of Covid-19 are profoundly shaping our
economicclimate”, the expression it’s no secret (that)
means
(A) it’s common knowledge.
(B) it’s never been said before.
(C) it’s partially true.
(D) it’s a bad idea.
(E) it’s an important revelation.
8) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 1st paragraph, the word uncertain, in the fragment
“in this uncertain time” is formed with the prefix un-.
A pair of words formed with prefixes that convey the same
meaning is:
(A) doubtful / joblessness
(B) unique / only
(C) impossible / discourage
(D) certainty / envision
(E) inside / intimate
9) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 3rd paragraph, in the fragment “These everyday
purchases put money back into the economy and prevent
it from dipping further into a recession”, the pronoun it
refers to
(A) money
(B) purchases
(C) recession
(D) economy
(E) back
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10) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In the 4th paragraph, in the fragment “In March, the Federal
Reserve cut rates drastically to boost economic activity”,
the verb cut indicates a
(A) habitual action repeatedly carried out by the Federal
Reserve to address certain economic situations.
(B) future action to be carried out by the Federal Reserve
to address possible problems.
(C) promised action to be carried out by the Federal
Reserve to address the permanen economic challenges.
(D) one-time action carried out by the Federal Reserve to
address the permanen situation.
(E) current action carried out by the Federal Reserve to
address a permanente situation.
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BANK CLERK JOB DESCRIPTION
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF THE WORK
Banks simplify people’s lives, but the business of
banking is anything but simple. Every transaction —
from cashing a check to taking out a loan — requires
careful record keeping. Behind the scenes in every
bank or savings and loan association there are dozens
of bank clerks, each an expert at keeping one area of
the bank’s business running smoothly.
New account clerks open and close accounts
and answer questions for customers. Interest clerks
record interest due to savings account customers,
as well as the interest owed to the bank on loans
and other investments. Exchange clerks, who work
on international accounts, translate foreign currency
values into dollars and vice versa. Loan clerks sort
and record information about loans. Statement clerks
are responsible for preparing the monthly balance
sheets of checking account customers. Securities
clerks record, file, and maintain stocks, bonds, and
other investment certificates. They also keep track of
dividends and interest on these certificates.
Other clerks operate the business machines on
which modern banks rely. Proof operators sort checks
and record the amount of each check. Bookkeeping
clerks keep records of each customer’s account. In
addition to these specialists, banks need general
clerical help — data entry keyers, file clerks, mail
handlers, and messengers — just as any other
business does.
Education and Training Requirements
Bank clerks usually need a high school
education with an emphasis on basic skills in typing,
bookkeeping, and business math. Knowledge of
computers and business machines is also helpful.
Prospective bank workers may be tested on their
clerical skills when they are interviewed. Most banks
provide new employees with on-the-job training.
Getting the Job
Sometimes bank recruiters visit high schools to
look for future employees. High school placement
offices can tell students whether this is the practice
at their school. If not, prospective bank workers can
apply directly to local banks through their personnel
departments. Bank jobs may be listed with state and
private employment agencies. Candidates can also
check Internet job sites and the classified ads in local
newspapers as well.
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Advancement Possibilities and Employment
Outlook
Banks prefer to promote their employees rather
than hire new workers for jobs that require experience.
Clerks frequently become tellers or supervisors. Many
banks encourage their employees to further their
education at night.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
employment of bank clerks was expected to decline
through the year 2014, because many banks are
electronically automating their systems and eliminating
paperwork as well as many clerical tasks. Workers
with knowledge of data processing and computers
will have the best opportunities. In addition to jobs
created through expansion, openings at the clerical
level often occur as workers move up to positions of
greater responsibility.
Working Conditions
Although banks usually provide a pleasant
working atmosphere, clerks often work alone, at times
performing repetitive tasks. Bank clerks generally
work between thirty-five and forty hours per week,
but they may be expected to take on evening and
Saturday shifts depending on bank hours.
Earnings and Benefits
The salaries of bank clerks vary widely depending
on the size and location of the bank and the clerk’s
experience. According to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, median salaries ranged from $23,317 to
$27,310 per year in 2004 depending on experience
and title. Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of
this range, whereas general office clerks are on the
lower end.
Banks typically offer their employees excellent
benefits. Besides paid vacations and more than
the usual number of paid holidays, employees may
receive health and life insurance and participate
in pension and profit-sharing plans. Some banks
provide financial aid so that workers can continue
their education.
Available at: <http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/151/
Bank-Clerk.html>. Retrieved on: Aug. 22, 2017. Adapted.
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11) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) introduce the many categories of bank clerks one can
find in a financial institution.
(B) present an overview of the career of a bank clerk to an
eventual future professional.
(C) denounce the disadvantages associated with the clerk
profession.
(D) discuss all the benefits offered to employees who work
in a bank.
(E) ask for changes in the way bank recruiters select their
future employees.
12) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO)
In “Candidates can also check Internet job sites and the
classified ads in local newspapers as well” (lines 45-47), the modal verb 
can is replaced, without change in
meaning, by
(A) should
(B) must
(C) will
(D) may
(E) need
13) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
The fragment “Banks simplify people’s lives, but the
business of banking is anything but simple” (lines 2-3)
means that banking is a(n)
(A) ordinary occupation
(B) elementary job
(C) complex activity
(D) trivial profession
(E) easy business
14) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In the sentence of the text “Generally, loan clerks are on
the high end of this range,whereas general office clerks
are on the lower end” (lines 78-80), the word whereas
(A) expresses a contrast.
(B) highlights a problem.
(C) imposes a condition.
(D) introduces an example.
(E) points out a solution.
15) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2021/CESGRANRIO) 
In “In addition to these specialists, banks need general
clerical help” (lines 25-27), the phrase these specialists
refers to
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(A) “messengers” (line 28)
(B) “mail handlers” (lines 27-28)
(C) “proof operators” (line 23) and “bookkeeping clerks”
(lines 24-25)
(D) “data entry keyers” (line 27)
(E) “file clerks” (line 27)
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WHY MILLENNIALS DON’T LIKE CREDIT CARDS
BY HOLLY JOHNSON
Cheap, easy credit might have been tempting to
young people in the past, but not to today’s millennials.
According to a recent survey by Bankrate of over
1,161 consumers, 63% of adults ages 18to 29 live
without a credit card of any kind, and another 23%
only carry one card.
The Impact of the Great Recession
Research shows that the environment millennials
grew up in might have an impact on their finances.
Unlike other generations, millennials lived through
economic hardships during a time when their adult
lives were beginning. According to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, the Great Recession caused
millennials to stray from historic patterns when it
comes to purchasing a home and having children,
and a fear of credit cards could be another symptom
of the economic environment of the times.
