Essential-Grammar-in-Use pdf 1

Prévia do material em texto

<p>A e e</p><p>( ^ l l -o u t</p><p>g ram m ar</p><p>T e r e n c e</p><p>Essential</p><p>Grammar</p><p>in Use</p><p>SECOND</p><p>EDI T I ON</p><p>C a m b r id g e</p><p>A self-study</p><p>reference</p><p>and practice</p><p>book for</p><p>elementary</p><p>students of</p><p>English</p><p>with answers</p><p>Raymond Murphy</p><p>www.hasanboy.uz dan olindi</p><p>Contents</p><p>To the student</p><p>To the teacher</p><p>Thanks</p><p>Unit</p><p>1 a m /is /a re</p><p>2 a m /is /a re (questions)</p><p>3 I am d o in g (present continuous)</p><p>4 are you doing? (present continuous questions)</p><p>5 I d o /w o rk /lik e etc. (present simple)</p><p>6 I d o n ’t ... (present simple negative)</p><p>7 D o you ... ? (present simple questions)</p><p>8 I am d o ing and I do (present continuous and present simple)</p><p>9 I have ... / I ’ve go t ...</p><p>10 w as/w ere</p><p>11 w o rk e d /g o t/w e n t etc. (past simple)</p><p>12 I d id n ’t .. . D id you ... ? (past simple negative and questions)</p><p>13 I was d o in g (past continuous)</p><p>14 I was d o in g (past continuous) and I d id (past simple)</p><p>15 I have done (present perfect 1)</p><p>16 I ’ve ju s t ... I ’ve already . . . I haven’t .. . yet (present perfect 2)</p><p>17 H ave you ever ... ? (present perfect 3)</p><p>18 H ow lo n g have you .. . ? (present perfect 4)</p><p>19 fo r since ago</p><p>20 I have do n e (present perfect) and I d id (past simple)</p><p>21 is done was done (passive 1)</p><p>22 is b e ing d o n e has been d o n e (passive 2)</p><p>23 b e /h a v e /d o in present and past tenses</p><p>24 Regular and irregular verbs</p><p>25 I used to ...</p><p>26 W hat are you d o ing to m o rro w ?</p><p>27 I ’m go ing to .. .</p><p>28 w ill/shall (1)</p><p>29 w ill/shall (2)</p><p>30 m ig h t</p><p>31 can and could</p><p>32 m u st m u s tn ’t n e e d n ’t</p><p>33 should</p><p>34 I have to ...</p><p>35 W ould you like ... ? I ’d like ...</p><p>36 there is there are</p><p>37 there w as/w ere there has/have been there will be</p><p>38 I t . . .</p><p>39 I am I d o n ’t etc.</p><p>40 H ave you? Are you? D o n ’t you? etc.</p><p>41 to o /e ith e r so am I / n e ith e r do I etc.</p><p>42 isn ’t haven’t d o n ’t etc. (negatives)</p><p>43 is i t ... ? have you .. . ? do they ... ? etc. (questions-1)</p><p>44 W ho saw you? W h o d id you see? (questions 2)</p><p>45 W ho is she ta lk ing to? W hat is it like? (questions 3)</p><p>46 W hat ... ? W hich .. . ? H ow ... ?</p><p>47 H ow lo n g does it take .. . ?</p><p>48 D o you k now w here .. . ? I d o n ’t know w h a t ... etc.</p><p>49 She said t h a t .. . H e to ld m e th a t .. .</p><p>50 w o rk /w o rk in g g o /g o in g d o /d o in g</p><p>51 to ... (I w an t to do) and - in g (I en joy doing)</p><p>52 I w an t you to .. . I to ld you to ...</p><p>53 I w en t to th e shop to ...</p><p>54 g o t o . . . g o o n . . . go f o r . . . g o - in g</p><p>55 get</p><p>56 do and m ake</p><p>57 have</p><p>58 I /m e h e /h im th e y /th e m etc.</p><p>59 m y /h is /th e ir etc.</p><p>60 W hose is this? It’s m in e /y o u rs /h e rs etc.</p><p>61 I /m e /m y /m in e</p><p>62 m yself/yourse lf/them selves etc.</p><p>63 -*s (A nn’s camera / m y b ro th e r’s car) etc.</p><p>64 a /a n .. .</p><p>65 flower(s) bus(es) (singular and plural)</p><p>66 a car / som e m o n ey (countable/uncountable 1)</p><p>67 a ca r / som e m o n ey (countable/uncountable 2)</p><p>68 a /a n and the</p><p>69 the ...</p><p>70 go to w ork / go h o m e / go to the c inem a</p><p>71 I like m usic 1 hate exam s</p><p>72 t h e . . . (names o f places)</p><p>73 th is / th a t/ th e se /th o se</p><p>74 o n e /o n e s</p><p>75 som e and any</p><p>76 n o t + any no n o n e</p><p>77 n o t + a n y b o d y /a n y o n e /a n y th in g n o b o d y /n o -o n e /n o th in g</p><p>78 so m e b o d y /a n y th in g /n o w h ere etc.</p><p>79 every and all</p><p>80 all m o st som e any n o /n o n e</p><p>81 b o th e ith e r n e ith e r</p><p>82 a lo t m u c h m any</p><p>83 (a) little (a) few</p><p>[4]</p><p>r</p><p>84 o ld /n ic e /in te re s tin g etc. (adjectives)</p><p>85 q u ick ly /b ad ly /su d d en ly etc. (adverbs)</p><p>86 o ld /o ld e r expensive / m o re expensive</p><p>87 o lder th an .. . m o re expensive th an .. .</p><p>88 n o t as ... as</p><p>89 the o ldest the m o st expensive</p><p>90 enough</p><p>91 too</p><p>92 He speaks E nglish very well, (word order 1)</p><p>93 alw ays/usually /o ften etc. (word order 2)</p><p>94 still yet already</p><p>95 Give m e th a t book! Give it to m e!</p><p>96 at 8 o ’clock on M onday in A pril</p><p>97 fro m ... to un til since fo r</p><p>98 before afte r d u r in g w hile</p><p>99 in a t on (places 1)</p><p>100 in a t on (places 2)</p><p>101 to in a t (places 3)</p><p>102 u n d er b eh in d o pposite etc. (prepositions)</p><p>103 up over th ro u g h etc. (prepositions)</p><p>104 on a t by w ith a b o u t (prepositions)</p><p>105 afraid o f . . . good a t .. . etc. preposition H-'-ing (good a t - in g etc.)</p><p>106 listen to ... look a t ... etc. (verb + preposition)</p><p>107 go in fall o f f ru n away etc. (phrasal verbs 1)</p><p>108 p u t on your shoes p u t your shoes o n (phrasal verbs 2)</p><p>109 and b u t o r so because</p><p>110 W hen ...</p><p>111 I f w e g o . . . I f you s e e . . . etc.</p><p>112 I f I had ... I f we w e n t . . . etc.</p><p>113 a person w h o ... a thing th a t/w h ic h . . . (relative clauses 1)</p><p>114 the people w e m e t the hotel you stayed a t (relative clauses 2)</p><p>Appendices</p><p>Appendix 1 Active and passive 239</p><p>Appendix 2 List o f irregular verbs 240</p><p>Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 241</p><p>Appendix 4 Short forms (he’s / I ’d / d o n ’t etc.) 242</p><p>Appendix 5 Spelling 244</p><p>Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (look o u t / take o f f etc.) 246</p><p>Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (fill in a form / p u t o u t a fire etc.) 247</p><p>Additional exercises 248</p><p>Key to Exercises 265</p><p>Key to Additional exercises 293</p><p>index 296</p><p>[5</p><p>To the student (working without a teacher)</p><p>This is a grammar book for elementary students o f English. There are 114 units in</p><p>the book and each unit is about a different point o f English grammar. There is a list</p><p>o f units at the beginning o f the book (Contents).</p><p>Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is better to choose the</p><p>units that you need to do. For example, if you have a problem with the present</p><p>perfect (I have been, he has done etc.), use the Index (at the back o f the book) to find</p><p>the unit (or units) you need to study (Units 15-20 for the present perfect).</p><p>Each unit is two pages. The information is on the left-hand page and the exercises</p><p>are on the right:</p><p>You can use the book in this way:</p><p>1 Look in the Contents and/or Index to find the unit that you need.</p><p>2 Study the left-hand page (information).</p><p>3 Do the exercises on the right-hand page.</p><p>4 Use the Key to check your answers.</p><p>5 Study the left-hand page again if necessary.</p><p>D on’t forget the seven Appendices at the back o f the book (pages 239-247). These</p><p>will give you information about active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short</p><p>forms, spelling and phrasal verbs.</p><p>There are also Additional exercises at the back o f the book (pages 248-264). There is</p><p>a list o f these exercises on page 248.</p><p>[6]</p><p>To the teacher</p><p>The most important features o f this book are:</p><p>• It is a grammar book. It deals only w ith grammar and is not a general course</p><p>book.</p><p>• It is a book for elementary learners. It does not cover areas o f grammar which</p><p>are not normally taught at elementary level.</p><p>• It combines reference and exercises in one volume.</p><p>• It can be used for self-study or as supplementary course material.</p><p>Organisation of the book</p><p>There are 114 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area o f</p><p>grammar. The material is organised in grammatical categories, such as tenses,</p><p>questions and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should</p><p>therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book</p><p>should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the</p><p>Contents and there is a comprehensive Index at the end o f the book.</p><p>Each unit has the same format consisting o f two facing pages. The grammar</p><p>point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding</p><p>exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendices (pages 239-247) dealing with</p><p>active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling and</p><p>phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students’ attention to these.</p><p>This new edition o f Essential Grammar in Use also contains</p><p>—> I b o u g h t / 1 have b o u g h t have —> he had / he has had</p><p>different: break —> I b roke / I have b roken see —> you saw / you have seen</p><p>fall —> it fell / it has fallen go —> they w ent / they have gone</p><p>[38]</p><p>We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:</p><p>• I’ve lost my passport. (= 1 can’t find my passport now)</p><p>• ‘W here’s Linda?’ ‘She’s gone to bed.’ (= she is in bed now)</p><p>• We’ve b o u g h t a new car. (= we have a new car now)</p><p>• It’s Rachel’s birthday tomorrow and I haven’t b o u g h t her a present.</p><p>• ‘Bob is on holiday.’ ‘Oh, where has he gone?’</p><p>• Can I take this newspaper? H ave you finished with it?</p><p>present perfect: UNITS 1 6 -1 9 present perfect and past simple => I irregular verbs =£ UNIT 2 4 , APPENDIX 2 -3</p><p>15.1</p><p>U N IT</p><p>EXERCISES 1 5</p><p>Complete the sentences with a verb from the list.</p><p>break buy decide fin ish fo rge t go go inv ite see n o t/s e e take tell</p><p>1 ‘Can I have this newspaper?’ ‘Yes, I with it.’</p><p>2 I ....................................................some new shoes. Do you want to see them?</p><p>3 ‘Where is Liz?’ ‘S h e ....................................................out.’</p><p>4 I’m looking for Paula................................. y o u ............................. her?</p><p>5 Look! Som ebody....................................................that window.</p><p>6 ‘Does Lisa know that you’re going away?’ ‘Yes, I ....................................................her.’</p><p>7 I can’t find my umbrella. Som ebody.................................................... it.</p><p>8 I’m looking for Sarah. W h ere ............................sh e ............................. ?</p><p>9 1 know that woman but I ....................................................her name.</p><p>10 Sue is having a party tonight. S h e ....................................................a lot o f people.</p><p>11 W hat are you going to do? ............................y o u ............................. ?</p><p>12 ‘W here are my glasses?’ ‘I don’t know. I ....................................................them.’</p><p>[39</p><p>Look at the pictures. What has happened? Choose from:</p><p>go to bed e lean4iis shoes stop ra in in g close th e d o o r fall dow n have a ba th</p><p>before now</p><p>/ f l f i2 3 5 V "></p><p>He h as c leaned his sh o es .</p><p>UNIT</p><p>16 I’ve ju s t... I’ve already... I haven’t ... yet</p><p>(present perfect 2)</p><p>I’ve ju s t ...</p><p>They have ju s t a rrived .</p><p>ju s t = a short time ago</p><p>B</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>Are Diane and Paul here?</p><p>Yes, they’ve ju s t arrived .</p><p>Are you hungry?</p><p>No, I’ve ju s t had dinner.</p><p>Is Tom here?</p><p>No, I’m afraid he’s ju s t gone.</p><p>(= he has just gone)</p><p>already = before you expected / before I expected</p><p>• A: W hat time are Diane and Paul coming?</p><p>B: They’ve already arrived . (= before you</p><p>expected)</p><p>• It’s only nine o ’clock and Ann has already gone</p><p>to bed. (= before I expected)</p><p>• A: John, this is Mary.</p><p>B: Yes, I know. We’ve already m et.</p><p>I haven’t .. . yet / H ave you .. . yet?</p><p>yet = until now</p><p>You can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.</p><p>yet in negative sentences:</p><p>A: Are Diane and Paul here?</p><p>B: No, they haven’t a rrived yet.</p><p>(but B expects Diane and Paul to arrive soon)</p><p>A: Does John know that you’re going away?</p><p>B: No, I haven’t to ld him yet.</p><p>(but B is going to tell him soon)</p><p>Margaret has bought a new dress but she hasn ’t</p><p>w orn it yet.</p><p>yet in questions:</p><p>• A: H ave Diane and Paul a rrived yet?</p><p>B: No, not yet. We’re still waiting for them.</p><p>• A: H as Linda s ta rted her new job yet?</p><p>B: No, she starts next week.</p><p>• A: This is my new dress.</p><p>B: Oh, it’s nice. H ave you w o rn it yet?</p><p>[401 present perfect = units 1 5 ,1 7 - 2 0 w o rd o rd e r = still, ye t and already =</p><p>The film h asn ’t s ta rted yet.</p><p>r~</p><p>16.1 Write a sentence with just fo r each picture.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>n</p><p>r \</p><p>1 ... Tb.cajVc- j u s t arrived,.</p><p>2 H e ....................................</p><p>3 T h e y ......</p><p>4 The race</p><p>16.2 Complete the sentences. Use already + present perfect.</p><p>W hat time is Paul arriving?</p><p>Do Sue and Bill want to see the film?</p><p>Don’t forget to phone Tom.</p><p>W hen is Martin going away?</p><p>Do you want to read the newspaper?</p><p>W hen does Linda start her new job?</p><p>J k</p><p>a few</p><p>minntes ago</p><p>(he / open / it) (they / finish /the ir dinner)</p><p>16.4 Write questions with yet.</p><p>1 Your friend has got a new job. Perhaps</p><p>she has started it. You ask her:</p><p>Have you started , your new job yet?</p><p>2 Your friend has some new neighbours.</p><p>Perhaps he has met them. You ask him:</p><p>................y o u .............................................</p><p>3 Your friend must write a letter. Perhaps</p><p>she has written it now. You ask her:</p><p>U N IT</p><p>16</p><p>He’s a lready arrived.</p><p>No, th e y ................................... ................ it.</p><p>I .................................................</p><p>H e ..............................................</p><p>I .................................................</p><p>She ............................................</p><p>4 Tom was trying to sell his car. Perhaps he</p><p>has sold it now. You ask a friend about Tom:</p><p>a few</p><p>minutes ago</p><p>(the bus / go)</p><p>now</p><p>(it / stop / raining)</p><p>[41</p><p>Have you e v e r ... ? (present perfect 3)</p><p>We use the present pcrfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk about a time</p><p>from the past until now - for example, a person’s life:</p><p>HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO JAPAN?</p><p>time from the past until now</p><p>past NOW</p><p>• ‘H ave you been to France?’ (in your life) ‘No, I haven’t.’</p><p>• I’ve been to Canada but I haven’t been to the United States.</p><p>& Mary is an interesting person. She has had many different jobs and has lived in many</p><p>places.</p><p>• I’ve seen that woman before but I can’t remember where.</p><p>• How many times has Brazil w on the World Cup?</p><p>• ‘H ave you read this book?’ ‘Yes, I’ve read it twice.’ ( tw ice = two times)</p><p>present pcrfect + ever (in .questions) and never:</p><p>• ‘H as Ann ever been to Australia?’ ‘Yes, once.’ (once = one time)</p><p>• ‘H ave you ever played golf?’ ‘Yes, I often play golf.’</p><p>• My m other has never travelled by air.</p><p>• I’ve never r id d e n a horse.</p><p>• ‘W ho is that man?’ ‘I don’t know. I’ve never seen him before.’</p><p>gone and been</p><p>Bill has gone to Spain.</p><p>(= he is in Spain now)</p><p>Bill has been to Spain.</p><p>(= he went to Spain but now he is back)</p><p>Compare:</p><p>• I can’t find Susan. Where has she gone? (= W here is she now?)</p><p>• Oh, hello Susan! I was looking for you. Where have you been?</p><p>present perfect => units 15-16, 18, 20 present perfect and past sim ple UNIT 20</p><p>17.1</p><p>/you</p><p>You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ever... ? Write the questions.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>r '</p><p>r \</p><p>r '</p><p>(London?) Have- you ever been to London?</p><p>(play / golf?) Have you ever played golf?</p><p>(Australia?) Have .............................................</p><p>(lose / your passport?) ......................................</p><p>(fly / in a helicopter?) ......................................</p><p>(eat / Chinese food?) .......................................</p><p>(New York?) .....................................................</p><p>(drive / a bus?) ..................................................</p><p>(break / your leg?) ............................................</p><p>UN IT</p><p>17</p><p>No, never.</p><p>Yes, many times.</p><p>No, never.</p><p>Yes, once.</p><p>No, never.</p><p>Yes, a few times.</p><p>Yes, twice.</p><p>No, never.</p><p>Yes, once.</p><p>17.2 Write sentences about Helen. (Look at her answers in Exercise 17.1.)</p><p>1 (New York) Helen has been to New York twice.</p><p>2 (Australia) H elen ....................................................................</p><p>3 (Chinese food) ..........................................................................</p><p>4 (drive / a bus) ............................................................................</p><p>Now write about yourself. How often have you done these things?</p><p>5 (New York) I .............................................................................</p><p>6 (play / tennis) ............................................................................</p><p>7 (fly / in a helicopter) ................................................................</p><p>8 (be / late for work or school) ..................................................</p><p>17.3 Mary is 65 years old. She has had an interesting life. What has she done?</p><p>hiivc be</p><p>do write</p><p>travel meet</p><p>all over the world</p><p>many different jobs</p><p>ten books</p><p>a lot of interesting things</p><p>a lot of interesting people</p><p>married three times</p><p>SHe Has Had many d ifferen t jobs.</p><p>S h e .........................................................</p><p>17.4 Put in gone or been.</p><p>Bill is on holiday at the moment. He’s 90Me.... to Spain.</p><p>‘Where’sJill?’ ‘She’s not here. 1 think she’s .........................</p><p>Hello, Sue. Where have y ou .......................... ? Have you ...</p><p>‘Have you ever.......................... to Mexico?’ ‘No, never.’</p><p>My parents aren’t at home this evening. They’v e .................</p><p>There’s a new restaurant in town. Have you .........................</p><p>to the hank.’</p><p>... to the bank?</p><p>out.</p><p>to it?</p><p>Ann knows Paris well. She’s .......................... there many times.</p><p>Helen was here earlier but I think she’s .......................... now.</p><p>[43</p><p>U N IT</p><p>18 How long have you ... ? (present perfect 4)</p><p>A</p><p>She is in Ireland</p><p>now. is = present</p><p>has been = present perfect</p><p>Jill is on holiday in Ireland. She is there now.</p><p>She arrived in Ireland on Monday.</p><p>Today is Thursday.</p><p>How long has she been in Ireland?</p><p>. i i i f since M onday.She has been in Ireland { , 1</p><p>( fo r th ree days.</p><p>Compare is and has been:</p><p>CM , , . . i i I since M onday. She has been in Ireland j for th ree day'</p><p>Monday n o w</p><p>Thursday</p><p>B Compare:</p><p>present simple present perfect simple (have been /liave lived/have know n etc.)</p><p>Mark and Liz are married. They have been married fo r five years,</p><p>(inot. ‘They are married for five years.’)</p><p>A re you married? H ow lo n g have you been married?</p><p>(not ‘How long are you married?’)</p><p>D o you know Sarah? H ow lo n g have you know n her?</p><p>(not ‘How long do you know her?’)</p><p>I know Sarah. I’ve know n her fo r a long time.</p><p>(not ‘I know her for ...’)</p><p>Linda lives in London. H ow long has she lived in London?</p><p>She has lived there all h e r life.</p><p>I have a car. H ow long have you had your car?</p><p>I’ve had it since April.</p><p>present, continuous present perfect continuous (have been + ing)</p><p>I’m learning German. H o w lo n g have you been learning German?</p><p>(not ‘How long are you learning German?’)</p><p>I’ve been learning German for two years.</p><p>David is watching TV. H ow lo n g has he been watching TV?</p><p>H e’s been (= H e has been) watching TV since 5 o ’clock.</p><p>It’s raining. It’s been (= It has been) raining all day.</p><p>[44| for and s in ce =>! units 1 9 , 97</p><p>18.1 Complete these sentences.s,</p><p>1 Jill is in hospital. She ...in hospital since Monday.</p><p>2 I know Sarah. I ..hAye.kMOwn. .. jier for a ]OUg time.</p><p>3 Linda and Frank are married. T h e y ..............................................married since 1989.</p><p>4 Brian is ill. H e ..............................................ill for the last few days.</p><p>5 We live in Scott Road. W e ..............................................there for ten years.</p><p>6 Catherine works in a bank. S h e ..............................................in a bank for five years.</p><p>7 Alan has a headache. H e ..............................................a headache since he got up this morning.</p><p>8 I’m learning English. I ..............................................English for six months.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>18</p><p>-18 .2 Make questions with How long ... ?</p><p>/"V 1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>r N 7</p><p>^ 1 8 .3</p><p>Jill is on holiday.</p><p>Mike and Judy are in Brazil.</p><p>I know Margaret.</p><p>Diana is learning Italian.</p><p>My brother lives in Canada.</p><p>I’m a teacher.</p><p>It is raining.</p><p>How long hfius sh e been on h oliday ?</p><p>How lo n g ................................................................... ?</p><p>How lo n g ................ y o u ...........................................?</p><p>................................................................................?</p><p>...................................................................................... p</p><p>................................................................................?</p><p>(l live In Wales) / t h e sun Is</p><p>V shining. .</p><p>/ O,</p><p>Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Your sentence must end with one of these:</p><p>for ten m inu tes all day all h e r life fo r ten years since he was 20 since Sunday</p><p>1 They have been worried- for ten y e a rs .</p><p>2 S h e ............................................................................................................................................................</p><p>3 T h e y ........................................................................................................................................................</p><p>4 The sun ...................................................................................................................................................</p><p>5 S h e ...........................................................................................................................................................</p><p>6 H e .............................................................................................................................................................</p><p>18.4 Which is right?</p><p>1 Mark is - / has been in Canada since April. has been is right</p><p>2 Jane is a good friend o f mine. I know / have known her very' well.</p><p>3 Jane is a good friend of mine. I know / have known her for a long time.</p><p>4 ‘Sorry I’m late. How long are you / have you been waiting?’ ‘N ot long. Only five minutes.’</p><p>5 Martin works / has worked in a hotel now. He likes his job very much.</p><p>6 Linda is reading the newspaper. She is / has been reading it for two hours.</p><p>7 ‘How long do you live / have you lived in this house?’ ‘About ten years.’</p><p>8 ‘Is that a new coat?’ ‘No, I have / I’ve had this coat for a long time.’</p><p>9 Tom is / has been in Spain at the moment. He is / has been there for the last three days.</p><p>[45</p><p>for since ago</p><p>fo r and since</p><p>We use fo r and since to say how long:</p><p>• Jill is in Ireland. She has been there ( ĉ s‘J I since M onday.</p><p>We use fo r + a period o f time (three days /</p><p>tw o years etc.):</p><p>Monday —> Tuesday —> Wednesday</p><p>- IUNIT 97 fo r and d u rin g => |UNIT 9 8</p><p>19.1 Write for or since.</p><p>U N IT</p><p>EXERCISES -jg</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>f—V 8</p><p>Jill has been in Ireland T9L...three days.