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Disc.: LÍNGUA INGLESA RELAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS   
Aluno(a): DEBORAH CRISTINA CARDAMONE JORGE 202104147767
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Participles present multiple uses in the English language. For instance, they can take part in Perfect and
Progressive verb tenses. Another important use has to do with simplifying more complex sentence structures.
Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Standing in the queue, I realized I had forgotten my wallet at home."
The participle form in the sentence is used to simplify:
A non-restrictive adjective clause
A restrictive adjective clause
 An adverbial clause of condition
An adverbial clause of manner
 An adverbial clause of time
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:07:33
Explicação:
Answer key: An adverbial clause of time
Feedback:
The participle form in this example is used to simplify an adverbial clause of time. It replaces the following structure:
"While I was standing in the queue, ...". Since the sentence conveys an adverbial meaning it cannot refer to an
adjective clause. Additionally, it refers to "when" an action took place, which means that "condition" and "manner" are
not being expressed by the sentence.
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Verbals refer to non-tensed structures which are known as: in�nitives, gerunds, and participles. Bearing this in
mind, read the text below:
The Scandinavian in�uence was the earliest, and arguably one of the strongest external forces that went into
the making of modern English. Consequently, a knowledge of the Icelandic language is of utmost importance.
Not only does Icelandic supply a linguistic basis for such a study, it also provides the source of a great deal of the
necessary information for the understanding of medieval British history. Old Icelandic literature, both in poetry
and prose, presents a wealth of interesting material, which in some respects stands unrivalled among the
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literatures of medieval Europe, and without which, one's knowledge of the ancient North would certainly be
limited.
Source: https://utorontopress.com/9780802086594/a-concise-dictionary-of-old-icelandic/  
The highlighted element in the text is an example of a:
Present participle
 Gerund
Bare in�nitive
Past participle
 To-in�nitive
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:12:18
Explicação:
Answer key: Gerund
Feedback:
Gerund (ANSWER) - it is a verb + ing structure which is used to function as a noun. In the case above, the gerund form
making is used to replace the following noun: creation.
Bare in�nitive - it is when an in�nitive form is exploited without TO. This is typically used after modal verbs.
Present participle - it refers to a verb + ing structure which can be used to characterize nouns, for example.
Past Participle - Past participles are used to form Perfect Verb Tenses in English and are based either on regular verb
forms ("-ed" ending) or irregular verb forms.
To-in�nitive - a non-�nite verb form composed of TO + verb
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Gerunds are a special class of non-�nite forms. They can be used to perform a variety of syntactic functions,
after certain verbs to create more complex sentences, are also as part of idiomatic expressions. Bearing this
information in mind, read the sentence below:
"Anna normally goes running at �ve o'clock am due to her busy lifestyle."
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
direct object
 part of an idiomatic expression
subject
subject complement
indirect object
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:15:44
Explicação:
Answer key: part of an idiomatic expression
Feedback:
Part of an idiomatic expression (ANSWER) - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to
refer to someone's (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
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Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb,
which is not the case at play.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive verbs.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
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Gerund clauses possess the common syntactic functions of nouns. It means they can be used as subjects, direct
objects, indirect objects, and so on. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the following sentence:
 
 
'' Running �ve kilometers at a good pace requires technique and strength.''
 
 
A gerund form in the sentence above was used as:
Part of an idiomatic expression
 Indirect object
 Subject
Direct object
Subject complement
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:22:13
Explicação:
Subject (ANSWER) - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the
sentence
Part of an idiomatic expression - The structure GO + GERUND is a typical idiomatic expression used to refer to
someone¿s (recreational) activity.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking verb.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive verbs.
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Gerunds comprise a special class of non-�nite forms present in the English language. They can be used to
perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents. Sometimes,
they are required as part of a more complex structures. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence
below:
 
 
''My generation and I used to give reading books most of our free-time.''
 