And there’s much data when it comes to proving
that millennials grew up on shaky economic ground.
The Pew Research Center reports that 36% of
millennials lived at home with their parents in 2012.
Meanwhile, the unemployment rate for people ages
16 to 24 was 14.2% (more than twice the national
rate) in early 2014, according to the BLS. With those
figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish
when it comes to credit cards. It makes sense that
young people would be afraid to take on any new
forms of debt.
A Generation Plagued with Student Loan Debt
But the Great Recession isn’t the only reason
millennials could be fearful of credit. Many experts
believe that the nation’s student loan debt level might
be related to it. According to the Institute for College
Access & Success, 71% of millennials (or 1.3 million
students) who graduated from college in 2012 left
school with at least some student loan debt, with the
average amount owed around $29,400.
With so much debt already under their belts,
millennials are worried about adding any credit card
debt to the pile. After all, many adults with student
loan debt need to make payments for years, and even
decades.
How Millennials Can Build Credit Without a
Credit Card
The fact that millennials are smart enough to
avoid credit card debt is a good thing, but that doesn’t
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mean the decision has its drawbacks. According to
Experian, most adults need a positive credit history
in order to qualify for an auto loan or mortgage. Even
worse, having no credit history is almost as bad as
having a negative credit history in some cases.
Still, there are plenty of ways millennials can
build a credit history without a credit card. A few tips:
• Make payments on installment loans on time.
Whether it’s a car loan, student loan or personal
loan, make sure to mail in those payments on
time and pay at least the minimum amount
required.
• Put at least one household or utility bill in your
name. Paying your utility or household bills on
time can help you build a positive credit history.
• Get a secured credit card. Unlike traditional
credit cards, the funds secured credit cards
offer are backed by money the user deposits.
Signing up for a secured card is one way to
build a positive credit history without any risk.
The fact that millennials are leery of credit cards
is probably a good thing in the long run. After all, not
having a credit card is the perfect way to stay out of
credit card debt. Even though it might be harder to
build a credit history without credit cards, the vast
majority of millennials have decided that the plastic
just isn’t worth it.
Available at: <http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/
my-money/2014/11/04/why-millennials-dont-like-creditcards>.
Retrieved on: Nov. 10th, 2014. Adapted.
16) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) explain the millennials’ credit card affection.
(B) defend the millennials’ fear of credit card use.
(C) describe the millennials’ attitude towards the credit card.
(D) present the millennials’ credit card historical
background.
(E) demonstrate the millennials’ need of credit card use to
build a credit history.
17) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
In the sentence of the text “the Great Recession caused
millennials to stray from historic patterns when it comes to
purchasing a home and having children” (lines 13 – 15), the
word stray can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
(A) stem
(B) start
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(C) range
(D) follow
(E) deviate
18) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
The word skittish, in the sentence of the text “With those
figures, it’s no wonder that millennials are skittish when it
comes to credit cards” (lines 24 – 26), can be replaced, with
no change in meaning, by
(A) uncertain
(B) enthusiastic
(C) depressed
(D) determined
(E) secure
19) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO) 
The sentence of the text “With so much debt already under
their belts, millennials are worried about adding any credit
card debt to the pile” (lines 38 – 40) conveys the idea that
millenials have
(A) piles of bills to pay every month, but they can use their
credit cards moderately.
(B) so many bills to pay that credit card bills wouldn’t make
much difference.
(C) so many bills to pay that they have to sell their
belongings.
(D) so much debt to pay that they can’t afford another one.
(E) no credit cards simply because they don’t like them.
20) (BANCO DO BRASIL/ESCRITURÁRIO/2015/CESGRANRIO)
In the sentence of the text “Still, there are plenty of ways
millennials can build a credit history without a credit card”
(lines 52 – 53), the quantifier plenty of can be replaced,
with no change in meaning, by
(A) some
(B) few
(C) a few
(D) a little
(E) lots of
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THE CONTROVERSIAL FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE U.S.
LOIS PARSHLEY
President Joe Biden has set ambitious goals for
fighting climate change: To cut U.S. carbon emissions
in half by 2030 and to have a net-zero carbon economy
by 2050. The plan requires electricity generation – the
easiest economic sector to green, analysts say – to
be carbon-free by 2035.
A few figures from the U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA) illustrate the challenge. In
2020 the United States generated about four trillion
kilowatt-hours of electricity. Some 60 percent of that
came from burning fossil fuels, mostly natural gas, in
some 10,000 generators, large and small, around the
country. All of that electricity will need to be replaced -
and more, because demand for electricity is expected
to rise, especially if we power more cars with it.
Renewable energy sources like solar and
wind have grown faster than expected; together
with hydroelectric, they surpassed coal for the first
time ever in 2019 and now produce 20 percent of
U.S. electricity. In February the EIA projected that
renewables were on track to produce more than 40
percent by 2050 - remarkable growth, perhaps, but
still well short of what’s needed to decarbonize the
grid by 2035 and forestall the climate crisis.
This daunting challenge has recently led some
environmentalists to reconsider an alternative they
had long been wary of: nuclear power.
Nuclear power has a lot going for it. Its carbon
footprint is equivalent to wind, less than solar, and
orders of magnitude less than coal. Nuclear power
plants take up far less space on the landscape than
solar or wind farms, and they produce power even
at night or on calm days. In 2020 they generated as
much electricity in the U.S. as renewables did, a fifth
of the total.
But debates rage over whether nuclear should be
a big part of the climate solution in the U.S. The majority
of American nuclear plants today are approaching
the end of their design life, and only one has been
built in the last 20 years. Nuclear proponents are
now banking on next-generation designs, like small,
modular versions of conventional light-water reactors,
or advanced reactors designed to be safer, cheaper,
and more flexible.
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“We’ve innovated so little in the past half-century,
there’s a lot of ground to gain,” says Ashley Finan,
the director of the National Reactor Innovation Center
at the Idaho National Laboratory. Yet an expansionof nuclear power faces some serious hurdles, and
the perennial concerns about safety and long-lived
radioactive waste may not be the biggest: Critics
also say nuclear reactors are simply too expensive
and take too long to build to be of much help with the
climate crisis.
While environmental opposition may have been
the primary force hindering nuclear development in
the 1980s and 90s, now the biggest challenge may
be costs. Few nuclear plants have been built in the
U.S. recently because they are very expensive to
build here, which makes the price of their energy high.
Jacopo Buongiorno, a professor of nuclear
science and engineering at MIT, led a group of
scientists who recently completed a two-year study
examining the future of nuclear energy in the U.S.
and western Europe. They found that “without cost
reductions, nuclear energy will not play a significant
role” in decarbonizing the power sector.