</p><p>My aunt has lived in Australia.................... 15 years.</p><p>Margaret is in her</p><p>office. She has been th e re .................... 7 o ’clock.</p><p>India has been an independent co u n try .................... 1947.</p><p>The bus is late. We’ve been w aiting.................... 20 minutes.</p><p>Nobody lives in those houses. They have been em pty .................... many years.</p><p>Mike has been i l l .................... a long time. He has been in hospital..................... October.</p><p>19.2 Answer these questions. Use ago.</p><p>I W hen was your last meal? ' ^99 r...</p><p>W hen was the last time you were ill? .....................................................................</p><p>When did you last go to the cinema? ......................................................................</p><p>When was the last time you were in a car? ......................................................................</p><p>5 W hen was the last time you went on holiday? ......................................................................</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>19.3 Ci lete the sentences. Use the words in brackets ( . . . )+ fo r or ago.</p><p>1 Jill arrived in Ireland *3®.-...................................................... (three days)</p><p>2 Jill has been in Ireland f ° r J ^ ree 4 a y s . (three days)</p><p>3 Linda and Frank have been m arried ........................................................ .... (20 years)</p><p>4 Linda and Frank got married ................................................................... .... (20 years)</p><p>5 Dan arrived ...................................................................................................... (ten minutes)</p><p>6 We had lu n c h ................................................................................................... (an hour)</p><p>7 Silvia has been learning English ............................................................... .... (six months)</p><p>8 Have you known L isa.............................................................................. ? (a long time)</p><p>9 I bought these shoes................................................................................... .... (a few days)</p><p>19 .4 Complete the sentences with for or since.</p><p>1 Jill is in Ireland now. She arrived there three days ago. .Sh*:..h&S.tegfl.jfapfc..fPT. three;.ctaxjS.</p><p>2 Jack is here. He arrived here on Tuesday. He h a s ...........................................................................</p><p>3 It’s raining. It started an hour ago. It’s b e e n .....................................................................................</p><p>4 I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. I’v e ...............................................................................</p><p>5 I have a camera. I bought it in 1989. I’v e .........................................................................................</p><p>6 They are married. They got married six months ago.</p><p>They’v e ....................................................................................................................................................</p><p>7 Liz is studying medicine at university. She started three years ago.</p><p>She has .....................................................................................................................................................</p><p>8 Dave plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old.</p><p>Dave h a s ............................................ :.....................................................................................................</p><p>19.5 Write sentences about yourself. Begin with the words in brackets (...).</p><p>1 (I’ve lived) ............................................................................................................................................</p><p>2 (I’ve been) .............................................................................................................................................</p><p>3 (I’ve been learning) ............................................................................................................................</p><p>4 (I’ve known) ........................................................................................................................................</p><p>5 (I’ve had) ..............................................................................................................................................</p><p>[47</p><p>U N IT</p><p>20 I have done (present perfect) and</p><p>I did (past simple)</p><p>W ith a finished time (yesterday / last w eek etc.), we use the past (arrived /saw /w as etc.):</p><p>past simple + finished time</p><p>yesterday.</p><p>last week.</p><p>We arrived at 3 o ’clock.</p><p>in 1991.</p><p>six months ago.</p><p>finished time</p><p>yesterday</p><p>last week</p><p>six months ago</p><p>past NOW</p><p>Do not use the present perfect (have a rrived / have done / have b een etc.) with a finished</p><p>time:</p><p>• I saw Paula yesterday. (not ‘I have seen’)</p><p>• W here w ere you on Sunday afternoon? (not ‘Where have you been’)</p><p>• We d id n ’t have a holiday last year, (not ‘We haven’t had’)</p><p>• ‘What d id you do last n igh t?’ ‘I stayed at home.’</p><p>• William Shakespeare lived fro m 1564 to 1616. He was a writer. He w ro te many</p><p>plays and poems.</p><p>Use the past simple to ask W hen . . . ? or W hat tim e</p><p>• W hen d id they arrive? (not ‘When have they arrived?’)</p><p>B Compare:</p><p>present perfect</p><p>• 1 have lost my key.</p><p>(= I can’t find it now)</p><p>• Bill has gone home.</p><p>(= he isn't here now)</p><p>• H ave you seen Ann?</p><p>(= where is she now?)</p><p>time until now</p><p>past NOW</p><p>H ave you ever been to Spain?</p><p>(= in your life, until now)</p><p>My friend is a writer. He has w ritte n</p><p>many books.</p><p>The letter h asn ’t a rrived yet.</p><p>We’ve lived in Singapore for six years.</p><p>(— we live there now)</p><p>past simple</p><p>• 1 lost my key last week.</p><p>• Bill w ent home ten m in u tes ago.</p><p>• D id you see Ann on Saturday?</p><p>finished time</p><p>past now</p><p>• D id you go to Spain last year?</p><p>• Shakespeare w ro te many plays and</p><p>poems.</p><p>• The letter d id n ’t a rrive yesterday.</p><p>• We lived in Glasgow for six years but</p><p>now we live in Singapore.</p><p>[481 [last s im p le : UNITS 1 1 -1 2 present p erfect: UNITS 15-18</p><p>20.1</p><p>r "</p><p>r</p><p>Use the words in brackets ( ...) to answer the questions.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N Il</p><p>20</p><p>1 Have you seen Ann? (5 minutes ago) Y e s , 1 s a w h e r 5 m in u te s a g o .</p><p>2 Have you started your new job? (last week) Yes, I .......... ............... last week.</p><p>3 Have your friends arrived? (at 5 o ’clock) Yes, th ey .... ...............................</p><p>4 Has Sarah gone away? (on Friday) Yes,.............</p><p>5 Have you worn your new shoes? J (yesterday) Yes,............. .................................</p><p>20.2 Right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.)</p><p>R IG H T ....</p><p>W R O N G : p u l y o u s e e</p><p>I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it.</p><p>Have you seen Ann yesterday?</p><p>I’ve finished my work at 2 o ’clock.</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4 I’m ready now. I’ve finished my work. .......................................................</p><p>5 W hat time have you finished your work? .......................................................</p><p>6 Sue isn’t here. She’s gone out. ...................................................</p><p>7 Jim’s grandmother has died in 1989. .......................................................</p><p>8 W here have you been last night? .....,.................................................</p><p>20.3 Put the verb in the present perfect or past simple.</p><p>1 My friend is a writer. He ..hf^.W H^en...(write) many books.</p><p>2 We . ^ ^Ave (not/have) a holiday last year.</p><p>3 I ............................................. (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.</p><p>4 What tim e ..............................................(you/go) to bed last night?</p><p>5 (you/ever/meet) a famous person?</p><p>6 The w eather..............................................(not/be) very good yesterday.</p><p>7 My hair is wet. I ..............................................(just/wash) it.</p><p>8 1 ............................................. (wash) my hair before breakfast this morning.</p><p>9 Kathy travels a lot. S h e ..............................................(visit) many countries.</p><p>10 ‘Is Sonia here?’ ‘No, s h e ............................................... (not/come) yet.’</p><p>20.4 Put the verb in the present perfect</p><p>or past simple.</p><p>1 A: .. H a v e .you e v e r b e e n .(you/ever/be)</p><p>to Florida?</p><p>B: Yes, w e ...we*)fc._ (g0) t|iere on holiday</p><p>two years ago.</p><p>A: .............................................(you/have)</p><p>a good time?</p><p>B: Yes, i t ................................... (be) great.</p><p>3 Rose works in a factory. She</p><p>...................................... (work) there for six</p><p>months. Before that sh e ..............................</p><p>(be) a waitress in a restaurant. She</p><p>................................... (work) there for two</p><p>years but sh e .................................................</p><p>(not/enjoy) it very much.</p><p>2 A: W here’s Alan? ..................................... 4 A: Do you know M artin’s sister?</p><p>B: 1...................................... (see) her a few</p><p>times but I ..............</p><p>(you/see) him?</p><p>B: Yes, h e ................................... (go) out a</p><p>few minutes ago.</p><p>A: And Julia?</p><p>B: I don’t know. I ........................................</p><p>(never/speak) to her...............................</p><p>.....................(you/ever/speak) to her?</p><p>A: Yes. I ... (meet) her</p><p>(not/see) her. at a party last week. She’s very nice.</p><p>[4'</p><p>is done was done (passive 1)</p><p>The office is c leaned every day.</p><p>The office was c leaned yesterday.</p><p>Compare active and passive:</p><p>Somebody cleans .the office every day.</p><p>The office is c leaned every day.</p><p>Somebody cleaned the office yesterday.</p><p>The office was c leaned yesterday.</p><p>The passive is:</p><p>(passive)</p><p>(active)</p><p>(passive)</p><p>past participle</p><p>present simple</p><p>past simple</p><p>a m /is /a re</p><p>w as/w ere</p><p>(not) +</p><p>cleaned done</p><p>invented built</p><p>injured taken etc.</p><p>The past participle o f regular verbs is -ed (cleaned/darnaged etc.).</p><p>For a list o f irregular past participles (d o n e /b u ilt/ta k e n etc.), see Appendix 2-3.</p><p>• Butter is m ad e from milk.</p><p>• Oranges are im p o r te d into Britain.</p><p>0 How often are these rooms cleaned?</p><p>• I am never inv ited to parties.</p><p>• This house was b u ilt 100 years ago.</p><p>• These houses w ere b u ilt 100 years ago.</p><p>• W hen was the telephone invented?</p><p>• We w eren ’t inv ited to the party last week.</p><p>• ‘Was anybody in ju red in the accident?’ ‘Yes, two people were taken to hospital.’</p><p>w as/w ere b o rn</p><p>• I was b o rn in London in 1962. (not ‘I am born’)</p><p>• W here w ere you born?</p><p>Passive + b y . . .</p><p>• We were woken up by a lo u d noise. (= The noise woke us up.)</p><p>• The telephone was invented by A lexander Bell in 1876.</p><p>• My brother was bitten by a dog last week.</p><p>is b e in g d o n e / has b een d o n e :</p><p>active and passive => APPENDIX 1</p><p>UNIT 22 irregular verbs => UNIT 2 4 , APPENDIX 2 -3 by => UNIT 1 0 4</p><p>^ EXERCISES 21</p><p>2 1 .1 Write sentences from the words in brackets (...) . Sentences 1-7 are present.</p><p>1 (the office / clean / every day) ...The, o ffice Is d e a n e d every d a y .</p><p>2 (these rooms / clean / every day?) ...Are th ese rooms cleaned every day ?</p><p>3 (glass / make / from sand) Glass.....................................................................................................</p><p>4 (stamps / sell / in a post office) ........................................................................................................</p><p>5 (this room / not / use / very often.) ...............................................................................................</p><p>6 (we / allow / to park here?) ............................................................................................................</p><p>7 (how / this word / pronounce?) .....................................................................................................</p><p>Sentences 8-15 are past.</p><p>(the office / clean / yesterday) The office was d ro n e d yesterday .</p><p>(the house / paint / last month) The house ................................................................................</p><p>(three people / injure / in the accident) .......................................................................................</p><p>(my bicycle / steal / a few days ago) ..............................................................................................</p><p>(when / this bridge / build?) ..........................................................................................................</p><p>(you / invite / to the party last week?) ..........................................................................................</p><p>(how / these windows / break?) .....................................................................................................</p><p>(I / not / wake up / by the noise) ..................................................................................................</p><p>2 1 . 2 Correct these sentences.</p><p>1 (This house built) 100 years ago. This House was built ...</p><p>2 Football plays in most countries o f the world....................................................................................</p><p>3 Why did the letter send to the wrong address? .............................................................................</p><p>4 A garage is a place where cars repair. .............................................................................................</p><p>5 W here are you born? .........................................................................................................................</p><p>6 How many languages are speaking in Switzerland? ......................................................................</p><p>7 Somebody broke into our house but nothing stolen........................................................................</p><p>8 W hen was invented the bicycle? .....................................................................................................</p><p>UNI1</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>11</p><p>12</p><p>13</p><p>14</p><p>n -</p><p>15</p><p>r '</p><p>21.3 Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs:</p><p>d e a n dam age find give invite m ake m ake show steal ta ke</p><p>1 The room Is cleaned . every day.</p><p>2 I saw an accident yesterday. Two people to hospital.</p><p>3 Paper..............................................from wood.</p><p>4 There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two o f the room s................................................</p><p>5 ‘Where did you get this picture?’ ‘I t ..............................................to me by a friend o f mine.’</p><p>6 Many American program mes..............................................on British television.</p><p>7 ‘D id jim and Sue go to the wedding?’ ‘No. T h e y ........................................ but they didn’t go.’</p><p>8 ‘How old is this film?’ ‘I t ..............................................in 1965.’</p><p>9 My c a r ..................................... last week but the next day i t .......................................by the police.</p><p>2 1 . 4 Where were they born?</p><p>1 (Ian / Edinburgh) Ian was born In EdlnburgH.</p><p>2 (Sally / Birmingham) Sally</p><p>3 (her parents / Ireland) Her ..</p><p>4 (you / ???) I .......</p><p>5 (your m other / ???) ..........</p><p>[5</p><p>is being done has been done</p><p>(passive 2)</p><p>is /a re b e ing ... (present continuous passive)</p><p>Somebody is p a in tin g the door . (active)</p><p>The door is b e ing p a in ted . (passive)</p><p>• My car is at the garage. It is b e in g repaired . (= somebody is repairing it)</p><p>• Some new houses are b e ing bu ilt opposite the park. (= somebody is building them)</p><p>Compare the present continuous and present simple:</p><p>• T1 ie office is b e in g cleaned at the m om ent, (continuous)</p><p>The office is cleaned every day, (simple)</p><p>• In Britain football matches are usually played on Saturday, but</p><p>no matches are b e ing played next Saturday.</p><p>For the present continuous and present simple, see Units 8 and 26.</p><p>has/have been ... (present pcrfect passive)</p><p>Somebody has p a in ted the door . (active)</p><p>The door has been p a in ted . (passive)</p><p>• My key has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen it)</p><p>• My keys have been stolen. (= somebody has stolen them)</p><p>• I’m not going to the party, i haven’t been invited. (= nobody has invited me)</p><p>• H as this shirt been w ashed? (= Has somebody washed it?)</p><p>Compare the present perfect and past simple:</p><p>• The room is clean now.</p><p>It has been cleaned, (presentperfect)</p><p>The room was cleaned yesterday, (past simple)</p><p>• I can’t find my keys. I think they’ve been stolen, (present, pcrfect)</p><p>My keys w ere sto len last week, (past simple)</p><p>For the present perfect and past simple, see Unit 20.</p><p>is d o n e / w as d o n e => UNIT 21 active and passive => APPENDIX 1</p><p>22.1 What’s happening?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>/'■v</p><p>22.3</p><p>U N IT</p><p>22</p><p>1 w is being repaired.</p><p>2 A bridge</p><p>3 The windows</p><p>4 The grass.......</p><p>22.2 Look at the pictures. What is happening or what has happened? Use the present continuous</p><p>(is/are being ...) o rthe present perfect (has/have been ...).</p><p>1 (the office / clean)</p><p>2 (the shirts / iron) The sh ir ts Have been ironed,</p><p>3 (the window / break) The w indow ............................</p><p>4 (the roof / repair) The ro o f..........................................</p><p>5 (the car / damage) ........................................................</p><p>6 (the houses / knock / down) .....................................</p><p>7 (the trees / cut / down) ...............................................</p><p>8 (they / invite / to a party) ...........................................</p><p>Use the words in brackets ( .. .) to complete the sentences. (Units 21 and 22)</p><p>1 I can’t use my office at the moment. It b e i n g . , ( p a i n t ) .</p><p>2 We didn’t go to the party. We ^eren fc in vt/fced,....(not/invite).</p><p>3 The washing machine was broken but it’s OK now. I t .....................................................(repair).</p><p>4 The washing m achine......................................................... (repair) yesterday afternoon.</p><p>5 A factory is a place where things......................................................... (make).</p><p>6 How old are these houses? When...........................................................(they/build)?</p><p>7 A: ......................................................... (the computer / use) at the moment?</p><p>B: Yes, Jim is using it.</p><p>8 I’ve never seen these flowers before. W h a t......................................................... (they/call)?</p><p>9 Some trees......................................................... (blow) down in the storm last night.</p><p>10 The bridge is closed at the moment. I t ......................................................... (damage) last week</p><p>and i t ......................................................... (not/repair) yet.</p><p>[s:</p><p>U N IT</p><p>23 be/have/do in present and past tenses</p><p>be (= a m /is /a re /w a s /w ere ) + - in g (c lean in g /w o rk in g etc.)</p><p>• Please be quiet. I’m w orking .</p><p>• It isn ’t ra in in g at the moment.</p><p>• What are you d o ing this evening?</p><p>a m /is /a re + -in g</p><p>(present continuous)</p><p>=> Units 3-4 and 26</p><p>w as/w ere + - in g</p><p>(past continuous)</p><p>=> Unit 13</p><p>• I was w o rk in g when she arrived.</p><p>• It w asn ’t rain ing , so we went out.</p><p>• W hat w ere you d o in g at three o ’clock?</p><p>be + past participle (c le an e d /m a d e /e a ten etc.)</p><p>• The room is c leaned every day.</p><p>• I’m never inv ited to parties.</p><p>• Oranges are im p o r te d into Britain.</p><p>a m /is /a re + past participle</p><p>(passive present simple )</p><p>=> Unit 21</p><p>w as/w ere + past participle</p><p>(passive past simple )</p><p>=> Unit 21</p><p>• The room was cleaned yesterday.</p><p>• These houses w ere bu ilt 100 years ago.</p><p>• Plow was the window broken?</p><p>• W here w ere you born?</p><p>have/has + past participle (c le an e d /lo s t/e a te n /b e en etc.)</p><p>• I’ve c leaned my room.</p><p>• Tom has lo st his passport.</p><p>• Barbara h asn ’t been to Canada.</p><p>• Where have Paul and Linda gone?</p><p>have/has + past participle</p><p>(present perfect)</p><p>=> Units 15-18</p><p>d o /d o e s /d id + infinitive (c le an /lik e /ea t/g o etc.)</p><p>• I like coffee but 1 d o n ’t like tea.</p><p>• Chris d o esn ’t go out very' often.</p><p>• W hat do you usually d o at weekends?</p><p>• D oes Barbara live alone?</p><p>d o /d o e s + infinitive</p><p>(present simple negative</p><p>and questions)</p><p>=> Units 6-7</p><p>did + infinitive</p><p>(past simple negative and</p><p>questions)</p><p>=> Unit 12</p><p>• I d id n ’t w atch TV yesterday.</p><p>• It d id n ’t ra in last week.</p><p>• W hat time did Paul and Linda go out?</p><p>[54| irregular verbs => UNIT 2 4 , APPENDIX 2 -3</p><p>23.1</p><p>23.2</p><p>Put in is/are/do/does.</p><p>1 P*?.. you work in the evenings?</p><p>2 Where they going?</p><p>3 W h y .......... you looking at me?</p><p>4 Bill live near you?</p><p>5 you like cooking?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>23</p><p>6 the sun shining?</p><p>7 W hat t im e .......... the shops close?</p><p>8 Ann working today?</p><p>9 W h a t.......... this word mean?</p><p>10 you feeling all right?</p><p>Put in am not / isn’t / aren’t / don’t / doesn’t. All these sentences are negative.</p><p>1 Tom work in the evenings.</p><p>2 I’m very tired. I ............................want to go out this evening.</p><p>3 I’m very tired. I ............................going out this evening.</p><p>4 G eorge........................... working this week. H e’s on holiday.</p><p>5 My parents are usually at home. T h e y ............................go out very often.</p><p>6 Barbara has travelled a lot but sh e ............................speak any foreign languages.</p><p>7 You can turn off the television. I ............................watching it.</p><p>8 There’s a party next week but w e ............................going.</p><p>23.3 Put in was/were/did/have/has.</p><p>1 Where your shoes made?</p><p>2 you go out last night?</p><p>3 W h a t...................... you doing at 10.30?</p><p>6 W hat tim e ...................... she go?</p><p>7 W h e n ...................... these houses built?</p><p>8 Jim arrived yet?</p><p>4 W h ere ...................... your m other born? 9 W h y ........................you go home early?</p><p>5 Barbara gone home?</p><p>23.4 Put in is/are/was/were/have/has.</p><p>1 Joe ...lost his passport.</p><p>2 This b rid g e ................ built ten years ago.</p><p>3 you finished your work yet?</p><p>4 This town is always clean. The streets</p><p>cleaned every day.</p><p>5 W here ................ you born?</p><p>10 How lo n g ...................... they been married?</p><p>6 I ................ just made some coffee. Would</p><p>you like some?</p><p>7 Glass................ made from sand.</p><p>8 This is a very old photograph. I t ................</p><p>taken a long time ago.</p><p>9 J o e ................ bought a new car.</p><p>23.5 Complete the sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form.</p><p>dam age ea t enjoy g e go away listen o p en p ro n o u n ce</p><p>u n d ers tan d use</p><p>1 I’m going to take an umbrella with me. It’s . ....</p><p>2 Why are you so tired? Did you ..9.®...to bed late last night?</p><p>3 W here are the chocolates? Have y o u ..................................them all?</p><p>4 How is your new job? Are y o u ..................................it?</p><p>5 My car was badly ..................................in the accident but I was O K .