Sandhi of Spoken English

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The Sandhi of Spoken English
Andreza de Souza
Isabela Cremonez
Larissa França
Livia Carvalho
Marcelli Claudinni
Marcos de Paula
Sandhi
Sandhi means “combination”, “placing together”. Sandhi-forms are the changes of 
pronunciation of words that depend on the environment in which these occur. For example:
The alternative pronunciations of the –ed ending as /t/, /d/ and /Id/. 
The alternative pronunciations of the –s as /s/, /z/ and /Iz/. 
We have changes in the pronunciation in both written and spoken forms. However we are
concerned with sandhi in the spoken language.
Internal and External Sandhi
Internal Sandhi: when we have changes within a single word. 
For example the medial /t/ that sounds like a /d/ between voiced sounds:
/lɛdər/ istead of /lɛttər/ 
/pardI/ instead of /partI/
External Sandhi: when we have changes between words. 
For example between closely related words:
/rayd ər rɔŋ/
/nayt n dey/
Syllabic Consonants
It is when we have an omission that makes a vowel and a consonant merge into one. For example: 
final - /faynl/
student - /styuwdnt/
night and day - /nayt n dey/
Main Processes of Sandhi
Assimilation: changing the voicing or the point of articulation to make the adjacent sounds more similar to each other. For example: 
gessed - /gest/ 
handbag - /hambag/.
Obscuration: pronouncing a sound with reduced clarity. For example: 
Is - Is it okay? - /ɪzɪrowkay/
Omission: ignoring a sound present in spelling. For example: 
debt - /dɛt/ 
doubt - /dawt/
Insertion: adding a sound that puts speech organs in a better position to pronounce the following sound. For example: 
well - /wɛəl/
shall - /šæəl/. 
Sandhi
The use of Sandhi forms is natural in a language
Highly literate speakers tend to make less use of Sandhi forms
Sandhi forms are not acceptable in all situations
More about Unstressed Function Words
Function words, in their usual unstressed environment, are ‘weakened’ or ‘reduced’ (i.e. it occurs the obscuration or omission of some sounds that are heard when the words are fully stressed.)
 
The weakening is necessary if a speaker’s English is to sound like English.
 
Three groups of words that are often subject to reduction: participles, pronouns and verbal forms.
 
The principal factors responsible for the different degrees of reduction:
- Sentence stress: the less stress, the more reduction. 
- Frequency of use: the more often a word is used, the more reduction.
- Formality of situation: the more informal the social situation, the more reduction.
 
Some authorities say there is more reduction before words beginning with consonants than there is before words beginning with vowels. 
Elision of /t/ (the disappearing /t/)
 Elision is the omission of certain sounds in certain contexts.
In the following environment, the /t/ is elided:
Stressed syllable ending with -nt + unstressed syllable
E.g.:
-winner /wɪnər/ 
-winter /wɪnər/ until they see the winter’s claw ride /ntɪl ðey siy ðə wɪnərs kl ɔ ray/
-twenty /twɛnɪ/
-plenty /plɛnɪ/
-Atlanta /atlænə/
-county /kaunɪ/
-quantity /kwanɪtɪ/
Ican explain that to you
  /ay kən ɪkspleyn ðӕtə yuw/ 
Ican’t help you after class
/ay kӕn hɛlp yuwӕftə klӕs/ 
Disappearing /t/ in verb+not 
Note that when can’t is followed by a vowel, e.g. ‘I can’t eat’, the /t/ is not elided.
Summary of Elision 
The reduction of verb + to and the differences in meaning
The unstressed particle to is involved in many reductions;
One of to’s typical uses is to link auxiliary-like verbs to the main verbs that usually follow them:
Examples:	want to see / ought to grow
Even the most educated speakers of American English use them
It is necessary to be familiar with the meaning of these reductions of verb + to, because the meaning of the reduced form can differ from that of the corresponding full form;
 
I’m gonna be good. (intention)
I’m going to church. (destination)
 
What have we gotta eat? (necessity)
What have we got to eat? (availability)
Palatalization
 Palatalization can be defined as the raising of the tongue toward the hard palate in the pronunciation of a sound. 
 
 There are similarities among some sounds and they can be produced in a more or less regular progression, backward and upward to the highest point of the hard palate.
/z, s/ - /ž, š/ - /y/
 In modern English the two distant sounds of /t/ and /y/ were reduced to the one intermediate sound /š/
E.g.: nation /neyšən/ 
 position /pəsɪšən/
The pronunciation of -ti in -tion changed from /ty/ to /š/
 
 Various types of palatalization are now completely accepted when they occur within words, in words like these is in any way uneducated or too informal.
E.g.: fiction /fɪkšən/ 
 vision /vɪžən/ 
 question /kwɛstšən/ 
 region /riydžən /
Palatalization across word boundaries
This palatalization also occurs across word boundaries, between words.
E.g.: miss you /mɪs yuw/ /mɪšuw/
 loves you /ləvz yuw/ /ləvžuw/
 hit you /hɪt yuw/ /hɪtšuw/
 did you /dɪd yuw/ /dɪdžuw/
 
However there are still some ultraconservative teachers who would insist that palatalizations across word boundaries are errors. According to Prator & Robinett (1985) this idea not only reviews only ignorance of the nature and history of palatalization in English, it’s simply bad advice.
 
Platalization - A Word of Caution
Manners of articulation:
- stops: flow of air is stopped (p,t,k)
- fricatives: air flow turbulent (s,v,f)
- affricates: stop + fricative (t∫,dз)
 ʒ <zh> voiced palato-alveolar fricative
 ʃ <sh> voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
 dʒ <j> voiced palato-alveolar affricate
 tʃ <ch> voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
Coronal Palatalization alveolar stops and fricatives [t, d, s, z] become palato-alveolar affricates and fricatives [t∫, d3, ∫,3].
 
bet you, hit you [t] + [j]	 [t∫]	
did you, would you [d] + [j] 	 [d3]
[s] ----> [∫] as in ‘miss you’ 
[z] ----> [ʒ] as in ‘sees you’ 
 [d] ----> [d3] as in ‘need you’ 
 [t] ----> [t∫] is in ‘wants you’
 train [treIn] [t∫reIn]
 drink [drIŋk] [d3rIŋk]
Please read the following passage: 
Would you believe it? I can’t forget the good old days. The first time I saw you was at MSU, and I bet you had no idea we’d become such good buddies. Remember when we tried to tease your roommate, and she got mad and ran out of the house?
Bibliography
 PRATOR C. H.; ROBINETT, B.W. Manual of American English Pronunciation. Florida, Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1985.
 phoneticssummary-130204195007-phpapp01
 http://english.okstate.edu/linguistics/GoldVarb%20Manual.pdf
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzyD0ByZYMs
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlB373yzVTY
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_5IDZkrmOU