Língua inglesa estrutura sintática II

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Língua inglesa estrutura sintática II
		Aluno: 
	Matr.: 
	Disc.: LÍNGUA INGLESA EST 
	2023.2 EAD (G) / EX
		Prezado (a) Aluno(a),
Você fará agora seu EXERCÍCIO! Lembre-se que este exercício é opcional, mas não valerá ponto para sua avaliação. O mesmo será composto de questões de múltipla escolha.
Após responde cada questão, você terá acesso ao gabarito comentado e/ou à explicação da mesma. Aproveite para se familiarizar com este modelo de questões que será usado na sua AV e AVS.
	02979ESTUDO DAS CONJUNÇÕES COORDENATIVAS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	 
		
	
		1.
		Conjunctions are not only syntactic but also semantic elements. Based on it, choose the best conjunction to complete the following sentence, considering the idea of contrast: My best friend didn't study for English test, ___he got the highest score.
	
	
	
	Nor
	
	
	But
	
	
	Or
	
	
	So
	
	
	And
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:29:25
		Explicação:
Feedback: The only coordinating conjunction that conveys contrast is but. And conveys addition; so, consequence or result; or, alternatives; and nor also conveys addition, but for negative sentences.
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		According to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999), complex coordination is a structure based on a two-part correlative conjunction. Bearing this in mind, what is the option that correctly shows a complex coordination with a correlative conjunction?
	
	
	
	I didn't go the beach, nor did my friend.
	
	
	Jessica and John have drunk soda.
	
	
	Both Peter and John went to school.
	
	
	He loves chocolate, but he can't eat it.
	
	
	Did you go to the beach or not?
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:30:11
		Explicação:
Feedback: Both... and, neither... nor, not only... but also, either... or form pairs of correlative conjunctions. The only sentence which shows such use is Both Peter and John went to school. The other sentences show coordinating conjunctions and, but, or and nor being used.
	
	
	03082AS ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIAIS
	 
		
	
		3.
		Read the texts below:
 
TEXT I
 
Prologue
Hear me! We have heard of Danish heroes,
Ancient kings and the glory they cut
For themselves, swinging mighty swords!
How Shild made slaves of soldiers from every land,
Crowds of captives he had beaten
Into terror; he had traveled to Denmark alone,
An abandoned child, but changed his own fate,
Lived to be rich and honored.
(RAFFEL, Burton. Beowulf. New York: Signet Classics, 2008, p.3)
 
 
TEXT II
 
"A phrase with a preposition as the head followed by a complement is called a prepositional phrase."
(CARTER, Ronald.; McCARTHY, Michael. Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge: CUP, 2010., p.916)
 
Based on the TEXTS above, the highlighted element from TEXT I which dialogues with the definition provided in TEXT II is:
	
	
	
	rich and honored
	
	
	of captives
	
	
	have heard
	
	
	the glory
	
	
	we
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:38:17
		Explicação:
The phrase of captives is composed of the preposition OF + a complement (CAPTIVES). Consequently, it¿s classed as a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. Rich and Honored, on the other hand, since it contains two adjectives, it¿s an example of an ADJECTIVE PHRASE. Have heard is a VERB PHRASE composed of the auxiliary verb HAVE + lexical verb HEARD. We, because it contains a pronoun, falls under the NOUN PHRASE category. Finally, the glory is an example of a NOUN PHRASE composed of the definite article THE + the noun GLORY. Therefore, of captives is the only correct answer.
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Read the text below:
 
With restaurants, stores and even public pools and beaches now open after months of being shuttered, some New Yorkers might wonder whether it's safe to swipe their Metrocards again and hop on the train or bus. Interim MTA President Sarah Feinberg says, "It's time to come back."
In May, the MTA restricted its otherwise 24/7 service and began shutting down trains from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. [1] so that the company could completely sanitize each car.
"We're doing 24/7 cleaning," Feinberg tells Newsweek. "But, it obviously is helpful for us to be able to have the system completely free of all riders in those overnight hours, [2] in order that we can be particularly efficient."
In the beginning of March, [3] when the virus began affecting New York City, MTA workers were not allowed to wear masks while on duty - in alignment with the CDC recommendations at the time. The ban was then lifted [4] after there was a backlash from the Transport Workers Union Local 100, the New York Daily News reported. The MTA reports that 4,110 MTA employees have tested positive for the virus as of July 29.
(SCHONFELD, Alexandra. How Safe Is the New York City Subway Right Now? 2020. Newsweek Magazine. Available at: https://www.newsweek.com/how-safe-new-york-city-subway-right-now-1521844. Accessed  August31st , 2021)
Which subordinate clauses highlighted in the text contain subordinators used to indicate PURPOSE?
	
	
	
	2 and 4
	
	
	3 and 4
	
	
	1 and 4
	
	
	2 and 3
	
	
	1 and 2
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:41:19
		Explicação:
1 and 2 (CORRECT). Subordinators SO THAT and IN ORDER THAT are used to indicate PURPOSE. The other subordinators, WHEN and AFTER, are used to express TIME.
	
	
	03083AS ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS ADJETIVAS
	 
		
	
		5.
		Mark the option that best classifies the syntactic function of the underlined noun phrases within the main clauses and within the restrictive relative clauses present in the following excerpts:
I - The effort was backed up by a team of scientists [that conducted new ocean research].
 
II - a marine scientist [who served as a science advisor to the Canada delegation] talked about the scientific process.
III - 9 out of 10 people breathe air [that contains high levels of pollutants].
	