</p><p>6 Chris has got a car but she doesn’t ..................................it very often.</p><p>7 Mary isn’t at home. She has..................................for a few days.</p><p>8 I don’t ..................................the problem. Can you explain it again?</p><p>9 Martin is in his room. H e’s ..................................to music.</p><p>10 I don’t know how to say this word. How is i t ..................................?</p><p>11 How do y o u ..................................this window? Can you show me?</p><p>L lllll</p><p>[55]</p><p>Regular and irregular verbs</p><p>Regular verbs</p><p>The past simple and past participle o f regular verbs is -ed:</p><p>clean —> cleaned live —» lived paint —> painted study —> studied</p><p>Past simple (=> Unit 11)</p><p>• I c leaned my shoes yesterday.</p><p>• Charlie stud ied engineering at university.</p><p>Past participle</p><p>Present perfect = have/has + past participle (=> Units 15-18):</p><p>• 1 have cleaned my shoes.</p><p>• Jane has lived in London for ten years.</p><p>Passive = be (is / are / w ere / has been etc.) + past participle (=> Units 21-22)</p><p>• These rooms are c leaned every day.</p><p>• My car has been repaired .</p><p>Irregular verbs</p><p>The past simple and past participle o(irregular verbs are not -ed:</p><p>make break cut</p><p>past simple m ad e b roke c u t</p><p>past participle m ad e b roken c u t</p><p>Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example:</p><p>make find buy cut</p><p>m ade found b o u g h t cu t</p><p>• I m ade a cake yesterday, (past simple)</p><p>• I have m ad e some coffee, (past participle - present perfect)</p><p>• Butter is m ad e from milk, (past participle — passive present)</p><p>Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:</p><p>break know begin go</p><p>past simple b roke knew began w ent</p><p>past participle b roken know n b eg u n gone</p><p>• Somebody broke this window last night, (past simple)</p><p>• Somebody has b ro k en this window, (past participle - present perfect)</p><p>• This window was b roken last night, (past participle - passive past)</p><p>list o f irregular verbs => APPENDIX 2 -3 spelling (regular verbs) => APPENDIX 5</p><p>24.1 Write the past simple / past participle of these verbs. (The past simple and past participle are the same for</p><p>all the verbs in this exercise.)</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>24</p><p>make ..</p><p>cur ...cwt....</p><p>g e t .................</p><p>bring.............</p><p>pay.................</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>enjoy</p><p>b u y ......</p><p>sit ........</p><p>leave ....</p><p>happen</p><p>11</p><p>12</p><p>13</p><p>14</p><p>15</p><p>h e a r ...........</p><p>p u t .............</p><p>c a tch .........</p><p>w a tch ........</p><p>understand</p><p>24.2 Write the past simple and past participle of these verbs.</p><p>1 break .!>«*&...... broken 6 r u n ................</p><p>2 begin .............................. 7 speak ............</p><p>3 eat .............................. 8 write ............</p><p>4 drink .............................. 9 come ............</p><p>5 drive .............................. 10 know ............</p><p>11 take</p><p>12 go</p><p>13 give</p><p>14 throw</p><p>15 forget</p><p>24.3 Put the verb in the right form.</p><p>1 1 . w ashed my hands because they were dirty, (wash)</p><p>2 Somebody has this window, (break)</p><p>3 I feel good. I ........................... very well last night, (sleep)</p><p>4 W e........................... a very good film yesterday, (see)</p><p>5 I t ........................... a lot while we were on holiday, (rain)</p><p>6 I’v e ............................my bag. (lose) Have y o u ............................. it? (see)</p><p>7 Rosa’s bicycle w as.............................last week, (steal)</p><p>8 I ............................to bed early because I was tired, (go)</p><p>9 Have y o u ............................your work yet? (finish)</p><p>10 The shopping centre w as............................about 20 years ago. (build)</p><p>11 A n n ............................to drive when she was 18. (learn)</p><p>12 I’ve never............................a horse, (ride)</p><p>13 Julia is a good friend o f mine. I’v e ............................her for a long time, (know)</p><p>14 Yesterday I ............................a n d ............................. my leg. (fall / hurt)</p><p>24.4 Complete these sentences. Choose from the list and put the verb into the correct form.</p><p>cost drive fly m a ke m e e t sell speak sw im tell th ink</p><p>wake up w in</p><p>1 I have ....some coffee. Would you like some?</p><p>2 Have y o u ............................John about your new job?</p><p>3 We played basketball on Sunday. We didn’t play very well but w e ..............................</p><p>4 I know Gary but I’ve never............................his wife.</p><p>5 We w ere............................by loud music in the middle o f the night.</p><p>6 Stephanie jumped into the river a n d ............................to the other side.</p><p>7 ‘Did you like the film?’ ‘Yes, I ............................it was very good.’</p><p>8 Many different languages a re ............................in the Philippines.</p><p>9 O ur holiday............................a lot of money because we stayed in an expensive hotel.</p><p>10 Have you ever............................a very fast car?</p><p>11 All the tickets for the concert w ere ............................very quickly.</p><p>12 A b ird ............................in through the open window while we were having our dinner.</p><p>[57]</p><p>U N IT</p><p>25 I used to .</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>I/you/w e/they</p><p>he/she/it used to</p><p>be</p><p>w ork</p><p>have</p><p>play etc.</p><p>• W hen I was a child, I used to like chocolate.</p><p>• I used to read a lot o f books but I don’t read</p><p>much these days.</p><p>• Liz has got short hair now but it used to be</p><p>very long.</p><p>• They used to live in the same street as us,</p><p>so we often used to see them. But we don’t</p><p>see them very often these days.</p><p>• Ann used to have a piano but she sold it a few</p><p>years ago.</p><p>The negative is I d id n ’t use to ...</p><p>• W hen I was a child I d id n ’t use to like tomatoes.</p><p>The question is did you use to ... ?:</p><p>• W here d id you use to live before you came here?</p><p>We use used to ... only for the past. You cannot say ‘I use to . . . ’ (present):</p><p>• 1 used to play tennis. These days 1 play golf, (not ‘I use to play golf’)</p><p>• We usually get up early, (not ‘We use to get up early.’)</p><p>Dave used to w ork in a factory. Now he w orks in a supermarket.</p><p>Dave used to w ork in a factory = he worked in a factory before but he doesn’t work there now:</p><p>---- he used to w o rk ----- >-! ----------------- he works ----------------- ►</p><p>____________________________!---------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>past \ now</p><p>You can say I used to w ork ... / she used to have ... / they used to be ... etc.:</p><p>DAVF. A F E W Y E A R S A G O D A V E T O D A Y</p><p>[58]</p><p>25.1 Look at the pictures. Complete the sentences with used t o ..</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>25.3</p><p>She. used, to Have long He</p><p>Hair. football. a taxi driver.</p><p>(We live i*i London now. j</p><p>r > | -</p><p>OUR HOUSC IN THC COUNTRY TWENTY YEARS AGO.</p><p>in the country. .....................................................................................</p><p>25.2 Karen works very hard and has very little free time. A few years ago, things were different.</p><p>K A R E N A F E W YliAR.S A G O</p><p>Do yot! do any sport?</p><p>Do you go out in the evenings?</p><p>Do you play a musical</p><p>instrument?</p><p>Do you like reading?</p><p>Do you travel much?</p><p>Yes, I go swimming every</p><p>day and I play volleyball.</p><p>Yes, most evenings.</p><p>Yes, the guitar.</p><p>Yes, I read a lot.</p><p>Yes, I go away two or three</p><p>times a year.</p><p>K A R E N N O W</p><p>I work very</p><p>Hard in my jo b .</p><p>I don’t Have</p><p>any -free tome.</p><p>Write sentences about Karen with used to . . . .</p><p>1 SHe u se d to go swimming every d a y . 4</p><p>2 S h e .................................................................... .......5</p><p>3 .......6</p><p>Complete these sentences. Use used to or the present simple (I play / he lives etc.).</p><p>1 1 w sed to ploy tennis. I stopped playing a few years ago.</p><p>2 Do you do any sport?’ ‘Yes, I ....basketball.</p><p>3 ‘Have you got a car?’ ‘No, I ..................................one but 1 sold it.’</p><p>4 G eorge..................................a waiter. Now he’s the manager o f a hotel.</p><p>5 ‘Do you go to work by car?’ ‘Sometimes but most days I ..................................by train.’</p><p>6 W hen I was a child, I never..................................meat, but I eat it now.</p><p>7 Mary loves watching TV. S h e ...................................TV every evening.</p><p>8 W e..................................near the airport but we moved to the city centre .1 few years ago.</p><p>9 Normally 1 start work at 7 o ’clock, so I ..................................up very early.</p><p>10 What games...................y o u ............................................... when you were a child?</p><p>U N IT</p><p>25</p><p>[59]</p><p>U N IT</p><p>26 What are you doing tomorrow?</p><p>A</p><p>They are playing tennis (now). He is p lay ing tennis to m o rro w .</p><p>We use a m /is /a re + - in g (present continuous) for something happening now:</p><p>• ‘W here are Sue and Caroline?’ ‘They’re p lay ing tennis in the park.’</p><p>• Please be quiet. I’m w orking .</p><p>We also use a m /is /a re + - in g for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.):</p><p>• Andrew is p lay ing tennis tomorrow.</p><p>• I’m not w o rk ing next week.</p><p>B I am d o ing so m e th in g to m o rro w = I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it:</p><p>• Alice is go ing to the dentist on Friday.</p><p>{= she has an appointment to see the dentist) _</p><p>• We’re hav ing a party next weekend.</p><p>• A re you m ee tin g Bill this evening?</p><p>• What are you d o ing tomorrow evening?</p><p>• I’m not go ing out tonight. I’m staying at home.</p><p>You can also say ‘I’m go ing to do something’ (=> Unit 27).</p><p>Do not use the present simple (I stay / do you go etc.) for plans and arrangements:</p><p>• I’m staying at</p><p>home this evening. (not ‘I stay’)</p><p>• Are you go ing out tonight? (not ‘Do you go’)</p><p>• Ann isn’t c o m in g to the party next week. (not ‘Ann doesn’t come’)</p><p>But we use the present simple for timetables, programmes, trains, buses etc.:</p><p>• The train arrives at 7.30.</p><p>• W hat time does the film finish?</p><p>Compare:</p><p>present continuous — usually for people</p><p>• I’m go ing to a concert tomorrow.</p><p>• W hat time are you leaving?</p><p>present simple — timetables, programmes etc.</p><p>• The concert starts at 7.30.</p><p>• W hat time does your train leave ?</p><p>[60] present c o n tin u o u s : UNITS 3 -4 present sim ple => UNITS 5-7 I ’m g o in g to . . . => |UNIT 27</p><p>26.1</p><p>26 .3</p><p>2 6 .4</p><p>Look at the pictures. What are these people doing next Friday?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>26</p><p>1 Andrew is playing tennis on Frld^uj.</p><p>2 Richard .................................to die cinema.</p><p>3 Barbara...............................................................</p><p>2 6 .2 Write questions. All the sentences are future.</p><p>1 (you / go / out / tonight?)</p><p>2 (you / work / next week?)</p><p>3 (what / you / do / tomorrow evening?)</p><p>4 (what time / your friends / arrive?)</p><p>5 (when / Liz / go / on holiday?)</p><p>4 lunch with Ken.</p><p>5</p><p>Are you gomg out tonight?</p><p>Write sentences about yourself. What are you doing in the next few days?</p><p>1 j ’rn staying a t home tonight.</p><p>2 I’m going to th e th ea tre on Monday.:.</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>Put the verb in the present continuous (he is leaving etc.) or present simple (the tra in leaves etc.).</p><p>1 you going....(you/go) out this evening?’ ‘No, I’m too tired.’</p><p>2 . We re going.... (we/go) to a concert this evening. It s ta r ts .... (it/start) at 7.30.</p><p>3 Do you know about Sally? ......................................................... (she/get) married next month!</p><p>4 A: My parents......................................................... (go) on holiday next week.</p><p>B: Oh, that’s nice. W h ere ......................................................... (thcy/go)?</p><p>5 Silvia is doing an English course at the moment. The course.......................................................</p><p>(finish) on Friday.</p><p>6 There’s a football match tomorrow b u t ......................................................... (I/not/go).</p><p>7 (1/go) out with some friends tonight. W hy don’t you come</p><p>too? ......................................................... (we/meet) at John’s house at 8 o ’clock.</p><p>8 A: H o w .......................................................(you/get) home after the party tomorrow? By taxi?</p><p>B: No, I can go by bus. The last b u s ......................................................... (leave) at midnight.</p><p>9 A: Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?</p><p>B: Yes, what tim e ..................................................................... (the film / begin)?</p><p>10 A: W h a t......................................................... (you/do) next Monday afternoon?</p><p>B: ......................................................... (I/work).</p><p>[61</p><p>UNIT</p><p>27 I ’m going t o .</p><p>She is go ing to w atch TV this evening.</p><p>We use a m /is /a re g o ing t o . .. for the future:</p><p>1 am do ...</p><p>he/she/it is (not) g o ing to drink ...</p><p>we/you/they are watch ...</p><p>am 1 buy ... ?</p><p>is he/she/it go ing to e a t... ?</p><p>are we/you/they wear ... ?</p><p>I am go ing to do so m e th in g = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it:</p><p>I decided to do it -------------- I’m g o ing to do it -------------------------------- ►-</p><p>past now future</p><p>• I’m go ing to buy some books tomorrow.</p><p>• Sarah is go ing to sell her car.</p><p>• I’m n o t go ing to have breakfast this morning. I’m not hungry.</p><p>• What are you g o ing to w ear to the party tonight?</p><p>• ‘Your hands are dirty.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m go ing to wash them.’</p><p>• A re you go ing to inv ite John to your party?</p><p>We also use the present continuous (I am doing) for the future, usually for arrangements</p><p>(=> Unit 26):</p><p>• I am play ing tennis with Julia tomorrow.</p><p>Something is go ing to h appen</p><p>Something is go ing to h ap p en = it is clear now that</p><p>it is sure to happen:</p><p>• Look at the sky! It’s go ing to rain.</p><p>(black clouds now —> rain)</p><p>• Oh dear! It’s 9 o’clock and I’m not ready.</p><p>I’m go ing to be late.</p><p>(9 o’clock now and not ready —> late)</p><p>[62] present for the future : will => u n its 28-29</p><p>It’s aobnq</p><p>to raw.</p><p>27.1 What are these people saying?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>27</p><p>27.2 Complete the sentences. Use going to + one of these verbs:</p><p>x</p><p>eat do give lie dow n stay w alk w ash w atch wear</p><p>1 My hands are dirty. l ^ ....them.</p><p>2 What 9*^ flomg.to wear.... to the party tonight?</p><p>3 I don’t want to go home by bus. 1..............................................................</p><p>4 John is going to London next week. H e ..........................................................with some friends.</p><p>5 I’m hungry. 1............................................................this sandwich.</p><p>6 It’s Sharon’s birthday next week. W e............................................................her a present.</p><p>7 Sue says she’s feeling very tired. She............................................................for an hour.</p><p>8 There’s a good film on TV this evening...........................you ................................................... it?</p><p>9 W hat..................... R achel...................................................when she leaves school?</p><p>'27.3 Look at the pictures. What is going to happen?</p><p>1 ^ 2 S 3 ^ 4</p><p>S B /</p><p>i ? ■ ^ 7 'A - / /- =</p><p>1 . It’s...going to rain,................................... 3 The car ..</p><p>2 The shelf....................................................... 4 H e .........</p><p>'27.4 What are you going to do today or tomorrow? Write three sentences.</p><p>1 I’m ............................................................................................</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>[63]</p><p>will/shall (1)</p><p>will + infinitive (will be / will w in / will co m e etc.):</p><p>SARAH Sarah goes to work every day. She is always</p><p>there from 8.30 until 4.30.</p><p>It is 11 o’clock now. Sarah is at work.</p><p>At 11 o’clock yesterday, she was at work.</p><p>At 1 1 o’clock tomorrow, she will be at work.</p><p>be</p><p>I/w e/you/they ) will (’1 1 ) w in</p><p>he/she/it J will n o t (w on’t) eat</p><p>c o m e etc.</p><p>be?</p><p>will I/we/you/they win?</p><p>he/she/it eat?</p><p>com e? etc.</p><p>’11 = will: I’ll (I will) / you’ll / she’ll etc.</p><p>w o n ’t = will not: I w o n ’t (= I will not) / you w o n ’t / she w o n ’t etc.</p><p>We use will lor the future ( to m o rro w / n ex t w eek etc.):</p><p>• Sue travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she’ll be in Rome. Next week</p><p>she’ll be in Tokyo.</p><p>• You can phone me this evening. I’ll be at home.</p><p>• Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will ea t it.</p><p>• We’ll probably go out this evening.</p><p>• W ill you be at home this evening?</p><p>• I w o n ’t be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here)</p><p>• Don’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You w o n ’t sleep.</p><p>We often say I th ink ... will</p><p>• I th in k Diana will pass the exam.</p><p>• I d o n ’t th in k it will ra in this afternoon.</p><p>• D o you th in k the exam will be difficult?</p><p>We do not use will for things we have arranged or decided to do (=> Units 26-27):</p><p>• We’re go ing to the cinema on Saturday. (not ‘We will go’)</p><p>• I’m not w ork ing tomorrow, (not ‘I won’t work’)</p><p>• A re you go ing to do the exam? (not ‘Will you do’)</p><p>Shall</p><p>You can say I shall (= I will) and we shall (= we will):</p><p>• I shall be late tomorrow, or I will (I’ll) be late tomorrow.</p><p>• I think we shall w in. or 1 think we will (we’ll) w in.</p><p>But do not use shall with y o u /th e y /h e /s h e /i t :</p><p>• T om will be late, (not ‘Tom shall be’)</p><p>W hat are you do ing tom orrow ? : I ’m going to w ill/shall (2):</p><p>UNIT</p><p>28.1 Helen is travelling in Europe. Complete the sentences with she was, she’s or she’ll be.</p><p>1 Yesterday ...sHewas.....i n Paris. h e l e n ciAMSTERDAM.</p><p>2 Tomorrow...........................i n Amsterdam. (to m o rro w )</p><p>3 Last week ....................... in Barcelona. BRUSSELS</p><p>4 Next w eek.......................... in London. ^"s PAR*S (N0W)</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>28</p><p>5 At the m om ent.......................... in Brussels. ; "7 -^ VYESTERDAY) MUNICH</p><p>6 Three days ago.......................... in Munich. j (3PAYSAG0)</p><p>7 At the end of her tr ip .......................... very tired.</p><p>BARCELONA</p><p>28.2 Where will you be? Write sentences about yourself. Use: WEEÎ</p><p>I ’ll be ... or I ’ll p robab ly be .. . or I d o n ’t know w here I ’ll be.</p><p>1 (at 10 o’clock tomorrow) )</p><p>I’ll probably be on the beach. OR I’U. be a t work. OR I don’t know where I'll be.</p><p>2 (one hour from now) .........................................................................................................</p><p>3 (at midnight tonight) ..........................................................................................................</p><p>4 (at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon) ...................................................................................</p><p>5 (two years from now) .........................................................................................................</p><p>28.3 Putin will (’II) or won’t.</p><p>1 Don’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You w ont sleep.</p><p>2 ‘Are you ready yet?’ ‘Not yet. I ...........................be ready in five minutes.’</p><p>3 I’m going away for a few days. I’m leaving tonight, so I ..........................be at home tomorrow.</p><p>4 I t .......................... rain, so you don’t need to take an umbrella.</p><p>5 A: I don’t feel very well this evening.</p><p>B: Well, go to bed early and you ...........................feel better in the morning.</p><p>6 It’s Bill’s birthday next Monday. H e ...........................be 25.</p><p>7 I’m sorry I was late this morning. I t ...........................happen again.</p><p>28.4 Write sentences beginning I th ink ... or I don’t th ink . . . .</p><p>1 (Diana will pass the exam) I think Diana. wiXl pass the- exam.</p><p>2 (Diana won’t pass the exam) I don t think Diana will pass the exair>.</p><p>3 (we’ll win the game) I .........................................................................................................</p><p>4 (I won’t be here tomorrow) ...................................................................................................</p><p>5 (Sue will like her present) ....................................................................................................</p><p>6 (they won’t get married) ....................................................................................................</p><p>7 (you won’t enjoy the film) ....................................................................................................</p><p>28.5 Which is right? (Study Unit 26 before you do this exercise.)</p><p>1 WeTl-ge / We’re going to the theatre tonight. We’ve got tickets. We’re going is right</p><p>2 ‘What will you do / are you doing tomorrow evening?’ ‘Nothing. I’m free.’</p><p>3 They’ll go / They’re going away tomorrow morning. Their train is at 8.40.</p><p>4 I’m sure she’ll lend / she’s lending us some money. She’s very rich.</p><p>5 ‘Why are you putting on your coat?’ ‘I’ll go / I’m going out.’</p><p>6 Do you think Claire will phone / is phoning us tonight?</p><p>7 Steve can’t meet us on Saturday. He’ll work / He’s working.</p><p>8 Will / Shall you be at home tomorrow evening?</p><p>[65]</p><p>will/shall (2)</p><p>You can use I ’ll ... (I will) when you offer or decide to do something:</p><p>• ‘My bag is very heavy.’ ‘I ’ll c a rry it for you.’</p><p>• ‘I ’ll p h o n e you tomorrow, OK?’ ‘OK, goodbye.’</p><p>We often say I th in k I ’ll ... / I d o n ’t th ink I ’ll ... when we decide to do something:</p><p>• I’m tired. I th in k I ’ll go to bed early tonight.</p><p>• It’s a nice day. I th ink I ’ll sit in the garden.</p><p>• It’s raining. I d o n ’t th ink I ’ll go out.</p><p>Do not use the present simple (I go / I p h o n e etc.) in sentences like these:</p><p>• I’ll pho n e you tomorrow, OK? (not ‘I phone you’)</p><p>• I think I’ll go to bed early. (not ‘I go to bed’)</p><p>Do not use I ’ll ... for something you decided before (=> Units 26-27):</p><p>• I’m w ork ing tomorrow, (not ‘I’ll work’)</p><p>• There’s a good film on TV tonight. I’m go ing to w atch it. (not ‘I’ll watch’)</p><p>• What are you d o in g at the weekend? (not ‘What will you do’)</p><p>Shall I ... ? Shall we . . . ?</p><p>Shall I /w e ... ? = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a good idea?</p><p>• It’s very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?</p><p>• ‘Shall I p h o n e you this evening?’ ‘Yes, please.’</p><p>• I’m going to a party tonight. What shall I wear?</p><p>• It’s a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?</p><p>• Where shall we go for our holidays this year?</p><p>• ‘Let’s go out this evening.’ ‘OK, what time shall we m ee t? ’</p><p>W hat are you doing tom orrow ? =S></p><p>Let’s => PI!® ?!!</p><p>UNIT 26 I’m going to ... => |UNIT 27 will/shall ( 1)=>| UNIT 28</p><p>29.1 Complete the sentences. Use I’ll (I w ill) + one of these verbs:</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>29</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>carry do eat send show sit stay</p><p>My bag is very heavy.</p><p>Enjoy your holiday.</p><p>I don’t want this banana.</p><p>Do you want a chair?</p><p>Did you phone Jenny?</p><p>Are you coming with me?</p><p>How do you use this camera?</p><p>j U. carry...for y 0 l l .