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The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
Prepositional complement
 Indirect object
Subject 
 Subject complement
Direct object
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:22:45
Explicação:
Indirect object (ANSWER) - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive
verbs. In the example above, the verb give is ditransitive, whose indirect and direct objects are, respectively, reading
books and most of our free-time.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not
the case in question.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive verb.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that the
sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized
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Gerunds are a special class of non-�nite structures, which can be used after certain verbs to create more
complex sentences. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
"The American Government are interested in investing in Brazil."
 
The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
Direct object
 Prepositional complement
Subject complement
Subject
Indirect object
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:23:02
Explicação:
Prepositional complement (ANSWER) - it refers to using a gerund structure to complete the meaning of a
preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized. It is what
happens in the example above.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive
verbs.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking
verb.
Subject - When a gerund structureis placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
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Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive
verb.
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Non-�nite to-in�nitive clauses are always dependent, they, therefore, either complete or add information to the
main clause. Mark the only option in which the to-in�nitive clause is not the object of the main verb:
 He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money.
 To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place.
She wanted to persuade herself.
He meant to make enquiries at Clapham.
She often tried to provoke Darcy.
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:25:17
Explicação:
The to-in�nitive clause in To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place plays the role of
circumstantial adjunct, af�rming the purpose of the action described by the main verb. . In He has pledged to assist
Mr. Wickham with money,  She wanted to persuade herself, He meant to make enquiries at Clapham and She often
tried to provoke Darcy they complete the main verb, playing the role of objects.
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Clauses can be divided into two groups: �nite and non-�nite. Mark the option displaying a non-�nite clause:
I know you will contrive it all.
Don't you know there is an express come for master from Mr. Gardiner?
We will know where we have gone.
 We both know that he has been pro�igate in every sense of the word.
 One does not know what to think.
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:30:06
Explicação:
All the options were adapted from the novel Pride and Prejudice.
AUSTEN, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Available at: The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane
Austen. Accessed Oct 12th, 2021
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Read the passage below, by taking into consideration the role of RPCs in academic contexts:
Academic writing is meant to be _______________, so texts can be compact and precise, and _______________, in order
to convince people about the truth of the knowledge conveyed. Therefore, writers try to avoid excessively
_______________ types of sentences.
What is the option that �lls in correctly each of the gaps in the passage above?
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Economical - complete - persuasive.
 Interesting - communicative - prolix.
Compact - lengthy - persuasive.
Complete - economical - scienti�c.
 Economical - persuasive - prolix.
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:31:43
Explicação:
Answer: Economical - persuasive - prolix.
Feedback: Since texts have to be compact in academic writing, they must be economical and due to their function in
trying to convince people, they must be persuasive. Finally, in order to make a persuasive and economical text, writers
must avoid prolix constructions. Therefore, "Economical - persuasive - prolix" is the correct option.
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The process of transforming full adverbial clauses into RPCs includes the exchange of the main verb for a
participle form, the deletion of the subject and the be verb and, sometimes, even the omission of the
subordinator. Look at the sentences below and choose the option that shows a clause that was correctly
reduced to a participle form.
Studying while a lot, my son was not able to pass in the selection to the university he applied to.
 If she wanted to be taken seriously, she should be behaving like a serious person.
While my neighbors were partying, I was struggling with the loud noise they were making.
 Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back.
Although tries to convince everyone about the solidity of the project, nobody was actually buying it.
Respondido em 03/08/2023 15:33:44
Explicação:
Answer: Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back.
Feedback: Options "While my neighbors were partying, I was struggling with the loud noise they were making" and  "If
she wanted to be taken seriously, she should be behaving like a serious person" present unreduced adverbial clauses
while "Studying while a lot, my son was not able to pass in the selection to the university he applied to" and "Although
tries to convince everyone about the solidity of the project, nobody was actually buying it" present reduced but
ungrammatical clauses. Therefore, the correct answer is "Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to
never come back".
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