“In the West, the nuclear industry has substantially
lost its ability to build large plants,” Buongiorno says,
pointing to Southern Company’s effort to add two new
reactors to Plant Vogtle in Waynesboro, Georgia.
They have been under construction since 2013, are
now billions of dollars over budget - the cost has more
than doubled - and years behind schedule. In France,
ranked second after the U.S. in nuclear generation, a
new reactor in Flamanville is a decade late and more
than three times over budget.
“We have clearly lost the know-how to build
traditional gigawatt-scale nuclear power plants,”
Buongiorno says. Because no new plants were built
in the U.S. for decades, he and his colleagues found,
the teams working on a project like Vogtle haven’t
had the learning experiences needed to do the job
efficiently. That leads to construction delays that drive
up costs.
Elsewhere, reactors are still being built at lower
cost, “largely in places where they build projects on
budget, and on schedule,” Finan explains. China and
South Korea are the leaders. (To be fair, several of
China’s recent large-scale reactors have also had
cost overruns and delays.)
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“The cost of nuclear power in Asia has been a
quarter, or less, of new builds in the West,” Finan says.
Much lower labor costs are one reason, according
to both Finan and the MIT report, but better project
management is another.
Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/
article/nuclear-plants-are-closing-in-the-us-should-we-build-more.
Retrieved on: Feb. 3, 2022. Adapted.
21) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 1 “The plan requires electricity
generation – the easiest economic sector to green, analysts
say – to be carbon-free by 2035”, to green means to
(A) be adapted to the political goals of ambitious rulers.
(B) generate more electricity using non renewable sources.
(C) boost the consumption of fossil fuels such as natural gas.
(D) become less harmful or more sensitive to the environment.
(E) reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting the use of nuclear 
power.
22) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 2 “because demand for
electricity is expected to rise, especially if we power more
cars with it”, is expected to rise is used to
(A) give strong advice.
(B) express lack of necessity.
(C) anticipate a probable event.
(D) warn about a clear obligation.
(E) communicate absolute certainty.
23) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
“This daunting challenge”, in paragraph 4, refers to the
(A) use of solar and wind power to produce 20% of the
U.S. electricity.
(B) exclusive use of renewables to generate electricity in
the U.S. by 2050.
(C) sudden rise of renewable energy sources in the U.S. in
the last decade.
(D) insertion of nuclear power in the U.S. electricity grid in
the next fifty years.
(E) goal of achieving a carbon-free electricity grid in the
U.S. by 2035 to fight the climate crisis.
24) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 5 “Nuclear power has a lot
going for it” means that the use of nuclear power
(A) presents many advantageous qualities.
(B) generates some doubts about its efficiency.
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(C) constitutes a real threat to national security.
(D) raises severe concerns about potential accidents.
(E) provokes negative reactions among environmentalists.
25) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 5 “and they produce power
even at night or on calm days”, they refers to
(A) “environmentalists” (paragraph 4)
(B) “nuclear power plants” (paragraph 5)
(C) “solar or wind farms” (paragraph 5)
(D) “calm days” (paragraph 5)
(E) “renewables” (paragraph 5)
26) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
Based on the meanings in the text, the two items that
express synonymous ideas are
(A) surpassed (paragraph 3) – fell behind
(B) remarkable (paragraph 3) – extraordinary
(C) wary (paragraph 4) – careless
(D) proponents (paragraph 6) – critics
(E) hurdles (paragraph 7) – advantages
27) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 7 “and the perennial
concerns about safety and long-lived radioactive waste
may not be the biggest”, may not be expresses a(n)
(A) possibility
(B) obligation
(C) necessity
(D) certainty
(E) ability
28) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
According to Jacopo Buongiorno, one of the reasons why
it is more expensive to build large nuclear plants in the
West is that
(A) their cost has more than doubled in European countries.
(B) their construction faces constant delays that increase costs.
(C) most of the teams working on the projects are effectively trained.
(D) a group of MIT scientists has lost the expertise to build these plants.
(E) new nuclear plants are difficult to build because of complex Asian 
technologies.
29) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In paragraph 12, the author affirms “(To be fair, several
of China’s recent large-scale reactors have also had cost
overruns and delays)”, in order to
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(A) clarify that China has also faced problems with the
construction of large-scale nuclear reactors.
(B) praise China’s capacity of building large-scale nuclear
reactors fast and effectively.
(C) explain that China is more efficient that South Korea
when building large-scale nuclear reactors.
(D) support the view that China and South Korea can build
projects on budget and on schedule.
(E) discuss the reasons why China and South Korea can
build nuclear reactors at a lower cost.
30) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/ADMINISTRADOR/2022)
In the last paragraph, the author states that “Much lower
labor costs are one reason, according to both Finan and
the MIT report, but better project management is another.”
because he believes that
(A) both Finan and the MIT report are absolutely wrong in
their conclusions.
(B) it is difficult to determine the reasons why nuclear
power costs less in Asia.
(C) nuclear power is cheaper in Asia just because of better
project management.
(D) neither project management nor labor costs explain
the low cost of nuclear energy in Asia.
(E) lower labor costs are just part of the reason why
nuclear power is less expensive in Asia.
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U.S. DOMESTIC AIR CONDITIONING USE COULD
EXCEED ELECTRIC CAPACITY IN NEXT DECADE DUE
TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change will provoke an increase in
summer air conditioning use in the United States
that will probably cause prolonged blackouts during
peak summer heat if states do not expand capacity
or improve efficiency, according to a new study of
domestic-level demand.
Human emissions have put the global climate
on a trajectory to exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of
warming by the early 2030s, the IPCC reported in its
2021 evaluation. Without significant alleviation, global
temperatures will probably exceed the 2.0-degree
Celsius limit by the endof the century.
Previous research has examined the impacts
of higher future temperatures on annual electricity
consumption for specific cities or states. The new study
is the first to project residential air conditioning demand
on a domestic basis at a wide scale. It incorporates
observed and predicted air temperature and heat,
humidity and discomfort indices with air conditioning
use by statistically representative domiciles across
the contiguous United States, collected by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) in 2005-
2019.
“It’s a pretty clear warning to all of us that we can’t
keep doing what we are doing or our energy system
will fail completely in the next few decades, simply
because of the summertime air conditioning,” said
Susanne Benz, a geographer and climate scientist at
Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
The heaviest air conditioning use with the
greatest risk for overcharging the transmission lines
comes during heat waves, which also present the
highest risk to health. Electricity generation tends to
be below peak during heat waves as well, reducing
capacity to even lower levels, said Renee Obringer,
an environmental engineer at Penn State University.