</p><p>Thank you...............................................you a postcard.</p><p>Well, I’m hungry. ............................................ it.</p><p>No, it’s OK................................................on the floor.</p><p>Oh no, I forgot................................................ it now.</p><p>No, I don’t think so................................................ here.</p><p>Give it to me and ............................................you.</p><p>29.2 Complete the sentences. Use I think I’l l ... or I don’t think I ’l l ... + one of these verbs:</p><p>buy g e have play</p><p>1 It’s cold today. ...! don t th t ^ I IX go...out.</p><p>2 I’m hungry. I ............................................................................. something to eat.</p><p>3 I feel tired.................................................................................. tennis.</p><p>4 This camera is too expensive........................................................ ..........................it.</p><p>29.3 Which is right?</p><p>1 I phone / I ’11 phone you tomorrow, O K ? I’ll phone is right</p><p>2 I haven’t done the shopping yet-1 do / I’ll do it later.</p><p>3 I like sport. I watch / I’ll watch a lot of sport on TV.</p><p>4 I need some exercise. I think I go / I’ll go for a walk.</p><p>5 Jim is going to buy / will buy a new car. He told me last week.</p><p>6 ‘This letter is for Rose.’ ‘O K . I give / I’ll give / I’m going to give it to her.’</p><p>7 A: Are you doing / Will you do anything this evening?</p><p>B: Yes, I’m going / I’ll go out with some friends.</p><p>29.4 Write sentences with Shall I ... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B.</p><p>turn on</p><p>turn off</p><p>make</p><p>open B some sandwiches the television</p><p>the window the light</p><p>It’s ve'ry warm in this room.</p><p>This programme isn’t very good.</p><p>I’m hungry.</p><p>It’s dark in this room.</p><p>Shalt I open the window ?</p><p>29.5 Write sentences with Shall w e ... ? Choose words from Box A and Box B.</p><p>A what /here</p><p>wha-M+me who B buy</p><p>go</p><p>invite</p><p>meet</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>Let’s go out tonight.</p><p>Let’s have a holiday.</p><p>Let’s spend some money.</p><p>Let’s have a party.</p><p>meet?</p><p>[67]</p><p>might</p><p>Where are you going</p><p>■for your Holidays-?</p><p>He m ig h t go to New York. It m ig h t rain.</p><p>(= it is possible that he will go to New York) ( - it is possible that it will rain)</p><p>m ig h t + infinitive (m igh t go / m ig h t be / m ig h t rain etc.):</p><p>be</p><p>I/we/you/they</p><p>he/she/it m ig h t (not) go</p><p>play</p><p>c o m e etc.</p><p>I m ig h t ... = it is possible that I will ... :</p><p>• I m ig h t go to the cinema this evening. (= it is possible that 1 w ill go)</p><p>• A: When is Barbara going to phone you?</p><p>B: I don’t know. She m ig h t p h o n e this afternoon.</p><p>• Take an umbrella with you. It m ig h t rain.</p><p>• Buy a lottery ticket. You m ig h t be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky)</p><p>• ‘Are you going out tonight?’ ‘I m igh t.’ (= I might go out)</p><p>Study the difference:</p><p>• I’m play ing tennis tomorrow, (sure)</p><p>I m ig h t play tennis tomorrow, (possible)</p><p>• Barbara is go ing to p h o n e later, (sure)</p><p>Barbara m ig h t p h o n e later, (possible)</p><p>The negative is m ig h t not:</p><p>• I m ig h t n o t go to work tomorrow. (= it is possible</p><p>that I will not go)</p><p>• Sue m ig h t n o t co m e to the party. (= it is possible that she will not come)</p><p>m ay</p><p>You can use m ay in the same way. I m ay ... = I m ig h t ... :</p><p>• I m ay go to the cinema this evening. (= I might go)</p><p>• Sue m ay n o t c o m e to the party. (= Sue might not come)</p><p>M ay I ... ? = Is it OK to ... / Can I ... ?:</p><p>• May I ask a question? (= Can I ask?)</p><p>• ‘M ay I sit here?’ ‘Yes, of course.’</p><p>30.1</p><p>30.3</p><p>Write sentences with might.</p><p>1 (it’s possible that I’ll go to the cinema)</p><p>2 (it’s possible that I’ll see you tomorrow) I ....</p><p>3 (it’s possible that Ann will forget to phone) .....</p><p>4 (it’s possible that it will snow today) .......</p><p>5 (it’s possible that I’ll be late tonight) .......</p><p>Write sentences with might not.</p><p>6 (it’s possible that Mary will not be here) .....</p><p>7 (it’s possible that I won’t have time to meet you)</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>30</p><p>30.2 Somebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas but you are not sure. Choose from the list</p><p>and write sentences with I might.</p><p>fish go away Italy M onday new car taxi</p><p>1</p><p>( Where are you going for your holidays? I’m not sure. .. J ...toJttUy...</p><p>2 What are you doing at the weekend? 1 don't know. I ........................................</p><p>3 When will you see Ann again? I’m not sure...............................................</p><p>4 What are you going to have for dinner? I don’t know. ...........................................</p><p>5 How are you going to get home tonight? I’m not sure...............................................</p><p>6 I hear you won some money. What are I haven’t decided yet................................</p><p>you going to do with it?</p><p>/</p><p>You ask Bill questions about his plans. Sometimes he is sure but usually he is not sure</p><p>______________________________________________________________</p><p>1 Are you playing tennis tomorrow? Yes, in the afternoon.</p><p>2 Are you going out in the evening? Possibly.</p><p>3 Are you going to get up early? Perhaps.</p><p>4 Are you working tomorrow? No, I’m not.</p><p>5 Will you be at home tomorrow morning? Maybe.</p><p>6 Are you going to watch television? I might.</p><p>7 Are you going out in the afternoon? Yes, I am.</p><p>8 Are you going shopping? Perhaps.</p><p>Now write about Bill. Use might where necessary.</p><p>1 .Hfc’s pUujinj tew us tomorrow afternoon,</p><p>2 Hem igHtgooutM</p><p>3 H e ..................................................................</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>3 0 4 Write three things that you might do tomorrow.</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>[691</p><p>can and could</p><p>B</p><p>can + infinitive (can do / can play / can c o m e etc.):</p><p>do</p><p>I/we/you/they 1 can play</p><p>he/she/it j can n o t (can ’t) see</p><p>c o m e etc.</p><p>can I/we/you/they</p><p>he/she/it</p><p>do?</p><p>play?</p><p>see?</p><p>com e? etc.</p><p>I can do something = I know how to do it or it is possible for me to do it:</p><p>• I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.</p><p>• Sarah can speak Italian but she c a n ’t speak Spanish.</p><p>• 'C an you sw im ?’ ‘Yes, but I’m not a very good swimmer.’</p><p>• ‘C an you change twenty pounds?’ ‘I’m sorry, I c a n ’t.’</p><p>• I’m having a party next week but Paul and Jenny c a n ’t com e.</p><p>For the past (yesterday / last w eek etc.), we use c o u ld /c o u ld n ’t:</p><p>• When I was young, I cou ld ru n very fast.</p><p>• Before Anna came to Britain, she c o u ld n ’t u n d e rs ta n d much English. Now she can</p><p>u n d e rs tan d everything.</p><p>• I was tired last night but I c o u ld n ’t sleep.</p><p>• I had a party last week but Paul and Jenny c o u ld n ’t com e.</p><p>D C an you ... ? C ou ld you . . . ? C an I ... ? C o u ld I</p><p>We use C an you . . . ? or C ou ld you ... ? when we ask people to do things:</p><p>• C an you open the door, please? or C ould you open the door, please?</p><p>• C an you wait a moment, please? or C ou ld you wait ... ?</p><p>We use C an I have ... ? or C ou ld I have ... ? to ask for something:</p><p>• (in a shop) C an I have these postcards, please? or C ould I have ... ?</p><p>C an I ... ? or C ou ld I ... ? = is it OK to do something?:</p><p>• Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? or Tom, cou ld I borrow your umbrella?</p><p>• (on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Gerry, please? or . . . cou ld I speak ... ?</p><p>[70] May ! . . . ? = > UNIT 30</p><p>31.1 Ask Steve if he can do these things</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>31.2</p><p>31.3</p><p>10 KILO MET RES</p><p>Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use I can or I can’t.</p><p>7 I</p><p>8 ....</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>11</p><p>12</p><p>UNIT</p><p>31</p><p>Complete these sentences. Use can or can’t + one of these verbs:</p><p>c o m e find h ear see speak</p><p>1 I’m sorry but we ..?£*!* ^ come to your party next Saturday.</p><p>2 I like this hotel room. You............................................ the mountains from the window.</p><p>3 You are speaking very quietly. I ............................................you.</p><p>4 Have you seen my bag? I ............................................ it.</p><p>5 Catherine got the job because she ............................................ five languages.</p><p>Complete these sentences. Use can’t or couldn’t + one of these verbs:</p><p>eat decide find go go sleep</p><p>1 I was tired but I ..5 9^ld,y\ t sleep .</p><p>2 I wasn’t hungry yesterday. 1 ............................................my dinner.</p><p>3 Ann doesn’t know what to do. She..............................................</p><p>4 I wanted to speak to Martin yesterday but I ............................................him.</p><p>5 J im ............................................to the concert next Saturday. He has to work.</p><p>6 Paula............................................to the meeting last week. She was ill.</p><p>31.4 What do you say in these situations? Use can or could. Use the words in brackets (...).</p><p>5 (give) ' 6 (borrow)4 (have)</p><p>[71]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>32 must mustn’t needn’t</p><p>A</p><p>m ust + infinitive (must do / must see etc.)'.</p><p>do</p><p>I/we/you/they</p><p>he/she/it must stop</p><p>go</p><p>write etc.</p><p>Use m ust when you think it is necessary to do something:</p><p>• The windows are very dirty. I m ust clean them.</p><p>• It’s a fantastic film. You m ust see it.</p><p>• We m ust go to the bank today. We haven’t got any money.</p><p>For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use had to ... (not must):</p><p>• We had to go to the bank yesterday. (not ‘We must go ... yesterday’)</p><p>• I had to walk home last night. There were no buses, (not ‘I must walk’)</p><p>m ustn ’t (= must not)</p><p>I m ustn ’t (do something) = it is necessary not to do it,</p><p>it is the wrong thing to do:</p><p>• I m ust hurry. I m u stn ’t be late.</p><p>• I m ustn ’t forget to phone Julia.</p><p>(= I m ust rem em ber to phone her)</p><p>• Be happy! You m ustn ’t be sad. (= don’t</p><p>be sad)</p><p>• You m u stn ’t touch the pictures.</p><p>(= don’t touch the pictures)</p><p>needn’t (= need not)</p><p>I needn’t (do something) = it is not necessary to do it, I don’t need to do it:</p><p>• I needn’t clean the windows. They aren’t very dirty.</p><p>• You needn’t go to the bank today. 1 can give you some money.</p><p>You can also say d on ’t need to ... (= needn’t):</p><p>• I d o n ’t need to clean the windows.</p><p>• You d o n ’t need to go to the bank today.</p><p>Compare needn’t and m ustn ’t:</p><p>• You needn’t go. You can stay here if you want.</p><p>• You m ustn ’t go. You must stay here.</p><p>You mustn't touch</p><p>the pictures.</p><p>[72] I have to ... =></p><p>32.1</p><p>32.2</p><p>32.3</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these verbs:</p><p>be go go learn m eet wash win</p><p>1 We . wwsfc 3?...to bank today. We haven’t got any money.</p><p>2 Marilyn is a very interesting person. You.......................................... her.</p><p>3 My hands are dirty. I .......................................... them.</p><p>4 You..........................................to drive. It will be very useful.</p><p>5 1..........................................to the post office. I need some stamps.</p><p>6 The game tomorrow is very important for us. W e............................................</p><p>7 You can’t always have things immediately. You..........................................patient.</p><p>Putin I must or I had to.</p><p>1 M ... go to the bank yesterday to get some money.</p><p>2 It’s late.............................. go now.</p><p>3 I don’t usually work on Saturdays but last Saturday......................... work.</p><p>4 get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.</p><p>5 I went to London by train last week. The train was</p><p>full and......................... stand all the way.</p><p>6 I was nearly late for my appointment this morning............................. run to get there on time.</p><p>7 I forgot to phone David yesterday. ......................... phone him later today.</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use mustn’t or needn’t + one of these verbs:</p><p>elean forget h u rry lose wait w rite</p><p>1 The windows aren’t very dirty. You t ctean them.</p><p>2 We have a lot of time. W e............................................</p><p>3 Keep these documents in a safe place. You.......................................... them.</p><p>4 I’m not ready yet but you.......................................for me. You can go now and I’ll come later.</p><p>5 W e..........................................to turn off the lights before we leave.</p><p>6 I ..........................................the letter now. I can do it tomorrow.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>32</p><p>Find the sentences with the same meaning.</p><p>1 We can leave the meeting early.</p><p>2 We must leave the meeting early.</p><p>3 We mustn’t leave the meeting early.</p><p>4 We needn’t leave the meeting early.</p><p>5 We had to leave the meeting early.</p><p>A We must stay until the end.</p><p>B We couldn’t stay until the end.</p><p>C We can’t stay until the end.</p><p>D We needn’t stay until the end.</p><p>E We can stay until the end.</p><p>1 P.</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>32-5 put jn must / had to / mustn’t / needn’t.</p><p>1 You go. You can stay here if you want.</p><p>2 It’s a fantastic film. You .roust.... see it.</p><p>3 We’ve got enough food, so w e......................... go shopping.</p><p>4 We didn’t have any food yesterday, so w e ......................... go shopping.</p><p>5 I want to know what happened. You......................... tell me.</p><p>6 You......................... tell Sue what happened. I don’t want her to know.</p><p>7 I ......................... hurry or I’ll be late.</p><p>8 ‘Why were you so late?’ ‘I ......................... wait half an hour for a bus.’</p><p>9 W e......................... decide now. We can decide later.</p><p>[73]</p><p>should</p><p>should + m</p><p>w atch etc.):</p><p>z (should do / shou ld</p><p>do</p><p>I /we /you /they 1 should stop</p><p>he/she/it J sh o u ld n ’t g °</p><p>w atch etc.</p><p>(You) shou ld do something = it is a good thing to do, it is the right thing to do:</p><p>• Tom shou ld go to bed earlier. He goes to bed very late and he’s always tired.</p><p>• It’s a good film. You should go and see it.</p><p>• When you play tennis, you shou ld always w atch the ball.</p><p>(You) sh o u ld n ’t do something = it is not a good thing to do. S h o u ld n ’t = should not:</p><p>• Tom sh o u ld n ’t go to bed so late.</p><p>• You watch TV all the time. You sh o u ld n ’t w atch TV so much.</p><p>We often use th in k 'with should:</p><p>I th ink ... shou ld</p><p>• I th in k Carol should buy some new clothes.</p><p>(= I think it is a good idea.)</p><p>• Its late. I th ink I shou ld go home now.</p><p>• A: Shall I buy this coat?</p><p>B: Yes, I th in k you should.</p><p>I d o n ’t th ink ... shou ld</p><p>• I d o n ’t th in k you shou ld w ork so hard.</p><p>(= I don’t think it is a good idea.)</p><p>• I d o n ’t th in k we shou ld go yet. It’s too early.</p><p>D o you th in k ... shou ld ... ?:</p><p>• D o you th in k I shou ld buy this hat?</p><p>What time do you th in k we shou ld go home?</p><p>M ust is stronger than should:</p><p>• It’s a g o o d film. You shou ld go and see it.</p><p>• It’s a fan tastic film. You m u st go and see it.</p><p>Another way to say shou ld ... is o u g h t to ... :</p><p>• It’s a good film. You o u g h t to go and see it. (= you should go)</p><p>• I think Carol o u g h t to buy some new clothes. (= Carol should buy)</p><p>shall => u n its 28-29 m ust => UNIT 32</p><p>E X E R C ISE S</p><p>33.1 Complete the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs:</p><p>clean go take visit w atch w ear</p><p>1 When you play tennis, yow should, watch...the ball.</p><p>2 It’s late and you’re very tired...................................................................... to bed.</p><p>3 your teeth twice a day.</p><p>4 If you have time, ........................................................ the Science Museum. It’s very interesting.</p><p>5 When you’re driving,.................................................................. a seat belt.</p><p>6 It’s too far to walk from here to the station..................................................................... a taxi.</p><p>33.2 Write about the people in the pictures. Use He/She shouldn’t ... so . . . .</p><p>33.5</p><p>UNIT</p><p>33</p><p>' / " You w a tc h '.</p><p>\.TV too mucK /</p><p>2 _______</p><p>/ you e a t )</p><p>y to o much^y^ l l j j j j s</p><p>C tooh ar^^^ ^^fe j.</p><p>̂ /^YoiT^Lri^erN</p><p>V^too f a s t ^ y</p><p>1 She shouldn't watch TV so roudi.</p><p>2 H e .........................................................</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>hard.</p><p>33.3 You ask a friend for advice. Write questions with Do you think I should ... ?</p><p>1 You are in a shop. You are trying on a jacket, (buy?)</p><p>You ask your friend: .P? you think I should, buy this jacket?</p><p>2 You can’t drive, (learn?)</p><p>You ask your friend: Do you th in k ...................................................</p><p>3 You don’t like your job. (get another job?)</p><p>You ask your friend: ............................................................................</p><p>4 You are going to have a party, (invite Gary?)</p><p>You ask your friend: ............................................................................</p><p>33.4 Write sentences with I th ink... should ... or I don’t th ink... should . . . .</p><p>1 It’s late, (go home now) ̂ think we-shoiAld,go horyie now.</p><p>2 That coat is too big for you. (buy it) ... ̂ Jdow should, buy it.</p><p>3 You don’t need your car. (sell it) ....................................... ............................</p><p>4 Diane needs a rest, (have a holiday) ..............................................................</p><p>5 Sally and Colin are too young, (get married) .............................................</p><p>6 You’re not well this morning, (go to work) ................................................</p><p>7 James isn’t well today, (go to the doctor) ......................................................</p><p>8 The hotel is too expensive for us. (stay there) .............................................</p><p>What do you think? Write sentences with should.</p><p>1 | think everybody should, learn another language.</p><p>2 I think everybody.............................................................</p><p>3 I th ink ..............</p><p>4 I don’t th in k ....</p><p>5 1 think 1 should</p><p>175|</p><p>I have t o .</p><p>I have to do something = it is necessary for</p><p>me to do it, I am obliged to do it</p><p>I/we/you/they have to do</p><p>to w ork</p><p>he/she/it has</p><p>to go</p><p>to w ear etc.</p><p>• rU.be late for work tomorrow. 1 have to go to the dentist.</p><p>• Jill starts work at 7 o’clock, so she has to get up at 6 .</p><p>• You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence.</p><p>The past (yesterday / last w eek etc.) is had to ...</p><p>• I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist.</p><p>• We had to w alk home last night. There wrere no buses.</p><p>In questions and negatives we use d o /d o es (present) and d id (past):</p><p>present</p><p>do I / we/you / they</p><p>have to ... ?</p><p>does he/she/it</p><p>past</p><p>did 1/ we/you/they</p><p>he/she/it have to ... ?</p><p>I/we/you/they d o n ’t</p><p>have to ...</p><p>he/she/it d o esn ’t</p><p>I/we/you/they</p><p>he/she/it d id n ’t have to ...</p><p>• What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow?</p><p>• D oes Jill have to w ork on Sundays?</p><p>• Why d id they have to leave the party early?</p><p>1 d o n ’t have to (do something) = it is not necessary to do it:</p><p>• I’m not working tomorrow, so I d o n ’t have to ge t up early.</p><p>• Ian d o e sn ’t have to w o rk very hard. He’s got an easy job.</p><p>• We d id n ’t have to w ait very long for the bus.</p><p>m u st and have to</p><p>Use m u st or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion:</p><p>• It’s a fantastic film. You m u st see it. or You have to see it.</p><p>When you are not giving your personal opinion, use have to (not m ust):</p><p>• Jill won’t be at work this afternoon. She has to go to the doctor, (this is not my</p><p>personal opinion — it is a fact)</p><p>• In many countries, men have to do military service, (this is not my opinion — it is the</p><p>law in those countries)</p><p>m ust / m u stn ’t / needn ’t => unit 32</p><p>EXERCISES 3 4</p><p>34.1</p><p>a set o f Additional</p><p>exercises (pages 248-264). These exercises provide ‘mixed’ practice bringing</p><p>together grammar points from a number o f different units (mainly those</p><p>concerning verb forms). There are 33 exercises in this section and there is a full list</p><p>on page 248.</p><p>Finally, there is a Key at the back o f the book (pages 265-295) for students to</p><p>check their answers. An edition w ithout the Key is also available for teachers who</p><p>would prefer their students to use this.</p><p>Level</p><p>The book is for elementary learners, i.e. learners with very little English, but 1</p><p>would not expect it to be used from the first day o f a course for complete</p><p>beginners. It is intended mainly for elementary students who are beyond the very</p><p>earliest stages o f a beginners’ course. It could also be used by lower in termediate</p><p>learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects o f their English or who have</p><p>problems with particular areas o f ‘elementary’ grammar.</p><p>The explanations are addressed to the elementary learner and are therefore as</p><p>simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises</p><p>has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level.</p><p>Using the book</p><p>The book can be used by students working alone (see To the student) or as</p><p>supplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as an elementary</p><p>grammar book.</p><p>[7</p><p>W hen used as course material, the book can be used for immediate</p><p>consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole</p><p>class or by individual students needing extra help and practice.</p><p>In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and</p><p>explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for</p><p>individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for the</p><p>teacher to present the grammar point in his/her preferred way with the exercises</p><p>being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference</p><p>by the student.</p><p>Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In</p><p>this case, individual students or groups o f students can be directed to the</p><p>appropriate units for self-study and practice.</p><p>Changes from the first edition</p><p>The main changes from the first edition are:</p><p>• There are six new units:</p><p>Unit 16 present perfect + just/already/yet</p><p>Unit 22 passive (is being done / has been done)</p><p>Unit 25 I used to ...</p><p>Unit 56 do and make</p><p>Unit 57 have</p><p>Unit 112 i f I had ... / i f we went... etc.</p><p>There is also a new appendix on active and passive forms (Appendix 1).</p><p>• Some o f the material has been revised and reorganised. For example, the</p><p>content o f Units 99-100 (in/at/on) in the new edition corresponds to U nit 94</p><p>and part o f Unit 96 in the old edition.</p><p>• Some units have been redesigned, for example Unit 41 (originally 39) and</p><p>Unit 54 (originally 52).</p><p>• Some of the units have been reordered and (after U nit 8) nearly all units have</p><p>a different number from the original edition. A few units have been moved to</p><p>different parts o f the book. For example, Unit 50 (work /working etc.) was</p><p>originally Unit 34.</p><p>• Many o f the left-hand pages have been rewritten and many o f the examples</p><p>changed. In a few cases there are significant changes to the content, for</p><p>example Unit 51 (originally 47), Unit 73 (originally 68) and U nit 82</p><p>(originally 77).