	
	
	I. Subject/ subject. II. Object/ subject. III. Object/ object.
	
	
	I. Object/ subject; II. Subject/ subject. III. Object/ object.
	
	
	I. Subject/ subject. II. Object/ subject. III. Subject/ subject.
	
	
	I. Agent of the passive voice/ subject; II. Subject/ subject; III. Object/ subject.
	
	
	I. Object/ object. II. Object/ object. III. Subject/ Agent of the passive.
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:45:04
		Explicação:
I." A team of scientists" is the agent of the passive voice. You should notice that noun phrases fulfilling this role are often introduced by the preposition "by". However, the same noun phrase is the subject of the verb "conducted". After all, who conducted new ocean research? A team of scientists.  II. The noun phrase "a marine scientist" plays the role of subject in both clauses: it is the subject of the verb "served" and also the subject of the verb ¿talked¿. III. The head noun is the object of the verb ¿breathe¿. What do 9 out of 10 people breathe? ¿Air¿. At the same time, it is the subject of the verb of the restrictive relative clause. What contains high level of pollutants? "Air". The correct alternative is then: "I. Agent of the passive voice/ subject; II. Subject/ subject; III. Object/ subject".
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		In the excerpt below, we could delete that are  because:In Europe, you can always return items that are no longer required back to the point of purchase.
	
	
	
	The relative pronoun restricts or defines the concept of  items.
	
	
	The relative pronoun plays the role of object in the restrictive relative clause.
	
	
	The relative pronoun introduces omissible information in the main clause.
	
	
	The relative pronoun plays the role of subject in the restrictive relative clause.
	
	
	The relative pronoun followed by verb to be can be deleted, according to what Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) call the  relative pronoun + be deletion rule.
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:46:22
		Explicação:
According to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman, whenever the relative pronoun is followed by verb to be they can be deleted altogether. That is what the authors call therelative pronoun + be deletion rule. The only correct option is then: The relative pronoun followed by verb to be can be deleted, according to what Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) call the  relative pronoun + be deletion rule . When the relative pronoun plays the role of object in the restrictive relative clause, only the relative pronoun can be omitted. When the relative pronoun plays the role of subject in the restrictive relative clause it cannot be omitted and the same applies to when it introduces omissible information in the main clause. The fact that the clause is a nonrestrictive relative clause does not refer to a situation in which the relative pronoun and the verb to be can be omitted.
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the option providing the correct classification (followed by a suitable explanation) for the clauses between brackets:
E-waste is a health and environmental hazard, containing toxic additives or hazardous substances such as mercury, which damages the human brain and / or coordination system.
Source: Global e-waste surging: up 21 per cent in 5 years (who.int)
	
	
	
	It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it specifies how mercury harms the human body.
	
	
	It is a restrictive relative clause because it specifies how mercury harms the human body.
	
	
	It is a relative adverbial because, similarly to adverbs, it provides the circumstances in which mercury damages human health.
	
	
	It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health.
	
	
	It is a restrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health.
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:48:07
		Explicação:
When it comes to distinguishing nonrestrictive and restrictive relative clause, it is always important to take a closer look at punctuation - or the lack of it. The clause between brackets is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it is kept apart from the main clause by a comma and the information it provides is omissible. It does not define or specify mercury. It only makes a comment on its harmful effects on the human body. The correct alternative is thus: "It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health".
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		You have learned that nonrestrictive relative clauses can refer to a noun phrase or to the main clause as a whole. When its referent is just a noun phrase, the nonrestrictive relative clause plays the role of an appositive. In the excerpt below, the nonrestrictive relative clause has been reduced, following the principles of the relative pronoun + verb to be deletion rule. Choose the option that best rephrases the statement below, while also eliciting the previously deleted relative pronoun and verb to be.
 
But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program ¿ the small size of the so-called buffer pool, a bureaucratic term for an insurance policy against disasters like fires.
 
Source: Forests Used as Carbon Offsets Are Going Up in Wildfire Flames - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
	
	
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program that is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program - whose is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program - which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	
	
	But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program, in which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...).
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:50:01
		Explicação:
Two relative pronouns could be used here: either that or which, since the noun phrase it refers to is a non-human antecedent (that is, "one of the main weaknesses in the program"). However, since a dash or a comma has to be used to keep apart the main clause and the nonrestrictive relative clause, only the relative pronoun "which" can be used in this case. The relative pronoun "that" is not used in nonrestrictive relative clauses. The only correct option is then: ¿But experts say the wildfires have highlighted one of the main weaknesses in the program - which is the small size of the so-called buffer pool, (...)".
	
	
	02915A INVERSÃO
	 
		
	
		9.
		In formal writing we find conditional clauses marked by inversion, as in:
	
	
	
	If it were not for your attitude, I would be more helpful.
	
	
	I would love it if you were nice.
	
	
	If your attitude was nice, I would be more helpful.
	
	
	I would be more helpful, If it were not for your attitude.
	
	
	I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude.
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:52:52
		Explicação:
Even though all options show conditional clauses, the sentence "I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude" is the only one in which a verb-subject inversion occurs. Inversions in conditional clauses occur only when IF is omitted. Notice that this is the only sentence in which IF is not present.
	
	
	 
		
	
		10.
		Full verbs are lexical items whose main function is to carry meaning. Which option contains an example of the word have as a full verb?
	
	
	
	She has a sweet tooth.
	
	
	She has to exercise every day.
	
	
	Has she done it yet?
	
	
	She has been to London.
	
	
	She¿s finished
	Data Resp.: 11/07/2023 10:54:27
		Explicação:
A verb is considered to be a full verb, when it plays the role of the main verb in a verb phrase. In "She has been to London", "Has she done it yet?" and "She's finished" the present perfect is being used, meaning that the verb to have is actually the auxiliary verb in the sentences in question. In "She has to exercise every day", the verb to have is a semi-modal. The only option in which have is a synonym for possess or owe is in the sentence "She has a sweet tooth", which is the correct option.