Without enough capacity to satisfy demand, energy
companies may have to adopt systematic blackouts
during heat waves to avoid network failure, like
California’s energy organizations did in August 2020
during an extended period of record heat sometimes
topping 117 degrees Fahrenheit. “We’ve seen this in
California already -- state power companies had to
institute blackouts because they couldn’t provide the
needed electricity,” Obringer said. The state attributed
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599 deaths to the heat, but the true number may have
been closer to 3,900.
The new study predicted the largest increases
in kilowatt-hours of electricity demand in the already
hot south and southwest. If all Arizona houses were
to increase air conditioning use by the estimated 6%
needed at 1.5 degrees Celsius of global warming, for
example, amounting to 30 kilowatt-hours per month,
this would place an additional 54.5 million kilowatthours of demand 
on the electrical network monthly.
Available at: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/
220204093124.htm. Retrieved on: Feb. 9, 2022. Adapted.
31) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) describe past events related to summer weather in the
southwest.
(B) mention the positive changes in Americans’ habits
concerning air conditioning.
(C) advocate against the use of air conditioning in domiciles.
(D) discuss possible problems to satisfy the demand for
electric energy in the near future.
(E) encourage people to cut down residential carbon
emissions.
32) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The term domestic, in the expression “domestic air
conditioning use”, in the title of the text, is synonymous
with
(A) residential
(B) commercial
(C) municipal
(D) individual
(E) national
33) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In paragraph 1, the fragment “Climate change will
provoke an increase in summer air conditioning use in the
United States that will probably cause prolonged blackouts”
implies that prolonged blackouts
(A) are happening.
(B) had happened.
(C) have happened.
(D) may happen.
(E) will have happened.
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34) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the 2nd paragraph, it is noticed that, according to the
IPCC report in 2021, the global temperature will probably
rise 1.5 degrees Celsius by the early 2030s due to
(A) air conditioning use
(B) human emissions
(C) electricity consumption
(D) electric capacity overcharge
(E) blackouts
35) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the segment of paragraph 4 “we can’t keep doing what
we are doing or our energy system will fail completely
in the next few decades”, the term fail completely is
synonymous with
(A) expand
(B) divide
(C) improve
(D) work
(E) collapse
36) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The fragment in paragraph 5 “Electricity generation tends
to be below peak” means that
(A) there is usually no electricity left by that time of year.
(B) electricity generation is not at its maximum capacity.
(C) the quality of electricity generation is not acceptable.
(D) excess electricity is being generated.
(E) the electricity companies easily satisfy the increased
demand.
37 (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the sentence of paragraph 5, “The heaviest air
conditioning use with the greatest risk for overcharging
the transmission lines comes during heat waves, which
also present the highest risk to health”, the word which
makes reference to
(A) risk to health
(B) air conditioning use
(C) heat waves
(D) the transmission lines
(E) risk for overcharging
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38) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
The fragment in paragraph 5 “an extended period of
record heat sometimes topping 117 degrees Fahrenheit”
describes a climate condition characterized by
(A) low and mild temperatures
(B) quickly oscillating temperatures
(C) exceptionally high temperatures
(D) alternating hot and dry weather
(E) moderate temperatures and bad weather
39) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 6 “If all Arizona houses were
to increase air conditioning use”, if signals a(n)
(A) condition
(B) opposition
(C) negation
(D) conclusion
(E) explanation
40) (CESGRANRIO/ELETRONUCLEAR/TEC.SEG.TRABALHO/2022)
In the fragment of paragraph 5 “the heaviest air conditioning
use”, the term heaviest could be replaced, with no change
in meaning, by
(A) most intense
(B) most unexpected
(C) most difficult
(D) most adequate
(E) most moderate
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THE KEY ENERGY QUESTIONS FOR 2018
THE RENEWABLES INDUSTRY HAS HAD A GREAT YEAR.
HOW FAST CAN IT GROW NOW?
What are the issues that will shape the global
energy market in 2018? What will be the energy
mix, trade patterns and price trends? Every country
is different and local factors, including politics, are
important. But at the global level there are four key
questions, and each of which answers is highly
uncertain.
The first question is whether Saudi Arabia is
stable. The kingdom’s oil exports now mostly go to
Asia but the volumes involved mean that any volatility
will destabilise a market where speculation is rife.
The risk is that an open conflict, which Iran and
Saudi have traditionally avoided despite all their
differences, would spread and hit oil production and
trade. It is worth remembering that the Gulf states
account for a quarter of global production and over
40 per cent of all the oil traded globally. The threat to
stability is all the greater given that Iran is likely to win
any such clash and to treat the result as a licence to
reassert its influence in the region.
The second question is how rapidly production
of oil from shale rock will grow in the US — 2017 has
seen an increase of 600,000 barrels a day to over 6m.
The increase in global prices over the past six months
has made output from almost all America’s producing
areas commercially viable and drilling activity is rising.
A comparable increase in 2018 would offset most of
the current OPEC production cuts and either force
another quota reduction or push prices down.
The third question concerns China. For the
last three years the country has managed to deliver
economic growth with only minimal increases in
energy consumption. Growth was probably lower than
the claimed numbers — the Chinese do not like to
admit that they, too, are subject to economic cycles
and recessions — but even so the achievement
is considerable. The question is whether the trend
can be continued. If it can, the result will limit global
demand growth for oil, gas and coal.
China, which accounts for a quarter of the world’s
dailyenergy use, is the swing consumer. If energy
efficiency gains continue, CO2 emissions will remain
flat or even fall. The country’s economy is changing
and moving away from heavy industry fuelled largely
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by coal to a more service-based one, with a more
varied fuel mix. But the pace of that shift is uncertain
and some recent data suggests that as economic
growth has picked up, so has consumption of oil and
coal. Beijing has high ambitions for a much cleaner
energy economy, driven not least by the levels of air
pollution in many of the major cities; 2018 will show
how much progress they are making.
The fourth question is, if anything, the most
important. How fast can renewables grow? The last
few years have seen dramatic reductions in costs
and strong increase in supply. The industry has had
a great year, with bids from offshore wind for capacity
auctions in the UK and elsewhere at record low levels.
Wind is approaching grid parity — the moment
when it can compete without subsidies. Solar is also
thriving: according to the International Energy Agency,
costs have fallen by 70 per cent since 2010 not least
because of advances in China, which now accounts
for 60 per cent of total solar cell manufacturing
capacity. The question is how rapidly all those gains
can be translated into electric supply.
Renewables, including hydro, accounted for just
5 per cent of global daily energy supply according
to the IEA’s latest data. That is increasing — solar
photovoltaic capacity grew by 50 per cent in 2016
— but to make a real difference the industry needs
a period of expansion comparable in scale to the
growth of personal computing and mobile phones in
the 1990s and 2000s.
The problem is that the industry remains
fragmented. Most renewable companies are small
and local, and in many cases undercapitalised; some
are built to collect subsidies. A radical change will be
necessary to make the industry global and capable
of competing on the scale necessary to displace
coal and natural gas. The coming year will show us
whether it is ready for that challenge.