</p><p>• Many o f the original exercises have been modified or completely replaced</p><p>with new exercises (for example, Units 4 and 5).</p><p>• There is a new section o f Additional exercises at the back o f the book (see</p><p>Organisation of the book above).</p><p>[8]</p><p>Thanks</p><p>For their help in producing this new edition o f Essential Grammar in Use, I would</p><p>like to thank Jeanne M cCarten, Noirin Burke, Liz Driscoll, Chris Hamilton-Emery,</p><p>Geraldine Mark, Jane Walsh, Pam Murphy, R u th Carim and Lelio Pallini.</p><p>Drawings by Richard Deverell, Richard Eckford, Sue Hillwood-Harris and</p><p>Amanda MacPhail.</p><p>Book design b y Peter Ducker M S T D .</p><p>am/is/are</p><p>(M y name</p><p>(I’m American. I’m from C h ic a g o .^</p><p>( P m a s tu d e n t.)^ • ,</p><p>is Lis. J</p><p>Thank</p><p>a m /is /a r e (questions) => th ere is /a r e => UNIT 36 a /a n => UNIT 64</p><p>1.5</p><p>U N IT</p><p>EXERCISES/T '</p><p>^ 1 . 1 Write the short form (she’s /w e aren’t etc.).</p><p>1 she i s ...she-s 3 n o t .............................. 5 j am n o t ............................</p><p>2 they are ............................. 4 that i s ................................. 6 you are n o t .......................</p><p>r ^ 1 .2 Put in am, is or are.</p><p>1 The weather nice today. 5 Look! T h e re .......... Carol.</p><p>2 I .......... not tired. 6 My brother and I .......... good tennis players.</p><p>_ 3 This bag .......... heavy. 7 A n n ...........at home. Her children............at school.</p><p>4 These bags.......... heavy. 8 I ...........a taxi driver. My sister............a nurse.</p><p>1.3 Write full sentences. Use is /isn ’t/are/aren’t.</p><p>1 (your shoes very dirty) Your shoes fM'e-</p><p>^ 2 (my brother a teacher) M y ..............................................................................................................</p><p>3 (this house not very b ig ).....................................................................................................................</p><p>r-v 4 (the shops not open today) .................................................................................................................</p><p>5 (my keys in my bag)....................................................................................... ............. .........................</p><p>6 (Jenny 18 years o ld ) .............................................................................................................................</p><p>7 (you not very tall)....................................................................................................... .......... ..............</p><p>1</p><p>1.4</p><p>1 3 H e ...................................... 5</p><p>2 T h e y .................................. 4 ............................................. 6</p><p>>1.6 Write true sentences, positive or negative. Use a m /a m n o t / is / is n ’t /a r e /a r e n ’t.</p><p>1 (I / interested in politics) ifr interegte</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs:</p><p>do read speak travel we ar</p><p>1 My eyes are not very good. 1 glasses.</p><p>2 At the end of the course all the students............................................a test.</p><p>3 Mary is studying literature. She............................................ a lot of books.</p><p>4 Albert doesn’t understand much English. You............................................very slowly to him.</p><p>5 Kate is not often at home. She............................................a lot in her job.</p><p>34.2 Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + one of these verbs:</p><p>answer buy change go walk</p><p>1 We .h*4’..to...w UNIT 51 I w o u ld do som eth ing i f . .. =></p><p>35.1 What are the people in the pictures saying? Use Would you like ... ?</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES g g</p><p>35.2 What do you say to Sue in these situations? Use Would you like t o ... ?</p><p>1 You want to go to the cinema tonight. Perhaps Sue will go with you. (go)</p><p>You say: WowLdl yow Like to go to ctnwria. tonight?</p><p>2 You want to play tennis tomorrow. Perhaps Sue will play too. (play)</p><p>You say: ........................................................................................................................................</p><p>3 You’ve got some holiday photographs. Sue hasn’t seen them yet. (see)</p><p>You say: ........................................................................................................................................</p><p>4 You have an extra ticket for a concert next week. Perhaps Sue will go. (go)</p><p>You say: ........................................................................................................................................</p><p>5 It’s raining and Sue is going out. She hasn’t got an umbrella but you have one. (borrow)</p><p>You say: ........................................................................................................................................</p><p>35.3 Which is right?</p><p>1 ‘D o you like / Would yon like a chocolate?’ ‘Yes, please.’ Would you like is right</p><p>2 ‘Do you like / Would you like bananas?’ ‘Yes, I love them.’</p><p>3 ‘Do you like / Would you like an ice-cream?’ ‘No, thank you.’</p><p>4 ‘What do you like / would you like to drink?’ ‘A glass of water, please.’</p><p>5 ‘Do you like / Would you like to go out for a walk?’ ‘Not now. Perhaps later.’</p><p>6 I like / I’d like tomatoes but I don’t eat them very often.</p><p>7 What time do you like / would you like to have dinner this evening?</p><p>8 ‘Do you like / Would you like something to eat?’ ‘No, thanks. I’m not hungry.’</p><p>9 ‘Do you like / Would you like your new job?’ ‘Yes, I’m enjoying it.’</p><p>10 I’m tired. 1 like / I’d like to go to sleep now.</p><p>/“ N</p><p>V yfo u tA .yo w j^e a,...</p><p>^o</p><p>been c tc .: UNIT 37 i t and t h e r e = > UNIT 38 s o m e and a n y = > UNIT 75</p><p>S T A T IO N</p><p>TRAINS</p><p>8-30 12-15</p><p>9-15 M--0010-30</p><p>there is</p><p>T h e re ’s a book on the table,</p><p>(inot ‘It’s a book on the table.’)</p><p>36.1</p><p>36.2</p><p>36.3</p><p>36.5</p><p>Kenham is a small town. Look at the information in the box and write sentences about Kenham with</p><p>There is/are or There isn’t/aren’t.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UN IT</p><p>36</p><p>1 a castle? No 1</p><p>2 any restaurants? Yes (a lot) ?,</p><p>3 a hospital? Yes 3</p><p>4 a swimming pool? No 4</p><p>5 any cinemas? Yes (two) 5</p><p>6 a university? No 6</p><p>7 any big hotels? No 7</p><p>Write sentences about your town (or a town that you know). Use There is/are/isn’t/aren’t.</p><p>] There are ct few restaurants. 4</p><p>2 There’s a big park. 5</p><p>3 6 ................................................</p><p>Put in there is / there isn’t / is there / there are / there aren’t / are there.</p><p>1 Kenham isn’t an old town. ...any old buildings.</p><p>2 Look! ................................ a photograph of your brother in the newspaper!</p><p>3 ‘Excuse m e ,................................ a bank near here?’ ‘Yes, at the end of the street.’</p><p>4 five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me.</p><p>5 ‘How many students................................ in the class?’ ‘Twenty.’</p><p>6 ‘Can we take a photograph?’ ‘N o ,................................ a film in the camera.’</p><p>7 ‘................................ a bus from the city centre to the airport?’ ‘Yes. Every 20 minutes.’</p><p>8 ‘................................ any problems?’ ‘No, everything is OK.’</p><p>9 nowhere to sit down......................................... any chairs.</p><p>36.4 Write sentences with There a re . . . . Choose from the boxes.</p><p>seven twenty-six</p><p>nine thirty</p><p>fifteen fifty</p><p>letters days</p><p>players days</p><p>planets states</p><p>September</p><p>the USA</p><p>a rugby team</p><p>the solar system</p><p>a-week-</p><p>the English alphabet</p><p>There-are.seven</p><p>Put in there’s / is there / it’s / is it.</p><p>1 ‘.D?.?*!?:.?.... a train at 10.30.’ ‘ ...a fast train?’</p><p>2 I’m not going to buy this shirt................................very expensive.</p><p>3 ‘What’s wrong?’ ‘...........................something in my eye.’</p><p>4 a red car outside the house................................. yours?</p><p>5 ‘.......................... anything on television tonight?’ ‘Yes,............................a film at 8.15.’</p><p>6 ‘What’s that building?’ ‘ ...........................a school.’</p><p>7 ‘.......................... a restaurant in this hotel?’ ‘No, I’m afraid not.’</p><p>[81]</p><p>there was/were there has/have been</p><p>there will be</p><p>there was / there w ere (past)</p><p>T h ere is a train every hour.</p><p>The time now is 1 1.15.</p><p>T h ere was a train at 11 o’clock.</p><p>Compare:</p><p>there is /a re (present)</p><p>• T here is a good film on TV tonight.</p><p>• We are staying at a very big hotel. T here</p><p>are 250 rooms.</p><p>• A re there any letters for me this morning?</p><p>• I’m hungry but th ere isn ’t anything to</p><p>eat.</p><p>there w as/w ere (past)</p><p>• T h ere was a good film on TV last night.</p><p>• We stayed at a very big hotel. T here w ere</p><p>250 rooms.</p><p>• Were there any letters for me yesterday?</p><p>• When I got home, I was hungry but there</p><p>w asn’t anything to eat.</p><p>there has been / there have been (present perfect)</p><p>• Look! T h e re ’s been an accident.</p><p>(there’s been = there has been)</p><p>• This road is very dangerous. T here have been</p><p>many accidents.</p><p>Compare th ere was (past):</p><p>• T here was an accident last n ight.</p><p>(not ‘There has been an accident last night.’)</p><p>For past simple and present perfect see Unit 20.</p><p>• Do you think th ere will be a lot of people at the</p><p>party on Saturday?</p><p>• The manager of the company is leaving, so</p><p>th ere will be a new manager soon.</p><p>• I’m going away tomorrow. I’ll do my packing</p><p>today because th ere w o n ’t be time tomorrow,</p><p>(there w o n ’t be = there will n o t be)</p><p>w a s /w e r e =i</p><p>th e re and i t ;</p><p>UNIT 10 h a s /h a v e b e e n => UNITS 15-18 w ill => UNIT 28 th e re i s / a r e => UNIT 36</p><p>UNITS 36, 38 s o m e and a n y</p><p>37.1 Look at the two pictures. Now the room is empty but what was in the room last week? Write sentences</p><p>with There was ... or There were ... + the words in the list.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>37.2</p><p>37.3</p><p>UNIT</p><p>37</p><p>an a rm c h a ir</p><p>som e books</p><p>a ca rp e t</p><p>It LIULJV</p><p>som e flowers</p><p>th ree p ictu res</p><p>a sofa</p><p>a sm all table</p><p>1 on the wall near the window.</p><p>2 on the floor.</p><p>3 on the wall near the door.</p><p>4 in the middle of the room.</p><p>5 on the table.</p><p>6 on the shelves.</p><p>7 in the corner near the door.</p><p>8 opposite the door.</p><p>Put in there was / there wasn’t / was there / there were / there weren’t / were there.</p><p>1 1 was hungry but anything to eat.</p><p>2 tHere. any letters for me yesterday?</p><p>3 a football match on TV last night. Did you see it?</p><p>4 ‘We stayed at a very nice hotel.’ ‘Did you? ............................................a swimming pool?’</p><p>5 ‘Did you buy any eggs?’ ‘N o ,............................................ any in the shop.’</p><p>6 The wallet was empty. ............................................any money in it.</p><p>7 ‘............................................many people at the meeting?’ ‘No, very few.’</p><p>8 We didn’t visit the museum................................................. enough time.</p><p>9 I’m sorry I’m late................................................. a lot of traffic.</p><p>10 Twenty years ago ............................................many tourists here. Now there are a lot.</p><p>Put in there + is / are / was / were / has been / have been / will be.</p><p>1 ... a good film on TV yesterday evening.</p><p>2 24 hours in a day.</p><p>3 a party at the club last Friday but I didn’t go.</p><p>4 ‘Where can I buy a newspaper?’ ‘............................................ a shop at the end of the street.’</p><p>5 ‘Why arc those policemen outside the bank?’ ‘............................................a robbery.’</p><p>6 When we arrived at the cinema,............................................ a long queue to see the film.</p><p>7 When you arrive tomorrow,............................................ somebody at the station to meet you.</p><p>8 Ten years ago.....................................500 children at the school. N ow .......................................</p><p>more than a thousand.</p><p>9 Last week I went back to the town where I was born. It’s very different now. ......................</p><p>.......................a lot of changes.</p><p>10 I think everything will be OK. I don’t th ink............................................any problems.</p><p>[83 |</p><p>We use it for time/day/distance/weather:</p><p>time • What time is it?</p><p>• I t ’s half past ten.</p><p>• I t’s late.</p><p>• I t ’s time to go home.</p><p>• W hat day is it?</p><p>• I t ’s Thursday.</p><p>• I t ’s 16 March.</p><p>• I t was my birthday yesterday.</p><p>distance • I t ’s three miles from our house to the city centre.</p><p>• How far is it from London to Bristol?</p><p>---- - - • I t ’s a long way from here to the station.</p><p>• We can walk home. I t isn’t far.</p><p>our house</p><p>We use fa r in questions (is i t far?) and negatives (it isn ’t far).</p><p>We use a lo n g w ay in positive sentences (it’s a lo n g way).</p><p>• I t ’s raining. It isn’t raining. Is it snowing?</p><p>• I t rains a lot here. I t didn’t rain yesterday.</p><p>Does it snow very often?</p><p>• I t ’s w arm /hot/cold/fm e/cloudy/w indy/sunny/foggy/dark etc.</p><p>• I t ’s a nice day today.</p><p>Compare i t and there :</p><p>• I t ra in s a lot in winter.</p><p>T h e re is a lo t o f ra in in winter.</p><p>• I t was very w indy .</p><p>T h e re was a s tro n g w in d yesterday.</p><p>I t ’s n ice to . . . etc.</p><p>, easy / d ifficu lt / im p o ss ib le / d a n g e ro u s / safe</p><p>** S expensive / in te re s tin g / n ice / w o n d e rfu l / te r r ib le etc.</p><p>I I</p><p>• I t s nice to see you a g a in . (it = to see you again)</p><p>• I t ’s impossible to u n d e rs ta n d h e r. (it = to understand her)</p><p>• I t wasn’t easy to f ind y o u r h o u se , (it = to find your house)</p><p>D on’t forget it:</p><p>• I t ’s raining again. (not ‘Is raining again’)</p><p>• Is i t true that you are going away? (not ‘Is true th a t . . . ’)</p><p>weather</p><p>th e re is —> UNIT 36</p><p>38.1</p><p>38.2</p><p>Write about the weather in the pictures. Use It’s . . . .</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>38</p><p>'toft/, ut//̂</p><p>6'- r'</p><p>It’s raining. 4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>Put in it is (it’s) or is it.</p><p>1 What time ?</p><p>2 We must go now. ..................... very late.</p><p>3 true that Bill can fly a helicopter?</p><p>4 ‘What day..................... today? Tuesday?’ ‘N o ,.......................Wednesday.’</p><p>5 ten kilometres from the airport to the city centre.</p><p>6 possible to phone you at your office?</p><p>7 ‘Do you want to walk to the restaurant?’ ‘I don’t know. How fa r..................... ?’</p><p>8 Linda’s birthday today. She’s 27.</p><p>9 I don’t believe it! ..................... impossible.</p><p>38.3 Write questions with How ta r... ?</p><p>1 (here / the station)</p><p>2 (the hotel / the beach)</p><p>3 (New York / Washington)</p><p>4 (your house / the airport)</p><p>How fa r Is it from here to the station?</p><p>H o w ................................................................</p><p>38.4 Putin it or there.</p><p>1 !.£.... rains a lot in winter. 6 I was afraid because................was very dark.</p><p>2 Th.®££.. was a strong wind yesterday. 7 ............... was a storm last night. Did you</p><p>3 was a nice day yesterday. hear it?</p><p>4 We can’t go skiing.................. isn’t any snow. 8 ............... s a long way from here to the</p><p>5 ’s hot in this room. Open a window. nearest shop.</p><p>i-5 Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes.</p><p>~\ easy dangerous work in this office get-up early</p><p>it’s difficult nice to visit different places go out alone</p><p>impossible interesting see you again make friends</p><p>1 If you go to bed late, s d ifficu lt to get up early . in the morning.</p><p>2 Hello, Jill............................................................................................... How are you?</p><p>3 There is too much noise.</p><p>4 Everybody is very nice at work................................................................................................</p><p>5 I like travelling................................................................................................</p><p>6 A lot o f cities are not safe.............................................................................................. at night.</p><p>[85]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>39 I don’t etc.</p><p>(he is = he is tired)</p><p>In these examples, it is not necessary to repeat words (‘he is tired’, ‘she doesn’t like tea’).</p><p>You can use these verbs in the same way:</p><p>• I haven’t got a car but my sister has. (— my sister has got a car)</p><p>• A: Please help me.</p><p>B: I’m sorry. I c a n ’t. (= I can’t help you)</p><p>• A: Are you tired?</p><p>B: I was, but I’m n o t now. (= I was tired but I’m not tired now)</p><p>• A: Do you think Ann will phone this evening?</p><p>B: She m igh t. (= she might phone)</p><p>• A: Are you going now?</p><p>B: Yes, I’m afraid I m ust. (= I must go)</p><p>a m /is /a re</p><p>w as/w ere</p><p>have/has</p><p>d o /d o e s /d id</p><p>can</p><p>will</p><p>m ig h t</p><p>m u st</p><p>You cannot use ’m / ’s / ’ve etc. (short forms) in this way. You must use am /is /h a v e etc.:</p><p>• She isn’t tired but he is. (not ... but lies)</p><p>But you can use isn’t / haven’t / w o n ’t etc. (negative short forms):</p><p>• My sister has got a car but I haven’t.</p><p>• ‘Are you and Jim working tomorrow?’ ‘I am but Jim isn ’t.’</p><p>B You can use I am / I ’m n o t etc. after Yes and No:</p><p>• ‘Are you tired?’ ‘Yes, 1 am . / No, I’m no t.’</p><p>• ‘Will Alan be here tomorrow?’ ‘Yes, he will. / No, he w o n ’t.’</p><p>• ‘Is there a bus to the airport?’ ‘Yes, there is. / No, there isn ’t.’</p><p>C We use d o /d o e s for the present simple: (=̂> Units 6—7)</p><p>• I don’t like hot weather but Sue does. (= Sue likes hot weather)</p><p>• Sue works hard but I d o n ’t. (— I don’t work hard)</p><p>• ‘Do you enjoy your work?’ ‘Yes, I do.’</p><p>We use did for the past simple: (=> Unit 12)</p><p>• A: Did you and John enjoy the film?</p><p>B: I d id but John d id n ’t. (= 1 enjoyed it but John didn’t enjoy it)</p><p>• ‘I enjoyed the film.’ ‘I d id too.’ (= I enjoyed it too)</p><p>• ‘Did it rain yesterday?’ ‘No, it d id n ’t.’</p><p>[86] h a v e y o u ? / d o n ’t y o u ? ctc. so a m I / n e i th e r d o I etc</p><p>He likes tea but she d o esn ’t.</p><p>(she d o esn ’t = she doesn’t like tea)</p><p>UNIT</p><p>39.1 Complete these sentences. Use only one verb (is/have/can etc.) each time.</p><p>1 Kate wasn’t hungry but we _ 4 j haven’t seen the film but Tom ..................</p><p>2 I’m not married but my brother................... 5 Diane won’t be here but C hris...................</p><p>3 Bill can’t help you but I ................... 6 You weren’t late but I ...................</p><p>EXERCISES 3 9</p><p>39.2 Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn ’ t/haven’t/can’t etc.).</p><p>1 My sister can play the piano but I COJn ^ . 4 Richard has got a car but I</p><p>2 Ann is working today but 1................... 5 I’m ready to go but Tom ....</p><p>3 I was working but my friends ................... 6 I’ve got a key but Sally......</p><p>39.3 Complete these sentences with do/does/did or don’t/doesn’t/d idn ’t.</p><p>1 I don’t like hot weather but Sue ....</p><p>2 Sue likes hot weather but I ^....</p><p>3 My mother wears glasses but my father.............................</p><p>4 You don’t know Paul very well but I .............................</p><p>5 I didn’t enjoy the party but my friends.............................</p><p>6 I don’t watch TV much but Peter.............................</p><p>7 Kate lives in London but her parents.............................</p><p>8 You had a shower this morning but I .............................</p><p>39.4 Complete the sentences. Write about yourself and other people. (See the example.)</p><p>1 [ didn't</p><p>I am.’</p><p>• ‘Sue isn ’t at work today.’ ‘Isn ’t she? Is she ill?’</p><p>Use d o /d o e s for the present simple and did for the past simple:</p><p>• 'I speak four languages.’ ‘D o you? Which ones?’</p><p>• ‘T om d oesn ’t eat meat.’ ‘D o esn ’t he? Does he eat fish?’</p><p>• ‘L inda go t married last week.’ ‘D id she? Really?’</p><p>Question tags</p><p>You can-use have you? / is it? / c a n ’t she? etc.</p><p>at the end of a sentence.</p><p>These ‘mini-questions’ are question tags.</p><p>a positive sentence —» a negative question tag</p><p>a negative sentence —> a positive question tag</p><p>positive —> negative</p><p>I t ’s a beautiful day, isn ’t it?</p><p>Sally lives in London, d o esn ’t she?</p><p>You closed the window, d id n ’t you?</p><p>T hose shoes are nice, a re n ’t they?</p><p>T om will be here soon. w o n ’t he?</p><p>negative —> positive</p><p>T h a t isn ’t your car, is it?</p><p>You haven’t met my mother, have you?</p><p>Sally d o esn ’t smoke, does she?</p><p>You w o n ’t be late, will you?</p><p>Yes, it’s lovely.</p><p>Yes, that’s right.</p><p>Yes, I think so.</p><p>Yes, very nice.</p><p>Yes, probably.</p><p>No, my car is white.</p><p>No, I haven’t.</p><p>No, she doesn’t.</p><p>No, I’m never late.</p><p>[88] I am / I d o n ’t e tc .:</p><p>40.1 Answer with Do you? / Doesn’t she? / Did they? etc.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>40</p><p>1</p><p>r ^</p><p>I speak four languages. ...Pp yow............? Which ones?</p><p>2 I work in a bank. ...........................? 1 work in a bank too.</p><p>3 I didn’t go to work yesterday. ...........................? Were you ill?</p><p>4 Jill doesn’t like me. ...........................? Why not?</p><p>5 You look tired. ...........................? I feel fine.</p><p>6 Julia phoned me last night. J ...........................? What did she say?</p><p>40.2 Answer with Have you? / Haven’t you? / Did she? / Didn’t she? etc.</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>11</p><p>12</p><p>I’ve bought a new car.</p><p>Tim doesn’t eat meat.</p><p>I’ve lost my key.</p><p>Sue can’t drive.</p><p>I was born in Italy,</p><p>i didn’t sleep well last night.</p><p>There’s a film on TV tonight.</p><p>I’m not happy.</p><p>I met Paula last week.</p><p>Margaret works in a factory.</p><p>I won’t be here next week.</p><p>The clock isn’t working.</p><p>Ha-v& yow..........? w hat make is it?</p><p>.PoesnA.H?-...... ? Does he eat fish?</p><p>...........................? When did you last have it?</p><p>...........................? She should learn.</p><p>...........................? I didn’t know that.</p><p>...........................? Was the bed uncomfortable?</p><p>...........................? Are you going to watch it?</p><p>...........................? Why not?</p><p>...........................? How is she?</p><p>...........................? What kind of factory?</p><p>...........................? Where will you be?</p><p>...........................? It was w'orking yesterday.</p><p>40.3 Complete these sentences with a question tag (isn’t it? / haven’t you? etc.).</p><p>It’s a beautiful day, ?</p><p>These flowers are nice, .............................. ?</p><p>Judy was at the party,..................................?</p><p>You’ve been to Paris,..................................?</p><p>You speak G erm an,....................................?</p><p>Martin looks tired ,..................................... ?</p><p>You’ll help me, ........................................... ?</p><p>Yes, it’s lovely.</p><p>Yes, what are they?</p><p>Yes, but I didn’t speak to her.</p><p>Yes, many times.</p><p>Yes, but not very well.</p><p>Yes, he works very hard.</p><p>Yes, of course I will.</p><p>40.4 Complete these sentences with a question tag, positive (is it? / do you? etc.) or negative</p><p>(isn’t it? /d o n ’t you? etc.).</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>r</p><p>You haven’t got a car, you ?</p><p>You aren’t tired, .......................................... ......... ?</p><p>f \</p><p>No, I can’t drive.</p><p>No, I feel fine.</p><p>3 Carol is a very nice person, ....................... ? Yes, everybody likes her.</p><p>4 You can play the piano, ............................. ......... ? Yes, but I’m not very' good.