In many ways, the energy business is at a
moment of change and transition. Every reader will
have their own view on each of the four questions. To
me, the prospect is of supply continuing to outpace
demand. If that is right, the surge in oil prices over
the past two months is a temporary and unsustainable
phenomenon. It would take another Middle East war
to change the equation. Unfortunately, that is all too
possible.
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Available at: <https://www.ft.com/content/c9bdc750-
ec85-11e7-8713-513b1d7ca85a>. Retrieved on:
Feb 18, 2018. Adapted.
41) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) explain the reasons for the sudden increase in the
price of oil in 2018.
(B) speculate on matters that may affect the global energy
market in 2018.
(C) provide precise answers to the most relevant
questions on global energy.
(D) forecast changes in trade and energy production in
Asia and the Middle East.
(E) measure the devastating impact of renewable industry
on coal and natural gas.
42) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
Saudi Arabia and Iran are mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3
(lines 8-20) because they
(A) are latent enemies about to engage in violent strife.
(B) produce more than 40 per cent of the world’s crude oil.
(C) should spread their influence over the other Gulf
States.
(D) can be considered the most stable countries in the
Middle East.
(E) might affect oil production and trade if they engage in
an open conflict.
43) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
In the fragment “The threat to stability is all the greater
given that Iran is likely to win any such clash and to
treat the result as a licence to reassert its influence in the
region” (lines 17-20), given that can be replaced, without
change in meaning, by
(A) even so
(B) even though
(C) despite the fact that
(D) because of the fact that
(E) taking into account that
44) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
The production of oil from shale rock in the US is
mentioned in paragraph 4 (lines 21-29) because in 2018 it
(A) can rapidly achieve the record level of 6 million barrels
a day.
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(B) will certainly reach higher levels than those announced
in 2017.
(C) will make output from America’s producing areas
commercially viable in 2018.
(D) might compensate for present OPEC production cuts
and cause a decrease in oil prices.
(E) is going to have devastating effects on the drilling
activity in the country in the near future.
45) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
The phrase that shift (line 46) refers to the change in
China from a
(A) heavy industry fuelled by coal to a service-based
industry using a more varied mix.
(B) large consumption of the world’s fossil fuels to lower
consumption levels.
(C) limited demand for oil, gas and coal to an increasing
demand.
(D) low-fossil-fuel economy to a pollution-based economy.
(E) fast-growing economy to a receding one.
46) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
In the fragments “some recent data suggests that as
economic growth has picked up” (lines 47-48) and
“Beijing has high ambitions for a much cleaner energy
economy, driven not least by the levels of air pollution in
many of the major cities” (lines 49-51), picked up and
driven by mean, respectively,
(A) declined – guided by
(B) increased – delayed by
(C) deteriorated – caused by
(D) improved – motivated by
(E) stabilized – hindered by
47) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
In terms of numerical reference, one concludes that
(A) “over 40 per cent” (lines 16-17) refers to the percentage
of global oil produced by Iran and Saudi.
(B) “70 per cent” (line 62) refers to the percentage
decrease in solar energy costs since 2010.
(C) “60 per cent” (line 64) refers to the total percentage of
solar cells commercialized in China.
(D) “5 per cent” (line 68) refers to the percentage of global
energy generated by hydroelectric plants.
(E) “50 per cent” (line 70) refers to the percentage
decrease in solar photovoltaic capacity in 2016.
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48) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
Based on the meanings of the words in the text, it can be
said that
(A) “rife” (line 11) and scarce express similar ideas.
(B) “claimed” (line 34) can be replaced by hidden.
(C) “flat” (line 43) and high express similar ideas.
(D) “thriving” (line 61) and developing are synonyms.
(E) “surge” (line 87) and increase are antonyms.
49) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
Concerning the renewable energy industry, the author
affirms that it
(A) has become highly competitive without subsidies or
government support.
(B) has been growing dramatically because of the threat
posed by climate change.
(C) needs to go through a profound change to become
global and more competitive.
(D) will provide most of the global electric supply through
solar, wind and hydropower.
(E) has been expanding faster than personal computing
and mobile phones in the 1990s and 2000s.
50) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/ADM.JR/2018)
According to the last paragraph, the author believes that the
(A) future of the energy business is uncertain and difficult
to anticipate.
(B) recent increase in oil prices is definitely a long-lasting
phenomenon.
(C) four questions presented in the article will be answered
sooner than we imagine.
(D) energy business is definitely facing a moment of
stability, growth and prosperity.
(E) inevitable conflict in the Middle East will solve the
imbalance between energy supply and demand. 
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A WORLD IN TRANSFORMATION:
WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2017
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand,according to the
World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver
of this transformation.
Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing
energy needs are met first by renewables and natural
gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the
cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still
half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in
the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization
and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows
down but is not reversed before 2040 even as
electric-car sales rise steeply.
WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency
(IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next
two decades the global energy system is being
reshaped by four major forces: the United States
is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas
leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks
to falling costs; the share of electricity in the energy
mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy
takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications
for global energy markets.
Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed
by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of
electricity soon after 2030.
“Solar is forging ahead in global power markets
as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and
India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result
of government support and declining battery costs but
it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth
for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation
keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes
the undisputed leader for oil and gas production for
decades, which represents a major upheaval for
international market dynamics.”
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These themes — as well as the future role of
oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more
investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s
2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the
country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global
trends. A new phase in the country’s development
results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy
industry and coal.
At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner
energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world
leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and
the source of more than a quarter of projected growth
in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in
China slows, other countries continue to push overall
global demand higher – with India accounting for
almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
The shale oil and gas revolution in the United
States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective
way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is projected
to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net
oil exporter by the end of that decade.
This is having a major impact on oil and gas
markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and
provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows,
with consumers in Asia accounting for more than
70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG
from the United States is also accelerating a major
structural shift towards a more flexible and globalized
gas market.
WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the
obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while
fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak in
oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of
the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely
petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive
up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040.
While carbon emissions have flattened in recent
years, the report finds that global energy-related CO2
emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower
pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from
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enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/
november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.
html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
51) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
The main purpose of Text I is to
(A) predict the imminent decrease of global oil demands in
the near future.
(B) present an overview of world energy scenarios for the
coming decades.
(C) report on the increasing role of renewable energy
sources and natural gas.
(D) discuss how China’s economic and energy policy
changes may shape global trends.
(E) anticipate how the US, China and India will transform
the global energy system in the next decade.
52) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
According to Text I, one of the themes discussed at the
IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris was the
(A) insufficient investment in clean-energy technologies.
(B) inadequate use of solar energy in global power
markets.
(C) necessary increase in investment in carbon capture,
utilization and storage.
(D) questionable leadership of the US in the areas of oil
and gas production.
(E) limited use of EVs due to battery prices and lack of
financial help from the government.
53) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
According to Text I, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China because this country has been
(A) suffering from severe problems derived from poor air
quality.
(B) blamed for substituting heavy industry and coal for
cleaner energy.
(C) responsible for the consumption of 20% of the world´s
natural gas.
(D) an undeniable world leader in the areas of wind, solar
and nuclear energy.
(E) facing changes in the economic and energy policy that
will deeply influence its energy mix.
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54) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that
express synonymous ideas are
(A) deployed (line 25) – disturbed
(B) undisputed (line 43) – irrefutable
(C) upheaval (line 44) – stagnation
(D) unlock (line 70) – restrain
(E) incumbent (line 75) – unnecessary
55) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power
markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India”
(lines 34-37) and “with India accounting for almost
one-third of global growth to 2040” (lines 66-67) forging
ahead and accounting for mean, respectively,
(A) rapidly declining – amounting to
(B) dramatically falling – adding up to
(C) rising steeply – being blamed for
(D) slowing down – being responsible for
(E) progressing steadily – being the reason for
56) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
All the boldfaced verb phrases express a future action,
EXCEPT in
(A) “The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system” (lines 1-4)
(B) “the world’s growing energy needs are met first by
renewables and natural gas as fast-declining costs
turn solar power into the cheapest source of new
electricity generation” (lines 9-12)
(C) “WEO-2017 (…) finds that over the next two decades
the global energy system is being reshaped by four
major forces” (lines 20-23)
(D) “meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes
the leading source of electricity soon after 2030” (lines
31-33)
(E) “the United States is projected to become the world’s
largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end
of that decade.” (lines71-73)
57) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid
severe impacts of climate change” (lines 93-94), Still
can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the
sentence, by
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(A) Therefore
(B) Furthermore
(C) Nevertheless
(D) In other words
(E) Because of that
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BRAZIL JOINS IEA AS AN ASSOCIATION COUNTRY,
RESHAPING INTERNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE
BRASILIA – The International Energy Agency
and Brazil jointly announced today that the country
joined the IEA as an Association country, opening
new avenues for cooperation towards a more secure
and sustainable energy future with Latin America’s
largest country.
“With today’s announcement of IEA Association,
we are taking another important step to place Brazil
at the centre of global debate on key energy policy
issues including renewable energy, energy efficiency,
rational use of fossil fuels, energy security and
sustainable development,” said Fernando Coelho
Filho, Minister of Mines and Energy
Brazil’s leading expertise in bioenergy, hydro
and other forms of clean and conventional energy
is recognized around the world, and provides an
excellent basis to develop solutions for global energy
challenges. The country’s experience in managing
renewable resources in its energy mix can contribute
greatly to IEA discussions on a broadened concept
of energy security. Brazil has also pioneered the use
of auctions for long-term contracts for renewable
energy, a model that is now successfully applied as
best-practice world-wide.
Brazil and the IEA plan to work jointly across a
wide range of energy-related activities. These include
implemention of The Biofuture Platform, which aims
to promote international coordination on advanced
low carbon fuels. The IEA will also support the
development of Brazil’s ten-year energy efficiency
plan and co-host an energy efficiency training event
in Brazil to share regional and global experiences.
“Brazil’s experience shows that policies do
matter,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive
Director. “Its determined and ambitious long-term
energy policies, developing deep-water oil resources
and expanding biofuels output, set an example to
countries around the world. As a result, our latest data
shows that Brazil will become a net oil exporter this
year, the first major consumer in recent history to ever
achieve such a turnaround.”
Dr Birol also congratulated Brazil for its recent
successful deepwater bid round. After depending on
oil imports since IEA records began in the 1970s, the
IEA now finds that Brazil will become a net exporter
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this year, and exporting nearly one million barrels
of oil per day to world markets by 2022. This is the
result of a 50% increase in oil production in the past
decade thanks to a successful push into deep-water
production, and a biofuels programme that has helped
keep domestic oil-demand growth under control.
With Brazil, the IEA family now accounts for
over 70% of the world’s total energy consumption,
compared with less than 40% just two years ago. The
seven IEA Association countries are Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore and Thailand.
The agreement will allow the IEA to benefit from
Brazil’s unique experience, which has enabled it to
develop one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world.
Thanks to its expertise in global energy market and
policy analysis, the IEA can support Brazil’s efforts
and collaborate in its energy transition.
Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/
october/brazil-joins-iea-as-an-association-country-reshaping-inter-
national-energy-govern.html>. Retrieved on: 31
Oct. 2017. Adapted.
58) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
The main intention of Text II is to discuss the Brazilian
(A) joint effort with the IEA in order to implement The
Biofuture Platform in the near future.
(B) leading expertise in conventional energy and
experience in managing renewable resources.
(C) association with the IEA to replicate the use of
auctions for renewable energies worldwide.
(D) strategic partnership with the IEA in the field of energy
aiming at a safer and sustainable future.
(E) ten-year energy efficiency plan and the sharing of its
regional and global experiences with Latin American
countries.
59) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
Dr. Fatih Birol affirms that “Brazil’s experience shows
that policies do matter” (lines 33-34) because, due to its
long-term energy policies, the country
(A) was about to change its position from a major oil
consumer into that of a net oil exporter.
(B) could dramatically increase oil exports to nearly one
million barrels per day to world markets.
(C) was able to expand its deep-water oil resources and
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restrict biofuels output in the recent years.
(D) implemented a rewarding biofuels programme that
helped reduce national oil-demand growth.
(E) succeeded in doubling its oil production in the last
few years as the result of an outstanding increase in
deep-water production.
60) (CESGRANRIO/PETROBRAS/ADVOGADO JÚNIOR/2018)
Comparing Texts I and II, one concludes that
(A) only Text I mentions a country that is well-known for its
clean energy mix.
(B) only Text II discusses what the global energy system
will look like in the near future.
(C) neither Text I nor Text II expresses concern with the
future of oil production and demand in the next
decades.
(D) both Text I and Text II list all the IEA association
countries and discuss how they can benefit from this
cooperation.
(E) both Text I and Text II mention the importance of
renewable resources and clean energy technologies
as a means of meeting energy demand.
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TRANSPORTATION IN GEOGRAPHY
The world is obviously not a place where features
such as resources, people and economic activities are
randomly distributed; there is a logic, or an order, to
spatial distribution. Geography seeks to understand
the spatial order of things as well as their interactions,
particularly when the spatial order is less evident.