</p><p>5 You don’t know Mike’s sister,................... ......... ? No, I’ve never met her.</p><p>6 Sally went to university, ............................. ......... ? Yes, she studied economics.</p><p>7 The film wasn’t very good, ....................... ......... ? No, it was terrible.</p><p>8 Ann lives near y o u ,..................................... ......... ? That’s right. In the same street.</p><p>9 You won’t tell anybody what I said,.........k. __ ---'------------------------ ......... ? No, of course not.t _y</p><p>[89]</p><p>too/either so am I / neither do I etc.</p><p>A to o and either</p><p>We use to o and e ith e r at the end of a sentence.</p><p>We use too after a positive verb: We use e ith e r after a negative verb:</p><p>• A: I’m happy. • A: I’m not happy.</p><p>B: I’m happy too. B: I’m n o t happy either, (not ‘I’m n o t... too’)</p><p>• A: I enjoyed the film. • A: I can’t cook.</p><p>B: I enjoyed it too. B: I can’t e ither. (not ‘I can’t too’)</p><p>• Mary is a doctor. Her husband is a • Bill doesn’t watch TV. He doesn’t read</p><p>doctor too . newspapers either.</p><p>B so am I / n e ither do I etc.</p><p>a m /is /a re ...</p><p>so w as/w ere ...</p><p>d o /d o e s ...</p><p>d id ...</p><p>n e ith e r have/has ...</p><p>can ...</p><p>will ..</p><p>w ould ...</p><p>so am 1 = 1 am too</p><p>so have I = I have too (etc.):</p><p>• A: I ’m working.</p><p>B: So am I. (= I’m working too)</p><p>• A: I was late for work today.</p><p>B: So-was John . (— John was late too)</p><p>• A: I w ork in a bank.</p><p>B: So do I.</p><p>• A: We w en t to the cinema last night.</p><p>B: Did you? So d id we.</p><p>• A: I ’d like to go to Australia.</p><p>B: So w ould I.</p><p>n e ith e r am I = I’m not either</p><p>n e ith e r can 1 = 1 can’t either (etc.):</p><p>• A: I haven’t got a key.</p><p>B: N e ith e r have I. (= I haven’t either)</p><p>• A: A nn ca n ’t cook.</p><p>B: N e ith e r can T o m . (= Tom can’t either)</p><p>• A: I w o n ’t (= will not) be here tomorrow.</p><p>B: N e ith e r w ill I.</p><p>• A: I never go to the cinema.</p><p>B: N e ith e r do I.</p><p>You can also use N o r ... (= Neither ...):</p><p>• A: I’m not married.</p><p>B: N o r am I. or N eith e r am I.</p><p>Neither</p><p>fiUYl I .</p><p>[90]</p><p>Note that we say: So am I (not ‘So I am’), Neither have I (not 'Neither I have’).</p><p>I am / I d o n ’t etc. => mmUNIT 39</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>41.1 Put in too or either.</p><p>41.3</p><p>1 I’m happy. I’m happy .t?.0......</p><p>2 I’m not hungry. I’m not hungry.............................</p><p>3 I’m going out. I’m going o u t .............................</p><p>4 It rained on Saturday. It rained on Sunday...........................</p><p>5 Jenny can’t drive a car. She can’t ride a bicycle.....................</p><p>6 I don’t like shopping. I don’t like shopping.........................</p><p>7 Jane’s mother is a teacher. Her father is a teacher.......................</p><p>41.2 Answer with So ... I (So am I/S o do I/S o can I etc.).</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>£</p><p>I went to bed late last night.</p><p>I’m thirsty.</p><p>I’ve just had dinner.</p><p>I need a holiday.</p><p>I’ll be late tomorrow.</p><p>So d id 1.</p><p>I was very tired this morning.</p><p>Answer with Neither.</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>11</p><p>I can’t go to the party.</p><p>I didn’t phone Alex last night.</p><p>I haven’t got any money.</p><p>I’m not going out tomorrow.</p><p>I don’t know what to do.</p><p>You are talking to Maria. Write true sentences about yourself. Where possible, use So ... I or Neither... I.</p><p>Look at these examples carefully: ^</p><p>or ( I’m nob. ' j ' f yI’m t ire d . ) you can answer: fScT cun</p><p>don 't work h a r d ) you can answer: ( N either d o T ? fo \ (I d o . f ' / Y o j \</p><p>M A R I A</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>11</p><p>12</p><p>I’m learning English.</p><p>I can ride a bicycle.</p><p>I’m not American.</p><p>I like cooking.</p><p>1 don’t like cold weather.</p><p>I slept well last night.</p><p>I’ve never been to Scotland.</p><p>1 don’t write letters very often.</p><p>I’m going out tomorrow evening.</p><p>I haven’t got a headache.</p><p>I didn’t watch TV last night.</p><p>I often go to the cinema.</p><p>UNIT</p><p>42 isn’t haven’t don’t etc. (negatives)</p><p>A We use n o t (n’t) in negative sentences:</p><p>positive —> negative</p><p>am am n o t (’m not)</p><p>is is n o t (isn’t o r’s not)</p><p>are are n o t (aren’t or ’re not)</p><p>was was n o t (wasn’t)</p><p>were w ere n o t (w eren’t)</p><p>have have n o t (haven’t)</p><p>has has n o t (hasn’t)</p><p>will will n o t (w on’t)</p><p>can can n o t (can’t)</p><p>could cou ld n o t (cou ldn’t)</p><p>must m u st n o t (m ustn ’t)</p><p>should shou ld n o t (shouldn’t)</p><p>would w ould n o t (w ouldn’t)</p><p>I’m n o t tired.</p><p>It isn ’t (or It’s not) raining.</p><p>They a ren ’t (or They’re not) here.</p><p>Julian w asn’t hungry.</p><p>The shops w eren ’t open.</p><p>I haven’t</p><p>finished my work.</p><p>Sue hasn ’t got a car.</p><p>We w o n ’t be here tomorrow.</p><p>George ca n ’t drive.</p><p>I co u ld n ’t sleep last night.</p><p>I m u s tn ’t forget to phone Ann.</p><p>You sh o u ld n ’t work so hard.</p><p>I w o u ld n ’t like to be an actor.</p><p>B d o n ’t/d o e s n ’t /d id n ’t</p><p>. , I/we/you/they do n o t (don ’t) ) . ... .</p><p>Present simple negative: , , , , w o rk /liv e /g o ctc.r he/she/it does n o t (doesn t) j</p><p>Past simple negative: I/they/he/she (etc.) did n o t (d idn ’t) w o rk /liv e /g o etc.</p><p>positive —></p><p>I w an t to go out. —»</p><p>They w ork hard. —></p><p>Liz plays the guitar. —></p><p>My father likes his job. —></p><p>I g o t up early this morning. —></p><p>They w orked hard yesterday. —></p><p>We played tennis. —></p><p>Diane had a bath.</p><p>negative</p><p>I d o n ’t w an t to go out.</p><p>They d o n ’t w ork hard.</p><p>Liz d o esn ’t play the guitar.</p><p>My father d oesn ’t like his job.</p><p>I d id n ’t ge t up early this morning.</p><p>They d id n ’t w ork hard yesterday.</p><p>We d id n ’t play tennis.</p><p>Diane d id n ’t have a bath.</p><p>D o n ’t ...</p><p>Look! —> D o n ’t look!</p><p>W ait for me. —» D o n ’t w ait for me.</p><p>Sometimes do is the main verb (don’t do / d o esn ’t do / d id n ’t do):</p><p>D o something! —></p><p>Sue does a lot at weekends. —></p><p>I d id what you said. —»</p><p>D o n ’t do anything!</p><p>Sue d o esn ’t do much at weekends.</p><p>I d id n ’t do what you said.</p><p>[92] present simple negative => past simple negative : W hy isn’t /d o n ’t ... ? :</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>Make these sentences negative.</p><p>1 He’s gone away. 4 It’s cold today.........</p><p>2 They’re married................................................... 5 We’ll be late............</p><p>3 I’ve had dinner............................................... ......6 You should go........</p><p>Make these sentences negative. Use don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.</p><p>1 She saw me. . ~?he d iA n b s e e roe.................... 4 j-je lives here...........</p><p>2 I like cheese.................................................... ...... 5 Go away! ...............</p><p>3 They understood........................................... ......6 I did the shopping.</p><p>Make these sentences negative.</p><p>1 She can swim. She- con t swtrn......... 6 He’ll be pleased....</p><p>2 They’ve arrived......................................... 7 Phone me tonight.</p><p>3 I went to the bank..................................... 8 It rained yesterday.</p><p>4 He speaks German.................................... 9 I could hear them.</p><p>5 We were angry. ........................................ 10 I believe you. .......</p><p>Complete these sentences with a negative verb (isn’t/haven’t/don’t etc.).</p><p>1 They aren’t rich. They ...got much money.</p><p>2 ‘Would you like something to eat?’ ‘No, thank you. I .......................... hungry.’</p><p>3 I .......................... find my glasses. Have you seen them?</p><p>4 G eorge.......................... write letters very often. He prefers to use the phone.</p><p>5 We can walk to the station from here. I t .......................... very far.</p><p>6 ‘Where’s Jill?’ ‘I ...........................know. I ............................seen her today.’</p><p>7 Be careful! .......................... fall!</p><p>8 We went to the cinema last night. I ...........................like the film very much.</p><p>9 I’ve been to Spain many times but I ...........................been to Portugal.</p><p>10 Julia.......................... be here tomorrow. She’s going away.</p><p>11 ‘Who broke that window?’ ‘Not me. I ...........................do it.’</p><p>12 We didn’t see what happened. W e...........................looking at the time.</p><p>You ask Gary some questions. His answers are always ‘Yes’ or ‘l\lo’. Write sentences about Gary, positive</p><p>or negative.</p><p>p N ---------------------------------------------------</p><p>Are you married?</p><p>Do you live in London?</p><p>Were you born in London?</p><p>Do you like London?</p><p>Would you like to live in the country?</p><p>Can you drive?</p><p>Have you got a car?</p><p>Do you read newspapers?</p><p>Are you interested in politics?</p><p>Do you watch TV most evenings?</p><p>Did you watch TV last night?</p><p>Did you go out last night?</p><p>GARY</p><p>No. 1 ....</p><p>Yes. 2 ....</p><p>No. 3 ....</p><p>No. 4 ....</p><p>Yes. 5 ....</p><p>Yes. 6 ......</p><p>No. 7 ....</p><p>No. 8 ....</p><p>No. 9 ...</p><p>Yes. 1 0 .....</p><p>No. 11 .....</p><p>Yes. 1 2 .....</p><p>He Isn’t married,.</p><p>UNIT</p><p>43 is i t . . . ? have y o u . . .? do they ... ? etc.</p><p>(questions 1)</p><p>A positive: you are You are eating.</p><p>question: are you Arc you eating? What are you eating?</p><p>In questions, the first verb (is /are /have etc.) is before the subject:</p><p>positive question</p><p>subject + verb verb + subject</p><p>I am late. —> A m I late?</p><p>That seat is free. —> Is th a t seat free?</p><p>She was angry. —> Why was she angry?</p><p>David has gone. —> Where has D avid gone?</p><p>You have got a car. -> H ave you got a car?</p><p>They will be here soon. When will they be here?</p><p>Paula can swim. —> C an Paula swim?</p><p>Be careful with word order: the subject is after the first verb:</p><p>• Where has D avid gone? (not ‘Where has gone David?’)</p><p>• Are those peop le waiting for something? (not ‘Are waiting ... ?’)</p><p>• When was the te lep h o n e invented? (not ‘When was invented ... ?’)</p><p>B do ... ? / does ... ? / d id ... ?</p><p>„ , do I/we/you/they ) . . . . ,</p><p>Present simple questions: tjoes he/she/it I w o rk /liv e /g o etc.</p><p>Past simple questions: d id you/shc/they (etc.) w o rk /liv e /g o etc.</p><p>positive question</p><p>They w ork hard. —» D o they w ork hard?</p><p>You w atch television. —> How often do you w atch television?</p><p>Chris w orks hard. —> D oes Chris w ork hard?</p><p>She gets up early. —> What time does she get up?</p><p>They w orked hard. —> D id they w ork hard?</p><p>You had dinner. —> What d id you have for dinner?</p><p>She go t up early. —> What time d id she get up?</p><p>Sometimes do is the main verb (do you do / did he do etc.):</p><p>• What do you usually do at weekends?</p><p>• ‘What does your brother do?’ ‘He works in a bank.’</p><p>• ‘I broke my finger last week.’ ‘How d id you do that?’ (not ‘How did you that?’)</p><p>C W hy isn ’t ... ? / W hy d o n ’t . . . ? etc. (W hy + negative):</p><p>• Where’s John? W hy isn ’t he here? (not ‘Why he isn’t here?’)</p><p>• W hy can ’t Paula come to the meeting tomorrow? (not ‘Why Paula can’t ... ?’)</p><p>• W hy d id n ’t you phone me last night?</p><p>present simple questions =</p><p>[94] w hat/w h ich /how ... ? :</p><p>U jJ past simple questions = questions 2-3 = u n its 44-45</p><p>units 46-47</p><p>43.1 Write questions.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>43</p><p>1 I can swim. (and you?)</p><p>2 I work hard. (and Jim?)</p><p>3 I was late this morning. (and you?)</p><p>4 I'Ve got a key. (and Ann?)</p><p>5 I’ll be here tomorrow. (and you?)</p><p>6 I’m going out this evening. (and Paul?)</p><p>7 I like my job. (and you?)</p><p>8 I live near here. (and Linda?)</p><p>9 I enjoyed my holiday. (and you?)</p><p>10 I had a shower this morning. (and you?)</p><p>Cari you swim?</p><p>Does Jim work hard?</p><p>' 43 .2 You are talking to a friend about driving. Write the full questions.</p><p>(have / a car**) HflYE- you jo t a* otyr ?</p><p>(use / a lot?) ....................................i t ...</p><p>(use / yesterday?) ...................................</p><p>(enjoy driving?) .....................................</p><p>(a good driver?) .....................................</p><p>(ever / have / an accident?)...................</p><p>Yes, I have.</p><p>Yes, nearly every day.</p><p>Yes, to go to work.</p><p>Not very much.</p><p>I think I am.</p><p>No, never.</p><p>,4 3 .3 Put the words in the right order. All the sentences are questions.</p><p>1 (has / gone / where / David?) ..Where Has .Myj^.gone?...</p><p>2 (working / Rachel / is / today?)</p><p>3 (the children / what / are / doing?) W h at..............................</p><p>4 (made / is / how / cheese?) ......................................................</p><p>5 (to the party / coming / is / your sister?) ................................</p><p>6 (you / the truth / tell / don’t / why?) .......................................</p><p>7 (your guests / have / yet / arrived?) .........................................</p><p>8 (leave / what time / your train / does?) ....................................</p><p>9 (your car / in the accident / was / damaged?) .........................</p><p>10 (to work / Ann / why / go / didn’t?) .......................................</p><p>Complete the questions.</p><p>1</p><p>( ̂</p><p>I want to go out.</p><p>' ></p><p>Where Uow</p><p>wont to go?</p><p>2 Ann and Paul aren’t going to the party. Whv ‘W'ett’t they going ?</p><p>3 I’m reading. W hat...............................................................</p><p>4 Sue went to bed early. What time ......................................................</p><p>5 My parents are going on holiday. When ..............................................................</p><p>6 I met Torn a few days ago. W here.............................................................</p><p>7 Tina has gone away. W here.............................................................</p><p>8 I can’t come to the party. Why ................................................................</p><p>9 I need some money. How m uch .....................................................</p><p>10 Angela doesn’t like me. W h y ................................................................</p><p>1 1 It rains sometimes. How o ften ................................. ....................</p><p>12 I did the shopping. When................................................................</p><p>L J</p><p>[95]</p><p>Who saw you? Who did you see?</p><p>(questions 2)</p><p>Sylvia saw Paul.</p><p>Who saw Paul?</p><p>Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.)</p><p>Who d id Sylvia see?</p><p>Paul. (She saw Paul.)</p><p>Sylvia saw Paul</p><p>subject</p><p>Somebody saw Paul.</p><p>Who saw Paul?</p><p>Sylvia. (Sylvia saw him.)</p><p>‘w h o ’ is the subject</p><p>‘P au l’ is the object</p><p>object</p><p>I</p><p>Sylvia saw somebody</p><p>I</p><p>W ho did Sylvia see?</p><p>Paul. (She saw Paul.)</p><p>‘w h o ’ is the object</p><p>‘Sylvia’ is the subject</p><p>In these questions, w h o /w h a t is the subject:</p><p>• W ho lives in this house? ( - somebody lives in it - who?)</p><p>(not ‘Who does live?’)</p><p>• W hat happened? (= something happened - what?)</p><p>(not ‘What did happen?)</p><p>• W h a t’s happening? (What’s = What is)</p><p>• W h o ’s g o t my key? (Who’s = Who has)</p><p>In these questions, w h o /w h a t is the object:</p><p>• Who did you meet yesterday? (= you met somebody — who?)</p><p>• What did Paul say? (= Paul said something - what?)</p><p>• Who are you phoning?</p><p>• What was Sylvia wearing?</p><p>Compare:</p><p>• George likes oranges. —»</p><p>• Jill won some money. —»</p><p>W ho likes oranges? — George.</p><p>W hat does George like? — Oranges.</p><p>W ho w o n some money? - J i l l .</p><p>W hat did Jill win? — A hundred pounds.</p><p>Use w h o for people (somebody). Use w h a t for things, ideas etc. (something):</p><p>• W ho is your favourite singer?</p><p>• W hat is your favourite song?</p><p>questions =>uwns 43, 45 w h at/w h ich /h o w => UNIT 46</p><p>44.1</p><p>44.2</p><p>Make questions with who or what. In these questions, who/what is the subject.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>Somebody broke the window.</p><p>Something fell off the shelf.</p><p>Somebody wants to see you.</p><p>Somebody took my umbrella.</p><p>Something made me ill.</p><p>Somebody is coming.</p><p>WHo broke-tHe window ?</p><p>W hat..................................</p><p>Make questions with who or what (subject or object).</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>10</p><p>11</p><p>12</p><p>I bought something.</p><p>Somebody lives in this house.</p><p>I phoned somebody.</p><p>Something happened last night.</p><p>Somebody knows the answer.</p><p>Somebody did the washing-up.</p><p>Jill did something.</p><p>Something woke me up.</p><p>Somebody saw the accident.</p><p>1 saw somebody.</p><p>Somebody has got my pen.</p><p>This word means something.</p><p>WH a t did. you buy ?</p><p>WHo lives in this House?</p><p>You want the missing intormation (XXXXX). Write questions with who or what.</p><p>UNIT</p><p>44</p><p>me?</p><p>S L</p><p>I lost XXXXX yesterday but fortunately</p><p>XXXXX found it and gave it back to me.</p><p>WHat did, you Lose?</p><p>W H p J w n ijt</p><p>XXXXX phoned me last night. She wanted</p><p>XXXXX.</p><p>I needed some advice, so 1 asked XXXXX.</p><p>He said XXXXX.</p><p>I hear that XXXXX got married last week.</p><p>XXXXX told me.</p><p>5 I met XXXXX on my way home this</p><p>evening. She told me XXXXX.</p><p>6 Steve and I played tennis yesterday.</p><p>XXXXX won. After the game we XXXXX.</p><p>7</p><p>'</p><p>It was my birthday last week and I had</p><p>some presents. XXXXX gave me a book</p><p>and Catherine gave me XXXXX.</p><p>[97]</p><p>4 5</p><p>Who is she talking to? What is it like?</p><p>(questions 3)</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>Julia is talking to somebody.</p><p>W ho is she talking to?</p><p>\</p><p>hi questions beginning W ho ... ? / W hat ... ? / W here ... ? / W hich ... ?, prepositions</p><p>( to /fro m /w ith etc.) usually go at the end:</p><p>• ‘W here are you from ?’ ‘I’m from Thailand.’</p><p>• ‘John was afraid.’ ‘W hat was he afraid of?’</p><p>• ‘W ho do these books belong to?’ ‘They’re mine.’</p><p>• Tom’s father is in hospital.’ ‘W hich hosp ita l is he in?’</p><p>• ‘Kate is going on holiday.’ ‘W ho w ith?’ / ‘W ho is she going w ith?’</p><p>• ‘I want to talk to you.’ ‘W hat abou t?’ / ‘W hat do you want to talk to me about?’</p><p>W hat is it like? / W hat are they like? etc.</p><p>W h at’s (= What is) it like? = tell me something about it - is it good or bad, big or small, old or</p><p>new? etc.</p><p>When we say ‘W hat is it like?’, like is a preposition. It is not the verb like (‘D o you like your</p><p>new house?’ etc.).</p><p>• A: There’s a new restaurant in our street.</p><p>B: W h at’s it like? Is it good?</p><p>A: I don’t know. I haven’t eaten there yet.</p><p>• A: W h a t’s your new teacher like?</p><p>B: She’s very good. We learn a lot.</p><p>• A: I met Linda’s parents yesterday.</p><p>B: Did you? W hat are they like?</p><p>A: They’re very friendly.</p><p>• A: Did you have a nice holiday? W hat was the weather like?</p><p>B: It was lovely. The sun shone every day.</p><p>[98] questions : u n its 43-44 w hat/w h ich /how prepositions = u n its 99-106</p><p>45.1 You want the missing information (XXXXX). Write questions with who or what.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>45</p><p>1 I The letter is from XXXXX.</p><p>2</p><p>WHo U- t h e f r o m ?</p><p>I’m looking for a XXXXX. W hat.............you</p><p>I went to the cinema with XXXXX.</p><p>The film was about XXXXX.</p><p>I gave the money to XXXXX.</p><p>The book was written by XXXXX.</p><p>45.2 Complete the questions for the pictures. Use one of these verbs + a preposition:</p><p>1 WHo is she toikuit) fcc> ?</p><p>2 What ................................</p><p>3 Who .................................</p><p>4 What ........</p><p>5 W h a t........</p><p>6 Which bus</p><p>45.3 Write questions beginning Which</p><p>^ __________________</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>Tom’s father is in hospital.</p><p>We stayed at a hotel.</p><p>Jack plays for a football team.</p><p>I went to school in this town.</p><p>W H ^ Hosptful Is He. in?</p><p>....................................you ..</p><p>45.4 You want some information about another country. You ask somebody who has been there.</p><p>Ask questions with What is/are ... like?</p><p>1 (the roads) What are % e ro</p><p>W hat is the longest river in the world?</p><p>W hich is the longest river - the M ississippi, the A m azo n o r the Nile?</p><p>H ow . . . ?</p><p>• ‘H ow was the party last night?’ ‘It was great.’</p><p>• ‘H ow do you usually so to work?’ ‘By bus.’</p><p>You can use how + adjective/adverb (how tall / ho w o ld / how o ften etc.):</p><p>tall are you?’ ‘I’m 1 metre 70.’</p><p>b ig is the house?’ ‘Not very big.’</p><p>old is your mother?’ ‘She’s 45.’</p><p>‘H ow \ UNIT 47 | w h i c h o ne(s) => |UNIT 74</p><p>46.1 Write questions with what.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>46.3</p><p>UNIT</p><p>46</p><p>I’ve got a new TV set.</p><p>I want a job.</p><p>I’ve got a new sweater.</p><p>I got up early this morning.</p><p>I like music.</p><p>I want to buy a car.</p><p>(make?) is.it?</p><p>(kind?) Wbflt kmfll of job</p><p>Nearly 9000 metres.</p><p>2 .......................... is it to the station? It’s about two kilometres from here.</p><p>3 .......................... is Helen? She’s 26.</p><p>4 .......................... do the buses run? Every ten minutes.</p><p>5 .......................... is the water in the pool? Two metres.</p><p>6 ..........................have vou lived here?V . ------------ Nearly three years.L J</p><p>4 6 .5 Write questions with How ... ?</p><p>1 Are you 1 metre 70? 1.75? 1.80? How M l are you ?</p><p>2 Is this box one kilogram? Two? Three? ...................................</p><p>3 Are you 20 years old? 22? 25? ...................................</p><p>4 Did you spend £10? £15? £20? ...................................</p><p>5 Do you watch TV every day? Once a week? Never?</p><p>6 Is it 1000 miles from Paris to Moscow? 1500? 2000?</p><p>[101|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>47 How long does it take ... ?</p><p>A</p><p>How long does it take</p><p>by plane</p><p>by train</p><p>by car</p><p>7</p><p>I t takes</p><p>two hours</p><p>ten minutes</p><p>a long time</p><p>from ... to ...</p><p>How long does it take by plane</p><p>from London to Madrid?</p><p>It takes two hours.</p><p>• How long does it take by train from London to Manchester?</p><p>• It takes two hours by train from London to Manchester.</p><p>• How long does it take by car from your house to the station?</p><p>® It takes ten minutes by car from my house to the station.</p><p>B</p><p>I started reading the book on Monday.</p><p>1 finished it on Wednesday evening.</p><p>It took m e three days to read it.</p><p>does (you)</p><p>How long did it take (Ann) to ... ?</p><p>will (them)</p><p>takes (me) a week</p><p>I t to o k (Ann) a long time to ...</p><p>will take (them) three hours</p><p>to Madrid?</p><p>it take (to get here)?’</p><p>How long does it take to fly from London</p><p>I t takes a long time to learn a language.</p><p>I t d oesn ’t take long to co o k an omelette.</p><p>I t takes m e 20 minutes to ge t to work.</p><p>‘I came by train.’ ‘Did you? How long did</p><p>It to o k T o m an hour to do his shopping.</p><p>D id it take you a long time to find a job?</p><p>How long will it take m e to learn to drive?</p><p>I t will take us an hour to cook the dinner.</p><p>[1 0 2 1</p><p>47.1 Look at the pictures and write questions with How long . . .?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>47</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>47.2 How long does it take to do these things? Write full sentences.</p><p>1 fly from your city/country to London</p><p>Jt..takes..two Hours to r f U j . .</p><p>2 fly from your city/country to New York</p><p>3 study to he a doctor in your country</p><p>4 walk from your home to the nearest shop</p><p>5 get from your home to the nearest airport</p><p>47.3 Write questions with How long did it ta k e ... ?