Transportation is one element of this spatial order as
it is at the same time influenced by geography as well
as having an influence on it. For instance, the path
followed by a road is influenced by regional economic
and physical attributes, but once constructed the
same road will shape future regional developments.
Transportation is of relevance to geography for
two main reasons. First, transport infrastructures,
terminals, modes and networks occupy an important
place in space and constitute the basis of a complex
spatial system. Second, since geography seeks to
explain spatial relationships, transport networks are
of specific interest because they are the main physical
support of these interactions.
Transport geography, as a discipline, emerged
as a branch of economic geography in the second
half of the twentieth century. In earlier considerations,
particularly in commercial geography (late 19th and
early 20th century), transportation was an important
factor behind the economic representations of the
geographic space, namely in terms of the location
of economic activities and the monetary costs of
distance. These cost considerations became the
foundation of several geographical theories such as
central places and location analysis. The growing
mobility of passengers and freight justified the
emergence of transport geography as a specialized
field of investigation.
In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized as key
factors in location theories and transport geography
began to rely increasingly on quantitative methods,
particularly over network and spatial interactions
analysis. However, from the 1970s, technical, political
and economic changes challenged the centrality of
transportation in many geographical and regionaldevelopment investigations. The strong spatial
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded
and decentralization was a dominant paradigm that
was observed within cities (suburbanization), but
also within regions. The spatial theory foundations
of transport geography, particularly the friction of
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distance, became less relevant, or less evident, in
explaining socioeconomic processes. As a result,
transportation became underrepresented in economic
geography in the 1970s and 1980s, even if the
mobility of people and freight and low transport costs
were considered as important factors behind the
globalization of trade and production.
Since the 1990s, transport geography has
received renewed attention with new realms of
investigation. The issues of mobility, production
and distribution became interrelated in a complex
geographical setting where the local, regional and
global became increasingly blurred through the
development of new passengers and freight transport
systems (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). For instance,
suburbanization resulted in an array of challenges
related to congestion and automobile dependency.
Rapid urbanization in developing economies
underlined the challenges of transport infrastructure
investment for private as well as collective uses.
Globalization supported the development of complex
air and maritime transportation networks, many of
which supporting global supply chains and trade
relations across long distances. The role of information
and communication technologies was also being felt,
often as a support or as an alternative to mobility.
All of the above were linked with new and expanded
mobilities of passengers, freight and information.
Adapted from: <https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/
conc1en/ch1c1en.html>. Retrieved on: Jan. 9th, 2015.
61) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) show how transportation is economically relevant.
(B) deny the impact of transportation on the geographical
space.
(C) support the idea that economic features are randomly
distributed.
(D) establish a view of the presence of transportation in
geographical studies.
(E) defend the idea that transportation has not changed
much in the last century.
62) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
The text points out two main reasons why transportation is
of relevance to geography. These two reasons are:
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(A) Economic goods are distributed by transportation;
transportation structures occupy a place in space.
(B) Transportation infrastructures occupy an important
place in space; transportation infrastructures are
considered the main support to spatial interactions.
(C) Roads shape regional developments; roads are
elements of spatial order.
(D) There is a logic to spatial distribution; the spatial
distribution is influenced by transportation structures.
(E) Economic features are randomly distributed in space;
this distribution in space is illogical.
63) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
The expression as well as in the fragment “Geography
seeks to understand the spatial order of things as well as
their interactions” (lines 4-5) conveys an idea of
(A) opposition
(B) conclusion
(C) concession
(D) addition
(E) comparison
64) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
According to the text, the emergence of transport
geography as a specialized field of investigation is justified
by the
(A) growing mobility of passengers and freight.
(B) idea that the world is not a place where such features
are randomly distributed.
(C) fact that geography seeks to understand the spatial
order of things.
(D) fact that cost considerations became the foundation of
several geographical theories.
(E) fact that transportation was an important issue behind
the economic representations of the geographic space.
65) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment “In the 1960s, transport had to be formalized
as key factors in location theories” (lines 35-36), the modal
verb had to implies an idea of
(A) advice
(B) possibility
(C) probability
(D) prediction
(E) necessity
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66) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
From the fragment of the text “However, from the 1970s,
technical, political and economic changes challenged
the centrality of transportation in many geographical and
regional development investigations. The strong spatial
anchoring effect of high transportation costs receded
and decentralization was a dominant paradigm that was
observed within cities (suburbanization), but also within
regions.” (lines 39-46), it can be inferred that
(A) suburbanization emerged because the spatial
anchoring effect of transportation costs increased.
(B) transportation maintained its centrality because of
technical, political and economic changes in the
1970s.
(C) decentralization became the prevailing model in the
urban and regional development in the 1970s.
(D) the technical, political and economic changes in the
1970s resulted in a transportation crisis.
(E) transportation costs had a negative effect in the urban
and regional development in the 1970s.
67) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment “However, from the 1970s, technical,
political and economic changes challenged the centrality
of transportation in many geographical and regional
development investigations” (lines 39-42), the word
However introduces the idea of
(A) consequence
(B) conclusion
(C) sequence
(D) contrast
(E) cause
68) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
From the sentence in the text “Since the 1990s, transport
geography has received renewed attention with new
realms of investigation” (lines 55-57), it can be concluded
that transport geography
(A) received new realms of investigation at the end of the
1990s.
(B) was only studied with new realms of investigation in
the 1990s.
(C) was only studied with new realms of investigation
before the 1990s.
(D) was only studied with new realms of investigation at
the beginning of the 1990s.
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(E) started being studied with new realms of investigation
at the beginning of the 1990s that are still being applied
to its study nowadays.
69) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment from the text “The issues of mobility,
production and distribution became interrelated in a complex
geographical setting where the local, regional and global
became increasingly blurred through the development
of new passengers and freight transport systems”
(lines 57-62), the word blurred can be replaced by
(A) evident
(B) highlighted
(C) obvious
(D) distinct
(E) imprecise
70) (CESGRANRIO/TRANSPETRO/AUDITOR JR/2016)
In the fragment from the text “Globalization supported the
development of complex air and maritime transportation
networks, many of which supporting global supply chains
and trade relations across long distances”, (lines 68-71),
the word which refers to
(A) chains
(B) relations
(C) networks
(D) globalization
(E) transportation
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LOW OIL PRICES COULD BE GOOD
FOR ELECTRICITY AND RENEWABLES
BY ROBERT FARES
Since I first wrote about the price of oil last
December, the global oil price has fallen to levels
not seen in over five years. For many, the recent
price decline brings back memories of the 1980s oil
price collapse, which followed the 70s oil price spike
and drew attention away from renewable energy
and other alternatives — famously prompting U.S.
President Ronald Reagan to remove the White House
solar panels that had been installed by the previous
administration.
Thankfully, this time around, the outlook for
renewable energy isn’t so bleak. In fact, it is possible
low oil prices could actually improve the economics
of renewable energy. It all comes down to the
relationship between oil and gas production and the
price of electricity, which directly affectsthe bottom
line of technologies like wind and solar.
In 1973, the year the Arab Oil Embargo caused
a steep rise in oil prices, the United States produced
17 percent of its electricity using petroleum. When the
oil price increased, the price of electricity increased
too. This increase in price prompted greater interest in
domestic sources of electricity, like coal, nuclear, and
renewable energy.
Due in part to the turn away from oil in the 70s,
today the United States produces just 0.7 percent of
its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the price of
oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity. Most
electricity comes from coal (39 percent) and natural
gas (27 percent), with the remainder coming from
nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and other renewables.
The fuel with the most direct impact on the price
of electricity is natural gas, because natural gas
generation often sets the price of electricity in the
market. To gauge how low oil prices might affect the
price of electricity, it’s really important to think about
how they might affect the price of natural gas.
Although oil and natural gas prices have
decoupled in recent years, there is still an indirect link
between the price of oil and the price of natural gas,
because both oil and natural gas are often produced
from the same well. While most U.S. natural gas is
produced from wells drilled for the express purpose
of extracting gas, a portion comes from wells that
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are drilled to extract oil, but produce natural gas as
a byproduct. This “associated gas” or “casinghead
gas” is often flared in regions like the Bakken in North
Dakota, which has limited pipeline infrastructure.
However, in regions like Texas’s Eagle Ford and
Permian Basin, this gas is often injected into the
existing pipeline network. Because drillers are really
after the more-valuable oil, associated natural gas is
often simply dumped into the pipelines at little or no
cost — depressing the overall price of natural gas.
The Railroad Commission of Texas, which
regulates the oil and gas industry, collects separate
data on natural gas produced from gas wells and
natural gas produced as a byproduct from oil wells.
These data show that, while overall Texas natural gas
production has increased since 2008, the amount
of gas produced from purpose-drilled gas wells has
actually declined. On the other hand, natural gas
associated with oil production has increased markedly
since 2008. 
Available at: <http://blogs.scientifi camerican.com/plugged-in/low-oil-
prices-could-be-good-for-electricity-and-renewables/>. Retrieved on: 
Nov. 10th, 2015. Adapted.
71) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
The main objective of the text is to
(A) argue that the prices of oil are currently excessively
low.
(B) introduce the idea that the low prices of oil can be
positive for electricity and renewables.
(C) defend the position of those who see no connection
between the prices of oil and the electric market.
(D) discuss the position of the Reagan government in
relation to oil prices in the 80s.
(E) attack those who believe that the prices of oil should
increase.
72) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
In the fragment of the text “Thankfully, this time around, the
outlook for renewable energy isn’t so bleak” (lines 11-12), the
word bleak can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
(A) encouraging
(B) cheerful
(C) optimistic
(D) desolate
(E) promising
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73) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
In the fragment of the text “It all comes down to the
relationship between oil and gas production and the
price of electricity, which directly affects the bottom line
of technologies like wind and solar” (lines 14-17), the
pronoun which refers to
(A) oil production
(B) gas production
(C) electricity
(D) the price of electricity
(E) the relationship between oil and gas production
74) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
In the fragment of the text “Due in part to the turn away
from oil in the 70s, today the United States produces just
0.7 percent of its electricity using petroleum. Therefore, the
price of oil has no direct impact on the price of electricity”
(lines 25-28), the linking word therefore introduces the
idea of
(A) conclusion
(B) addition
(C) cause
(D) condition
(E) opposition
75) (CESGRANRIO/ANP/TEC.ADMINISTRATIVO/2016)
From the fragment of the text “Although oil and natural
gas prices have decoupled in recent years, there is still an
indirect link between the price of oil and the price of natural
gas, because both oil and natural gas are often produced
from the same well” (lines 38-42), it can be inferred that
(A) oil and natural gas are seldom extracted from the
same wells.
(B) oil and natural gas produced from the same well have
their prices often determined by government decisions.
(C) oil and natural gas extracted from the same wells bring
as an effect an indirect link between their prices.
(D) oil and natural gas prices have been increasingly
independent in recent years because they are often
produced from the same well.
(E) oil and natural gas prices have been increasingly
dependent in recent years because they are often
produced from the same well.
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WORLD OIL MARKET PROSPECTS
FOR THE SECOND HALF OF THE YEAR
[...]
World oil demand in 2H14 is anticipated to
increase by 1.2 mb/d over the same period last
year to average 92.1 mb/d. OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development) demand
is projected to decline by around 60 tb/d, despite
positive growth in OECD Americas, mainly due to
a general improvement in the US economy. OECD
Europe and OECD Asia Pacific are expected to see
a lesser contraction than a year earlier. However, oil
demand growth in OECD Asia Pacific will largely be
impacted by any restart of nuclear power plants in
Japan. Non-OECD countries are projected to lead oil
demand growth this year and forecast to add 1.3 mb/d
in 2H14 compared to the same period a year ago.
Nevertheless, risks to the forecast include the pace
of economic growth in major economies in the OECD,
China, India and Russia, as well as policy reforms in
retail prices and substitution toward natural gas.
On the supply side, non-OPEC oil supply in the
second half of the year is expected to increase by
1.2 mb/d over the same period last year to average
around 55.9 mb/d, with the US being the main
driver for growth, followed by Canada. Production
in Russia and Brazil is also expected to increase in
2H14. However, oil output from the UK and Mexico
is projected to continue to decline. The forecast for
non-OPEC supply growth for 2H14 is seen lower than
in the first half of the year, but could increase given
forecasts for a mild hurricane season in the US Gulf.
Less field maintenance in the North Sea and easing
geopolitical tensions could also add further barrels
in the coming two quarters. OPEC NGLs are also
projected to continue to increase, adding 0.2 mb/d in
2H14 to stand at 5.9 mb/d.
Taking these developments into account, the
supply-demand balance for 2H14 shows that the
demand for OPEC crude in the second half of the
year stands at around 30.3 mb/d, slightly higher than
in the first half of the year. This compares to OPEC
production, according to secondary sources, of close
to 30.0 mb/d in May. Global inventories are at sufficient
levels, with OECD commercial stocks in days of
forward cover at around 58 days in April. Moreover,
inventories in the US – the only OECD country with
positive demand growth – stand at high levels. NonOECD inventories 
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are also on the rise, especially in
China, which has been building Strategic Petroleum
Reserves (SPR) at a time when apparent demand is
weakening due to slowing economic activities. [...]
Available at: <http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_fi les_project/
media/download/publications/MOMR_June_2014.pdf>. Retrieved