</p><p>1 (She found a place to live.) H?W long. . ' t o ..</p><p>2 (1 walked to the station.) ..................................................you ...............................................</p><p>3 (He cleaned the windows.) .........................................................................................................</p><p>4 (I learnt to ski.) .........................................................................................................</p><p>5 (They repaired the car.) .........................................................................................................</p><p>47.4 Read the situations and write sentences with It took . . . .</p><p>1 I read a book last week. I started reading it on Monday. I finished it three days later.</p><p>I t took me days to r t where Paula is</p><p>Can you tell me J</p><p>Compare:</p><p>Who are those people? but</p><p>How old is Linda?</p><p>What time is it?</p><p>Where can I go?</p><p>How much is this cam era?</p><p>When are you going away?</p><p>Where have they gone?</p><p>What was A nn wearing?</p><p>D o you know</p><p>C an you tell m e</p><p>I know</p><p>I d o n ’t know</p><p>I d o n ’t rem e m b e r</p><p>who those peop le are</p><p>how old L inda is</p><p>what time it is</p><p>where I can go</p><p>how much th is cam era is</p><p>when y o u ’re going away</p><p>where they have gone</p><p>what A nn was wearing</p><p>Questions with d o /d o e s /d id (present simple and past simple):</p><p>Where does he live ?</p><p>D o you know where he lives ? (not ‘Do you know where does he live?’)</p><p>Compare:</p><p>How do aeroplanes fly? but D o you know how aeroplanes fly p</p><p>What docs Jane want? I d o n ’t know what Jan e w ants</p><p>Why d id she go home? I d o n ’t rem e m b e r why she w en t home</p><p>Where did I put the key? I know where I p u t the key</p><p>Questions beginning Is . .. ? / D o .. . ? / C an ... ? etc. (yes/no questions):</p><p>Compare:</p><p>Is Jack at home? but</p><p>H ave they got a car? D o you know if</p><p>Jack is at home</p><p>th ey ’ve got a car</p><p>?</p><p>C an B rian swim? or B rian can swim</p><p>D o they live near here? I d o n ’t know w h e th e r they live near here</p><p>D id anybody sec you? anybody saw you</p><p>You can use i f or w h e th e r in these sentences:</p><p>• Do you know i f they’ve got a car? or Do you know w hether, they’ve got a car?</p><p>48.1 Answer these questions with I don’t know where/when/why.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>48</p><p>etc.</p><p>/ L</p><p>1 Have your friends gone home? (where) I don’t know where they’ve gone.</p><p>2 Is Kate in her office? (where) I don’t know ...............................................</p><p>3 Is the castle very old? (how old) ...................................................................</p><p>4 Will Paul be here soon? (when) .......................................................................</p><p>5 Was he angry because I was late? (why) ..........................................................................</p><p>6 Has Sally lived here a long time? (how long) .................................................................</p><p>, 4 8 .2 Complete the sentences.</p><p>1 (How do aeroplanes fly?)</p><p>2 (Where does Susan work?)</p><p>3 (What did Peter say?)</p><p>4 (Why did he go home early?)</p><p>5 (What time does the film begin?)</p><p>6 (How did the accident happen?)</p><p>48.3 Which is right?</p><p>1 Do you know what time / it is?</p><p>2 Why are you / you arc going away?</p><p>3 I don’t know where are they / they are going.</p><p>4 Can you tell me where is the museum / the museum is?</p><p>5 Where do you want / you want to go for your holidays?</p><p>6 Do you know what do elephants eat / elephants eat?</p><p>Do you know JlpwjxeropUuies ..fty?..</p><p>I don’t know ......................................................................</p><p>Do you rem em ber..........................................................?</p><p>I don’t know ......................................................................</p><p>Do you k n o w ..................................................................?</p><p>1 don’t remember..............................................................</p><p>Do you know what time it is? is right</p><p>48.4 Write questions with Do you know i f ... ?</p><p>1 (Have they got a car?)</p><p>2 (Are they married?)</p><p>3 (Does Sue know Bill?)</p><p>4 (Will George be here tomorrow?)</p><p>5 (Did he pass his exam?)</p><p>48.5 Write questions beginning Do you kn o w ...</p><p>1 (What does Ann want?)</p><p>2 (Where is Paula?)</p><p>3 (Is she working today?)</p><p>4 (What time does she start work?)</p><p>5 (Are the shops open tomorrow?)</p><p>6 (Where do Sarah and Tim live?)</p><p>7 (Did they go to Ann’s party?)</p><p>Do you know ^ they’ye. got a car ?</p><p>Do you k n o w ......................................</p><p>Do you know what Ann wants ?</p><p>D o ...................................................</p><p>48.6 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.</p><p>1 Do you know why ^ e' bus was la te ?</p><p>2 Do you know what time................................................................................................................ ?</p><p>3 Excuse me, can you tell me w here................................................................................................?</p><p>4 1 don’t know w hat.............................................................................................................................</p><p>5 Do you know i f .............................................................................................................................. ?</p><p>105]</p><p>0 She said th a t ... He told me th a t ...</p><p>A</p><p>Last week you went to a party. A lot of</p><p>your friends were there. Here are some</p><p>things they said to you:</p><p>DIANE</p><p>m enjoying my new job)</p><p>'■\ My fa th e r is n ’t very well)</p><p>am</p><p>is</p><p>are</p><p>Today you meet Paul. You tell him</p><p>about the party. You tell Paul what</p><p>'lends said:</p><p>Diane said that she was enjoying</p><p>—> was her new job.</p><p>She said that h e r fa th e r w asn’t</p><p>very well.</p><p>—> were Sarah and Tim said that they</p><p>w ere going to buy a house.</p><p>haveave i</p><p>has J</p><p>Peter said that he h ad to go early.</p><p>He said that his sister h ad gone</p><p>to Australia.</p><p>Ann said that she c o u ld n ’t find</p><p>a job.</p><p>will —» w ould Steve said that he w ou ld phone</p><p>me.</p><p>do</p><p>does</p><p>Angela said that she d id n ’t like</p><p>-> d id herjob.</p><p>She said that h e r son d id n ’t like</p><p>school.</p><p>MIKE</p><p>look —> looked Mike said that I looked tired,</p><p>feel felt</p><p>elc. etc. 1 said that I felt fine.</p><p>(present) (past)</p><p>SARAH</p><p>I’ll phone you)</p><p>I don’t like my job.)</p><p>e’re going to'</p><p>buy a house.</p><p>kly son doesn’t</p><p>like school.</p><p>h a v e to go early)</p><p>My sister has</p><p>gone to Australia</p><p>I can’t find a job)</p><p>B say and tell</p><p>say (—> said) tell (—» told)</p><p>• He said that he was tired. * He to ld m e that he was tired.</p><p>(not ‘He said me’) (not ‘He told that . . . ’)</p><p>• What did she say to you? * What did she tell you?</p><p>(not ‘say you’) (not ‘tell to you’)</p><p>Do not say: ‘he said me’, ‘I said Ann’ etc. Do not say: ‘he told to me’, ‘I told to Ann’ etc.</p><p>C You can say:</p><p>• He said th a t he was tired, or Lie said he was tired, (without ‘that’)</p><p>• Ann told me th a t she didn’t like herjob. or Ann told me she didn’t like herjob.</p><p>[106] I to ld h im to => u n it 52</p><p>49.1</p><p>49.2</p><p>1 I met Diane last week. She said ...she.w^.eijjoyuig her new. .job-</p><p>2 Betty didn’t want anything to eat. She said.......................................</p><p>3 I wanted to borrow Mike’s ladder but he said ...................................</p><p>4 Sally was invited to the party but she said..........................................</p><p>5 Sharon told me she didn’t want the picture. She said........................</p><p>6 Martin has just gone away on holiday. He said ..................................</p><p>7 I was looking for Robert. Linda sa id ..................................................</p><p>8 ‘Why did Steve stay at home?’ ‘He said.........................................</p><p>9 ‘Has Mary gone out?’ ‘1 think so. She said .....................................</p><p>49.3 Put in say/said or tell/told.</p><p>1 He he was tired.</p><p>2 What did she you?</p><p>3 A nn..........she didn’t like Peter.</p><p>4 Jack..........me that you were ill.</p><p>5 Please don’t .......... Jim what happened.</p><p>6 Did Lucy.......... she would be late?</p><p>7 The wom an..........she was a reporter.</p><p>8 The w om an..........us she was a reporter.</p><p>9 They asked me a lot of questions but 1</p><p>didn’t .......... them anything.</p><p>10 They asked me a lot of questions but I</p><p>didn’t ..........anything.</p><p>I m enjoying</p><p>my new job..</p><p>DIAMEL</p><p>lU send yoi</p><p>a postcard.</p><p>I don’t</p><p>want to go.</p><p>r-AAPtnrs</p><p>I want to</p><p>watch TV:</p><p>Where’s Robert?</p><p>ctnewa</p><p>Read what these people say and write sentences with He/She/They said (th a t). . . .</p><p>6 m m don’t feel very well.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>^ I’ve lost my watch, j</p><p>He so ld He Had lost Ht-s watcH.</p><p>2 m/ ' y ^ I’m very busy ]</p><p>3 ^ I can’t go to the party.J 8 I'vejust come back from holiday, j</p><p>to go out. 9 Units 28-29shall Shall I open the window? J</p><p>m ig h t 1 m ig h t p h o n e you later. ] => Unit 30</p><p>m ay M ay 1 sit here? J</p><p>can I can ’t m ee t you tomorrow. => Unit 31could C ou ld you pass the salt, please? J</p><p>m u st It’s late. I m u st go now. => Unit 32</p><p>should You sh o u ld n ’t w ork so hard. Unit 33</p><p>w ould W ould you like some coffee? => Unit 35</p><p>d o /d o es D o you work? Units 6—7</p><p>(present simple) They d o n ’t w o rk very hard.</p><p>Tina d o esn ’t know many people.</p><p>How much does it cost?</p><p>did What time d id the train leave? => Unit 12</p><p>(past simple) We d id n ’t sleep well.</p><p>B to w ork / to go / to be etc. (to + infinitive)</p><p>(I’m) going to .. . Pm go ing to play tennis tomorrow.</p><p>What are you g o ing to do?</p><p>Unit 27</p><p>(I) have to .. . I have to go now.</p><p>Everybody has to eat.</p><p>=> Unit 34</p><p>(I) w an t to ... Do you w ant to go out?</p><p>They don’t w an t to co m e with us.</p><p>=> Unit 51</p><p>(1) w ould like to ... I’d like to talk to you.</p><p>W ould you like to go out?</p><p>=> Unit 35</p><p>(I) used to .. . Dave used to w ork in a factory. => Unit 25</p><p>w o rk in g /g o in g /p la y in g etc.</p><p>a m /is /a re + -in g Please be quiet. I’m w orking. => Units 3-4, 8, 26</p><p>(present continuous) Tom isn ’t w ork ing today.</p><p>What time are you go ing out?</p><p>w as/w ere + - in g It was rain ing , so we didn’t go out. => Units 13-14</p><p>(past continuous) What w ere you d o in g when the phone rang?</p><p>[ I 0 8 1 verbs + to . .. and - in g (I w a n t to d o / I e n jo y d o in g ) go + -ing =</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>50</p><p>50.1 Complete the sentences. W rite :... phone Paul o r ... to phone Paul.</p><p>1 I’D phone Paul, 6 Do you have .............................................</p><p>2 I’m going phone Pawl 7 You should ................ ...............................</p><p>3 Can you ...................................... ........Paul? 8 I w an t.........................................................</p><p>4 Shall I .......................................... ............... ? 9 I m ight.......................................................</p><p>5 I’d like .......................................... .................</p><p>10 You m ust....................................................</p><p>50.2 Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. Sometimes you need the infinitive (work/go etc.) and</p><p>sometimes you need -ing (working/going etc.).</p><p>do/doing get/getting sleep/sleeping watch/watching</p><p>eat/eating go/going stay/staying wear/wearing</p><p>fly/flying listen/listening wait/waiting work/ working</p><p>1 Please be quiet. I’m . ....</p><p>2 I feel tired today. I didn’t sleep...v e r y wel] last night.</p><p>3 What time do you usually...........................up in the morning?</p><p>4 ‘Where arc y ou .......................... ?’ ‘To the bank.’</p><p>5 Did y o u .......................... television last night?</p><p>6 Look at that plane! It’s ...........................very low.</p><p>7 You can turn off the radio. I’m n o t...........................to it.</p><p>8 They didn’t .......................... anything because they weren’t hungry.</p><p>9 My friends w ere.......................... for me when I arrived.</p><p>10 ‘Does Sharon always...........................glasses?’ ‘No, only for reading.’</p><p>11 ‘What are you .......................... this evening?’ ‘I’m ............................at home.’</p><p>50.3 Put the verb in the correct form. Choose:</p><p>the infinitive (work/go etc.) or to ... (to w ork/to go etc.) or -ing (working/going etc.)</p><p>1 Shall 1 ope+i. the window? (open)</p><p>2 It’s late. I have now. (go)</p><p>3 Ann isn’t ..working this week. She s on holiday, (work)</p><p>4 I’m tired. I don’t w ant...........................out. (go)</p><p>5 It m ight.......................... , so take an umbrella with you. (rain)</p><p>6 What time do you have...........................tomorrow morning? (leave)</p><p>7 I’m afraid I can’t .......................... you. (help)</p><p>8 My brother is a student. He’s ...........................physics, (study)</p><p>9 Would you like...........................on a trip round the world? (go)</p><p>10 When you saw Janet, what was she ...........................? (wear)</p><p>11 When you go to London, where are you going...........................? (stay)</p><p>12 I’m hungry I m ust...........................something to eat. (have)</p><p>13 ‘Where’s George?’ ‘Lie’s ...........................a bath.’ (have)</p><p>14 I used...........................a car but I sold it last year, (have)</p><p>15 He spoke very quietly. I couldn’t ...........................him. (hear)</p><p>16 You don’t look well. I don’t think you should...........................to work today, (go)</p><p>17 I don’t know what he said. I wasn’t ...........................to him. (listen)</p><p>18 I’m sorry I’m late. I h ad ...........................a phone call, (make)</p><p>19 I w ant.......................... what happened, (know) You m ust............................me. (tell)</p><p>20 May I .......................... your phone? (use)</p><p>1109]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>51 to ... (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing)</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>verbs + to ... (I w an t to do)</p><p>w an t p lan decide</p><p>hope expect offer</p><p>need p rom ise refuse</p><p>+ to ... (to do / to w ork / to be etc.)</p><p>What do you w ant to do this evening?</p><p>It’s not very late. We d o n ’t need to go home yet.</p><p>Tina has dec ided to sell her car.</p><p>You fo rg o t to sw itch off the light when you went out.</p><p>My brother is lea rn in g to drive.</p><p>I tr ie d to read my book but I was too tired.</p><p>verbs + - in g (I enjoy doing)</p><p>enjoy</p><p>m in d</p><p>stop</p><p>finish suggest + -»ng</p><p>* I enjoy dancing, (not ‘enjoy to dance’)</p><p>* I don’t m ind getting up early.</p><p>® Has it sto p p ed raining?</p><p>* Sonia suggested going to the cinema.</p><p>verbs + - in g or to . . .</p><p>like</p><p>prefer</p><p>love</p><p>hate</p><p>sta rt</p><p>beg in con tinue</p><p>Do you like getting up early? or Do you like to ge t up early?</p><p>I p refer travelling by car. or I p refer to travel by car.</p><p>Ann loves dancing, or Ann loves to dance.</p><p>I hate being late, or I h ate to be late.</p><p>It s ta rted raining, or It s ta rted to rain .</p><p>w ou ld like to .. . (etc.)</p><p>w ould like</p><p>w ould prefer</p><p>w ould love</p><p>w o u ld 'hate + to ... (to do / to w ork / to be etc.)</p><p>* Julia w ould like to m e e t you. (not ‘would like meeting’)</p><p>• I’d love to go to Australia. (I’d = I would)</p><p>• W ould you like to sit down?’ ‘No, I’d p refer to stand , thank you.’</p><p>* I w o u ld n ’t like to be a teacher.</p><p>w ould like => Eufl</p><p>I 10] p reposition + - in g :</p><p>I w ant you to go + - in g =</p><p>UNIT 105</p><p>(doing / w ork ing / b e in g etc.)</p><p>0</p><p>+ -in g (doing etc.) or to .. . (to do etc.)</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>51</p><p>51.1 Put the verb in the righ tfo rm , t o ... or - in g . '</p><p>1 I enjoy (dance).</p><p>2 What do you want do (do) tonight?</p><p>3 Goodbye! I hope.....................(sec) you</p><p>again soon.</p><p>4 I learnt.....................(swim) when 1 was</p><p>five years old.</p><p>5 Have you finished..................... (clean) the</p><p>kitchen?</p><p>6 I’m tired. I w ant.....................(go) to bed.</p><p>7 Do you enjoy.....................(visit) other</p><p>countries?</p><p>.8 The weather was nice, so I suggested</p><p>.................... (go) for a walk by the river.</p><p>9 Where’s Bill? He promised.....................</p><p>(be) here on time.</p><p>10 I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind</p><p>(wait).</p><p>11 What have you decided.....................(do)?</p><p>12 George was very angry and refused</p><p>(speak) to me.</p><p>13 Where’s Ann? 1 need .....................(ask)</p><p>her something.</p><p>14 I was very upset and started................(cry)-</p><p>15 I’m trying.....................(work). Please stop</p><p>..................... (talk).</p><p>w ait walk w atch</p><p>51.2 Complete the sentences using to ... or -ing. Use one of these verbs:</p><p>go help hve lose rain read see send take</p><p>1 I like London but I wouldn’t like Uye. there.</p><p>2 I like (QR.to.takeO photographs when I’ m on holiday.</p><p>3 Linda has a lot of books. She enjoys.............................</p><p>4 I’m surprised that you’re here. I didn’t expect...........................you.</p><p>5 Don’t forget.......................... us a postcard when you’re on holiday.</p><p>6 ‘Shall we get a taxi to the cinema?’ ‘If you like, but it isn’t far. I don’t m ind......</p><p>7 This ring is very beautiful. I’d hate .......................... it.</p><p>8 Julia had a lot to do, so 1 offered...........................her.</p><p>9 What shall we do this afternoon? Would you like...........................to the beach?</p><p>10 When I’m tired in the evenings, I like...........................television.</p><p>11 ‘Shall we go now?’ ‘No, I’d prefer...........................a few minutes.’</p><p>12 I’m not going out until it stops.............................</p><p>Complete the answers to the questions.</p><p>Do you usually get up early ?</p><p>Do you ever go to museums?</p><p>Do you often write letters?</p><p>Have you ever been to New York?</p><p>Do you often travel by train?</p><p>Shall we eat at home or go to a</p><p>restaurant?</p><p>Yes, I like getting (OR to get) up earLy .</p><p>Yes, 1 love............................................................</p><p>No, I don’t like ...................................................</p><p>No, but I’d love....................................one day.</p><p>Yes, 1 enjoy .........................................................</p><p>I don’t m ind ....................................a restaurant</p><p>but I’d prefer........................................home.</p><p>51.4 Complete these sentences. Write about yourself. Use t o ... or -ing.</p><p>1 I enjoy ........................................ ..............................</p><p>2 I don’t like ................................................................</p><p>3 If it’s a nice day tomorrow, I’d lik e .........................</p><p>4 When I’m on holiday, 1 like ...................................</p><p>5 I don’t m ind..................................................... b u t.</p><p>6 I wouldn’t like..........................................................</p><p>[ I ll]</p><p>I want you to ... I told you to</p><p>I w an t you to ...</p><p>B</p><p>O S</p><p>The woman w ants to go.</p><p>The man d o esn ’t w an t the woman to go.</p><p>He w ants her to stay.</p><p>We say:</p><p>you</p><p>I w an t som ebody to do something</p><p>A nn</p><p>• I w an t you to be happy, (not ‘I want that you are happy’)</p><p>• They didn’t w ant anybody to know their secret.</p><p>• Do you w ant m e to lend you some money?</p><p>We use w ould like in the same way:</p><p>• W ould you like m e to lend you some money?</p><p>We also use this structure (verb + somebody + to ...)</p><p>with:</p><p>verb + somebody -I- to ..</p><p>ask</p><p>tell</p><p>advise</p><p>expect</p><p>persuade</p><p>teach</p><p>Sue asked a friend to lend her some money.</p><p>1 to ld you to be careful.</p><p>What do you advise me to do?</p><p>I didn’t expect them to be here.</p><p>We persuaded George to com e with us.</p><p>I tau g h t my brother to sw im .</p><p>I to ld you to .. . / I to ld you n o t to ...</p><p>A N N</p><p>S Ann to ld me to w ait for her.</p><p>—» Paul to ld Sue n o t to w ait for him.</p><p>m ake and let</p><p>After m ake and let. we do not use to:</p><p>• He’s very funny. He m akes me laugh, (not ‘makes me to laugh’)</p><p>• At school our teacher m ad e us w ork very hard.</p><p>• Sue le t me use her computer because mine wasn’t working (not ‘let me to use’)</p><p>You can say L et’s ... (= Let us) when you want people to do things with you:</p><p>• Come on! L et’s dance.</p><p>• ‘Shall we go out tonight?’ ‘No, I’m tired. L et’s stay at home.’</p><p>[112] He told m e tha t ... => UNIT 49</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>52</p><p>̂ 52.1 Write sentences beginning I want you . . . / I don’t want you . . . / D o you want me ... ?</p><p>1 (you must come with me) ...!.. . WM't you to com e wdii me.</p><p>2 (listen carefully) I w an t</p><p>3 (please don’t be angry) I don’t</p><p>4 (shall I wait for you?) Do y o u</p><p>5 (don’t phone me tonight)</p><p>6 (you must meet Sarah)</p><p>- 52.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.</p><p>1 Dan persuaded me to go to tbe c^em a.</p><p>2 I wanted to get to the station. A woman told</p><p>3 Brian wasn’t well. I advised..............................</p><p>4 Linda had a Jot of luggage. She asked..............</p><p>5 I was busy. I to ld ................................................</p><p>6 I wanted to make a phone call. Paul le t ...........</p><p>7 Sue is going to phone later. I to ld ...................</p><p>8 Ann’s mother taugh t.........................................</p><p>52.3 Complete these sentences with the verbs in the list. Sometimes to is necessary (to go / to wait etc.);</p><p>sometimes to is not necessary (go/wait etc.).</p><p>arrive bo rrow get go go m ake repeat tell th ink w ait</p><p>1 Please stay here. I don’t want you to. go....</p><p>2 1 didn’t hear what she said, so I asked h e r ................................ it.</p><p>3 ‘Shall we begin?’ ‘No, let’s ................................ a few minutes.’</p><p>4 Are they already here? I expected them ................................ much later.</p><p>5 Kevin’s parents didn’t want h im ................................ married:</p><p>6 1 want to stay here. You can’t make m e ................................ with you.</p><p>7 ‘Is that your bicycle?’ ‘No, it’s John’s. He let m e ................................ it.’</p><p>8 Mary can’t come to the party. She told m e ................................ you.</p><p>9 Would you like a drink? Would you like m e ................................ some coffee?</p><p>10 ‘Ann doesn’t like me.’ ‘What makes y o u ................................ that?’</p><p>̂ (Qm~yow Help me?)</p><p>ffrvfcl LINDA</p><p>Where s t h e 1)</p><p>station? J y</p><p>/ T m left cL-fter</p><p>\ th e bridge.</p><p>A f e w i i</p><p>Come on! Let’s go'''</p><p>to the cinema!</p><p>It’s a good -film</p><p>Yow should g</p><p>m UNIT 54 1</p><p>\ UNIT 901 too</p><p>som eth ing to ea t / n o th ing to do etc.</p><p>... to /fo r ... => E 2H I</p><p>53.1 Write sentences beginning I went to</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>53</p><p>Choose from the boxes.</p><p>fche-̂ -ta-fck-m the post office</p><p>the cafe the supermarket</p><p>buy some food get some stamps</p><p>meet a friend</p><p>1 I wmb to e ^</p><p>2 I w en t..............................................................</p><p>3</p><p>53.2 Finish the sentences. Choose from the box.</p><p>53.3</p><p>to open this door to wake him up</p><p>to read the newspaper</p><p>to see who it was</p><p>to get some fresh air</p><p>1 I turned on the television to watch news.</p><p>2 Alice sat down in an arm chair.........................................................................................................</p><p>3 Do I need a key .............................................................................................................................. ?</p><p>4 I went for a walk by the river...........................................................................................................</p><p>5 I knocked on the door of Davids ro o m ..........................................................................................</p><p>6 The doorbell rang, so 1 looked out of the w indow .......................................................................</p><p>Use your own ideas to finish these sentences. Use to . . . .</p><p>1 I went to the shop to buy a newspaper.</p><p>2 I’m very busy. I haven’t got time ...................................................................................................</p><p>3 I phoned A nn....................................................................................................................................</p><p>4 I’m going o u t ....................................................................................................................................</p><p>5 I borrowed some money...................................................................................................................</p><p>53.4 Put in to or for.</p><p>1 Paula went to the shop buy some bread.</p><p>2 We went to a restaurant..........have dinner.</p><p>3 Robert wants to go to university.......... study economics.</p><p>4 I’m going to London..........an interview next week.</p><p>5 I’m going to London..........visit some friends o f mine.</p><p>6 Have you got tim e..........a cup of coffee?</p><p>7 I got up late this morning. I didn’t have tim e ..........wash.</p><p>8 Everybody needs m oney.......... live.</p><p>9 The office is very small. There’s space only .......... a desk and chair.</p><p>10 A: Excuse me, are you waiting..........use the phone?</p><p>B: No, I’m waiting.......... somebody.</p><p>53.5 Finish these sentences. Choose from:</p><p>J oh n / p h o n e i t / to arrive you / tell m e</p><p>1 I can’t go out yet. I’m waiting . .Ph?*).®:-</p><p>2 I sat down in the cinema and w aited........................</p><p>3 We called an ambulance and w aited .........................</p><p>4 ‘Do you know what to do?’ ‘No, I’m w aiting......</p><p>the film / b eg in</p><p>1115]</p><p>0 g o to . . . g o o n . . . go fo r . . . go-ing</p><p>B</p><p>go to ... (go to w ork / go to L ondon / go to a c o n c e r t etc.)</p><p>• What time do you usually go to work?</p><p>• I’m going to F rance next week.</p><p>• Tom didn’t want to go to the co n cert. ---------</p><p>• ‘Where’s Ann?’ ‘She’s gone to bed .’</p><p>• I w ent to the den tis t last week.</p><p>go to sleep = start to sleep:</p><p>• I was very tired and w ent to sleep</p><p>/ a very big country) .....................................................................................</p><p>7 (diamonds / cheap) .......................................................................................................</p><p>8 (I / interested in football) .............................................................................................</p><p>9 (Rome / in Spain) ...................... .................................................................... .............</p><p>Look at Lisa’s sentences (Unit 1 A). Now write sentences about yourself.</p><p>1 (name?) M y .............................................. 6 (favourite colour or colours?)</p><p>2 (from?) I .................................................. My ...........................................</p><p>3 (age?) I .................................................. 7 (interested in...?)</p><p>4 (job?) I .................................................. I .................................................</p><p>5 1 ................................................. / ;W o W , oy *</p><p>Write sentences fo r the pictures. Use: afraid angry cold hot hungry ttarsty AfnK</p><p>[11]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>2 am/is/are (questions)</p><p>positive question</p><p>I am</p><p>he</p><p>she is</p><p>it</p><p>we '</p><p>you are</p><p>they ,</p><p>am I?</p><p>’ he?</p><p>is ‘ she?</p><p>. it?</p><p>' we?</p><p>are you?</p><p>. they?</p><p>W h at’s your name? )</p><p>( David</p><p>A re you m arried?)</p><p>( N o , I’m .single.\</p><p>M - /H o w o ld are you?")</p><p>t A re you a student?) G E Y</p><p>(Yes, I am.)</p><p>V iV er Or</p><p>• ‘A m I late?’ ‘No, y o u ’re on time.’</p><p>• ‘Is your m o th e r at home?’ ‘No, she’s out.’</p><p>• ‘A re yo u r paren ts at home?’ ‘No, th ey ’re out.’</p><p>• ‘Is i t cold in your room?’ ‘Yes, a little.’</p><p>• Y our shoes are nice. A re they new?</p><p>We say:</p><p>• Is she at home? / Is your m o th e r at home? (not ‘Is at home your mother?’)</p><p>• Are they new? / A re y o u r shoes new? (not ‘Are new your shoes?’)</p><p>B W here ... ? / W hat .. . ? / W ho ... ? / H ow ... ? / W hy ... ?</p><p>• W here is your mother? Is she at home? • ‘W here are you from?’ ‘Canada.’</p><p>• ‘W hat co lo u r is your car?’ ‘It’s red.’ • ‘H o w o ld is Joe?’ ‘H e’s 24.’</p><p>• H o w are your parents? Are they well? • W hy are you angry?</p><p>• ‘H o w m u ch are these postcards?’ ‘Fifty pence.’</p><p>what’s = what is w ho’s = who is how’s = how is where’s - where is</p><p>• W h a t’s the time? • W h o ’s that man?</p><p>• W here’s Jill? • H o w ’s your father?</p><p>P. short answers</p><p>Yes, I am .</p><p>f he 1 Yes,- ̂ she >is.</p><p>f we 1</p><p>Yes, ........................................................... your children? Five, six and ten.</p><p>4 ........................................................... these oranges? £ 1.20 a kilo.</p><p>5 ............................................... your favourite sport? Skiing.</p><p>6 .................................. the man in this photograph? That’s my father.</p><p>7 ....................................................... your new shoes? Black.</p><p>Write the questions. (Read the answers first.)</p><p>(name?) WHat’s yowr ncume?</p><p>(married or single?) ...................</p><p>(American?) ...............................</p><p>(how old?) ..................................</p><p>(a teacher?) .................................</p><p>(wife a lawyer?)...........................</p><p>(from?) ........................................</p><p>(her name?) ................................</p><p>(how old?) ..................................</p><p>Paul.</p><p>I’m married.</p><p>No, I’m Australian.</p><p>I’m 30.</p><p>No, I’m a lawyer.</p><p>No, she’s a designer.</p><p>She’s Italian.</p><p>Anna.</p><p>She’s 27.</p><p>PAUL</p><p>Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn’t, etc.).</p><p>1 Are you married? ..No Ĵ.TO.M0fc....................</p><p>2 Are you thirsty? .............................................</p><p>3 Is it cold today? ..............................................</p><p>4 Are your hands cold?</p><p>5 Is it dark now? ..........</p><p>6 Are you a teacher? ...</p><p>[13</p><p>I am doing (present continuous)</p><p>V</p><p>She’s eating.</p><p>She isn ’t read ing</p><p>It’s rain ing.</p><p>The sun isn ’t shining.</p><p>The present continuous is:</p><p>a m /is /a re + d o in g /ea ting /runn ing /w riting etc.</p><p>They’re ru n n in g .</p><p>They a ren ’t w alking.</p><p>I am (not) -in g I’m working.</p><p>he Chris is w riting a letter.</p><p>she I is (not) -in g She isn ’t eating, (or She’s n o t eating.)</p><p>it J The phone is ringing.</p><p>we ] We’re having dinner.</p><p>you L are (not) -ing You’re n o t listening to me. (or You a ren ’t ...)</p><p>they J The children are doing their homework.</p><p>a m /is /a re + - in g = something is happening now:</p><p>I’m working</p><p>she’s wearing a hat</p><p>they’re playing football</p><p>I’m not watching television</p><p>p a s t --------------------------------------------------------- n o w --------------------------------------------------------- future</p><p>• Please be quiet. I’m working. (= I’m working now)</p><p>• Look at Sue! She’s wearing her new hat. ( - she is wearing it now)</p><p>• The weather is nice at the moment. It’s n o t raining.</p><p>• ‘Where are the children?’ ‘They’re playing in the park.’</p><p>• (on the phone) We’re having dinner now. Can you phone again later?</p><p>• You can turn off the television. I’m n o t watching it.</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5):</p><p>come —» com ing w rite —> w riting dance —> dancing</p><p>run —> running sit —> sitting swim —» swim m ing</p><p>lie —> lying</p><p>a m /is /a r e => are y o u do in g? (questions) => I a m d o in g and I d o => UJJJJ</p><p>W h a t are y o u d o in g to m o rro w ? =S> UNIT 26</p><p>W ere</p><p>running</p><p>U N IT</p><p>3.1</p><p>3.2</p><p>n -</p><p>3.3</p><p>What are these people doing? Use these verbs to complete the sentences:</p><p>e a t have lie play sit w ait</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>4 ............................on the floor.</p><p>5 breakfast.</p><p>6 on the table.</p><p>stay sw im w ork</p><p>r \</p><p>JANE</p><p>1 She s eating an ;1pple.</p><p>2 H e ............................. ...... ..... .....for a bus.</p><p>3 T h e y ............................................ football.</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs:</p><p>build cook go have stand</p><p>1 Please be quiet. I..**!...</p><p>2 ‘W here’s John?’ ‘H e’s in the kitchen. H e ...............................................’</p><p>3 ‘Y ou ............................ .................on my foot.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’</p><p>4 Look! Som ebody........................................ .....in the river.</p><p>5 We’re here on holiday. W e..............................................at the Central Hotel.</p><p>6 ‘W here’s Ann?’ ‘S h e ..............................................a shower.’</p><p>7 T h e y ............................................. a new theatre in the city centre at the moment.</p><p>8 I ............................................. now. Goodbye.</p><p>Look at the picture. Write sentences</p><p>quickly.</p><p>go h o m e (without to)</p><p>• I’m go ing h o m e now. (not ‘going to home’)</p><p>go to</p><p>go on ..</p><p>holiday</p><p>a trip</p><p>a tour</p><p>an excursion</p><p>a cruise</p><p>strike</p><p>We’re going o n holiday next week.</p><p>Children often go on school trips.</p><p>When we were in Scotland, we w en t on a lo t o f excursions</p><p>to different places.</p><p>The workers have gone on strike. (= they are refusing to</p><p>work)</p><p>go fo r ...</p><p>• ‘Where’s Ann?’ ‘She’s gone fo r a walk.’</p><p>• Do you go fo r a ru n every day?</p><p>• The sea looks nice. Let’s go fo r a sw im .</p><p>• We w en t fo r a d rin k after work yesterday.</p><p>• Shall we go out fo r a meal? I know a good restaurant.</p><p>• They’ve gone to Scotland fo r a holiday.</p><p>(We say ‘on ho lid ay ’ hut ‘fo r a holiday’.)</p><p>a walk</p><p>a run</p><p>go (somewhere) fo r</p><p>a swim</p><p>a drink</p><p>a meal</p><p>a holiday</p><p>D go + - in g</p><p>We use go + - in g for many sports (sw im m ing / sk iing etc.) and also shopping:</p><p>I go</p><p>he is going</p><p>we w ent</p><p>they have gone</p><p>she wants to go</p><p>shopping</p><p>swimming</p><p>fishing</p><p>sailing</p><p>skiing</p><p>jogging etc.</p><p>• Are you go ing shopp ing this afternoon?</p><p>• It’s a nice day. Let’s go sw im m ing , (or Let’s go fo r a swim.)</p><p>• Rachel has a small boat and she often goes sailing.</p><p>• I w en t jo g g in g before breakfast this morning.</p><p>[ 1 1 6 ]</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UN IT</p><p>54</p><p>54.1 Put in to/on/for where necessary.</p><p>1 I’m going ..ifP. .. France next week.</p><p>2 Rachel often goes sailing.</p><p>3 Sue w en t..........Mexico last year.</p><p>4 Would you like to g o .......... the cinema this evening?</p><p>5 Jack goes..........jogging every morning.</p><p>6 I’m going o u t..........a walk. Do you want to come?</p><p>7 I’m tired because I went to a party last night and w en t..........bed very late.</p><p>8 Martin is going..........holiday........... Italy next week.</p><p>9 The weather was warm and the river was clean, so we w en t..........a swim.</p><p>10 There will be no buses next week because the bus drivers are going...........strike.</p><p>1 I I need some stamps, so I’m going........... the post office.</p><p>12 It’s late. I must g o ..........home now.</p><p>13 Would you like to g o ..........a tour of the city?</p><p>14 Shall we go o u t ..........a meal this evening?</p><p>54.2</p><p>15 My parents are going..........a cruise this summer.</p><p>Use the pictures to complete the sentences. Use go/goes/going/went + -ing.</p><p>2 last Saturday 3 every day 4 next month</p><p>RACHEL G E O R G E LINDA</p><p>1 Rachel has a boat. She often goes sojiitnq</p><p>2 Last Saturday Diane w en t.........................................................</p><p>3 George.......................................................every day.</p><p>4 Linda is going on holiday next month. She is ........................................</p><p>5 Peter is going out later. He has t o .........................................................</p><p>6 Sheila.......................................................after work yesterday evening.</p><p>54.3 Use the words in the box to finish these sentences. Use to/on/for if necessary.</p><p>home shopping holiday a swim sleep</p><p>a walk Portugal riding the bank skiing</p><p>The sea looks nice. Let’s go .</p><p>‘Is Ann at home?’ ‘No, she’s gone..................................................to get some money.’</p><p>I’m going..................................................now. 1 have to buy some presents.</p><p>I was very tired last night. I sat down in an armchair and w ent.4</p><p>5 I wasn’t enjoying the party, so I w ent..................................................early.</p><p>6 We live near the mountains. In winter we g o ..................................................every weekend.</p><p>7 Richard has got a horse. He often goes....................................................</p><p>8 The weather is nice. Shall we g o ................................................... in the park?</p><p>9 A: Are you going..................................................soon?</p><p>B: Yes, next month. We’re going....................................................</p><p>[117]</p><p>UN IT</p><p>55 get</p><p>get a le tte r / get a jo b etc. (get + noun) = receive/buy/fetch/find:</p><p>• ‘Did you get my letter?’ ‘Yes, I g o t it yesterday.’ (= receive)</p><p>• I like your pullover. Where did you get it? (= buy)</p><p>• (on the phone) ‘Hello, can 1 speak to Ann, please?’ ‘One moment. I’ll get her.’ (= fetch)</p><p>• It’s difficult to get a job at the moment. (— find)</p><p>also get a bus / a tra in / a taxi (— take a bus/train etc.):</p><p>• ‘Did you come here on foot.?’ ‘No, I g o t the bus.’</p><p>get h u n g ry / ge t co ld / ge t tired etc. (get + adjective) = become:</p><p>you get h u n g ry</p><p>you are h u n g ry</p><p>• If you don’t eat, you ge t h ung ry .</p><p>• Drink your coffee. It’s g e ttin g cold.</p><p>• I’m sorry your mother is ill. I hope she gets b e tte r soon.</p><p>• We g o t very w et because we didn’t have an umbrella.</p><p>also get m a rr ie d • Linda and Frank are g e ttin g m a rr ie d soon,</p><p>get dressed (= put your clothes on) • I got up and g o t dressed quickly,</p><p>get lost (= lose your way) • We went for a walk and go t lost.</p><p>get to a place = arrive: i-----,</p><p>I usually get to w ork before 8.30. (= arrive at work) |</p><p>/</p><p>• We left London at 10 o’clock and go t to M anchester /</p><p>at 12.45. /</p><p>• How did you get here? By bus?</p><p>get h o m e (without to):</p><p>• What time did you get h o m e last night?</p><p>get in /o u t /o n /o f f</p><p>get in (a car) get o u t (o f a car) get on get o ff</p><p>(a bus / a train / a plane)</p><p>• Kate g o t in the car and drove away. (You can also say: Kate got in to the car ...)</p><p>• A car stopped and a man g o t ou t. (but A man got out o f the car.)</p><p>• We g o t on the bus outside the hotel and g o t o ff in Church Street.</p><p>[ 1 1 8 1 g e t to UNIT 101 in / o u t / o n /o f f = > UNITS 103,107 g et up UNIT 107 g e t o n : APPENDIX 6</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES 5 5</p><p>55.1 Complete these sentences. Use get(s) and choose from the box.</p><p>a taxi my-k-tter some milk a doctor</p><p>your jacket a good salary a ticket thejob</p><p>1 I wrote to you last week. Did you .jet..my. Letter ?</p><p>2 Where did you .................................................................. ? It’s very nice.</p><p>3 Quick! This man is ill. We m ust..................................................................</p><p>4 I don’t want to walk home. Let’s ..................................................................</p><p>5 I had an interview with the manager hut I didn’t ......................................</p><p>6 When you go out, can you .................................................................. ?</p><p>7 ‘Are you going to the concert?’ ‘Yes, if I can .............................</p><p>8 Margaret has got a well-paid job. She....................................................................</p><p>55.2 Complete these sentences. Use getting + one of these words:</p><p>dark late e old ready m arried</p><p>1 Drink your coffee. It’s 9 ^ ^ 9 ...</p><p>2 Turn on the light. It’s ....................................................................</p><p>3 ‘I’m .................................................................. next week.’ ‘Oh, really? Congratulations!’</p><p>4 ‘Where’s Sally?’ ‘She’s .................................................................. to go out.’</p><p>5 It’s .................................................................... It’s time to go home.</p><p>55.3 Complete the sentences. Use get/got + one of these words:</p><p>ang ry b e tte r h u n g ry lost m a rrie d nervous o ld w et</p><p>1 If you don’t eat, you ...9^</p><p>2 Don’t go out in the rain. You’l l ....................................................................</p><p>3 My brother.................................................................. last year. His wife’s name is Julia.</p><p>4 Why did y o u .................................................................. with me? I didn’t do anything wrong.</p><p>5 We tried to find the hotel but w e..................................................................</p><p>6 Everybody wants to stay young but we all....................................................................</p><p>7 The beginning of the film wasn’t very good but i t ....................................................................</p><p>8 Most people.................................................................. before examinations.</p><p>55.4 Write sentences with I</p><p>le ft ... and got to . . . .</p><p>1 home / 7.30 —> work / 8.15 .^..7 - ..tp work .ftt S;15r</p><p>2 London / 10.15 —> Bristol / 11.45</p><p>I left London at 10 .15 and ..............................................................................................................</p><p>3 the party / I 1.15 —> home / midnight</p><p>4 Write a true sentence about yourself.</p><p>I le ft..................................................................................................................................................</p><p>55.5 Put in got in / got out of / got on / got off.</p><p>1 Kate gokJ*1...the car and drove away.</p><p>2 I ............................................the bus and walked to my house from the bus stop.</p><p>3 A nn............................................the car, shut the door and went into a shop.</p><p>4 I made a stupid mistake. I ............................................ the wrong train.</p><p>[119]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>56 do and make</p><p>« D o is a general word for actions:</p><p>• What are you d o in g this evening? (not ‘What are you making?’)</p><p>• ‘Shall I open the window?’ ‘No, it’s OK. I’ll do it.’</p><p>• Julia’s job is very boring. She does the same thing every day.</p><p>• I d id a lot of things yesterday.</p><p>W hat do you do? = What’s your job?:</p><p>• ‘What do you do?’ ‘I work in a bank.’</p><p>B M ake - produce/create. For example:</p><p>She’s m ak in g coffee. He has m ad e a cake. They m ake umbrellas. It was m ad e in France.</p><p>Compare do and m ake:</p><p>• I d id a lot of things yesterday. I cleaned my room, 1 w ro te some letters and I m ad e a</p><p>cake.</p><p>• A: What do you do in your free time? Sport? Reading? Hobbies?</p><p>B: I m ake clothes. I m ake dresses and jackets. I also m ake toys for children.</p><p>D</p><p>Expressions with do</p><p>an exam (examination) / a test • I’m d o in g m y d riv ing test next week.</p><p>a course • John has just do n e a tra in in g course.</p><p>do homework • Have the children d o n e th e ir hom ew ork?</p><p>(somebody) a favour • Ann, could you do m e a favour?</p><p>exercises • I go for a run and d o exercises every morning.</p><p>housework • I hate d o in g housew ork , especially cleaning.</p><p>also do the shopp ing / the w ashing / the w ash ing -up / the iro n in g / the cook ing etc.:</p><p>• 1 d id the w ashing but I didn’t do the shopping .</p><p>Expressions with m ake</p><p>a mistake</p><p>an appointment</p><p>m ake a phone call</p><p>a list</p><p>a noise</p><p>a bed</p><p>I’m sorry, I m ad e a m istake.</p><p>I must m ake an a p p o in tm e n t to see the doctor.</p><p>Excuse me, I have to m ake a p h o n e call.</p><p>Have you m ad e a sho p p in g list?</p><p>It’s late. We mustn’t m ake a noise.</p><p>Sometimes 1 forget to m ake m y b ed in the morning.</p><p>We say m ake a film but take a p h o to g rap h :</p><p>• When was th is film m ade? but When was th is p h o to g ra p h taken?</p><p>[120] d o /d o e s/d id (negatives and questions) : units 42-43 m ake som ebody do som eth ing :</p><p>56.1 Put in make/making/made or do/doing/did/done.</p><p>1 ‘Shall 1 open the window?’ ‘No, it’s OK. I’ll A ? . it.’</p><p>2 What did you ...........................at the weekend? Did you go away?</p><p>3 Do you know how to ...........................bread?</p><p>4 Paper is .......................... from wood.</p><p>5 Richard didn’t help me. He sat in an armchair and ...........................nothing.</p><p>6 ‘What do you ...........................?’ ‘I’m a doctor.’</p><p>7 I asked you to clean the bathroom. Have y o u .......................... it?</p><p>8 ‘What do they.......................... in that factory?’ ‘Shoes.’</p><p>9 I’m .......................... some coffee. Would you like some?</p><p>10 Why are you angry with me? I didn’t ...........................anything wrong.</p><p>11 ‘What arc y o u ...........................tomorrow afternoon?’ ‘I’m working.’</p><p>56.2 What are these people doing?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>56</p><p>1 He’s making a. caJce.. 7</p><p>2 T hey ............................................................... 8 ..............</p><p>3 He.!................................................................. 9 ..............</p><p>4 10 ..............</p><p>5 11 ..............</p><p>6 12 .................</p><p>56.3 Putin make or do in the correct form.</p><p>1 I hate .ApixyQ... housework, especially cleaning.</p><p>2 Why do you always........................... the same mistake?</p><p>3 ‘Can you ...........................me a favour?’ ‘It depends what it is.’</p><p>4 ‘Have y ou ...........................your homework?’ ‘Not yet.’</p><p>5 I need to see the dentist but I haven’t ...........................an appointment.</p><p>6 I’m .......................... a course in photography at the moment. It’s very good.</p><p>7 The last time I ...........................an exam was ten years ago.</p><p>8 When you’ve finished Exercise 1, you can ...........................Exercise 2.</p><p>9 There’s something wrong with the car. The engine is ...........................a strange noise.</p><p>10 It was a bad mistake. It was the worst mistake I’ve ever.............................</p><p>11 Let’s ...........................a list of all the things we have t o ............................today.</p><p>[121]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>57 have</p><p>B</p><p>have and have go t (=> U nit 9)</p><p>I ’ve go t (something) or I have (something) = it is mine:</p><p>• I’ve go t a new car. or I have a new car.</p><p>• Sue has g o t long hair, or Sue has long hair.</p><p>• Have they g o t any children? or D o they have any children?</p><p>• Tim hasn ’t g o t a job. or Tim d o esn ’t have a job.</p><p>• How much time have you got? or How much time do you have?</p><p>also</p><p>I’ve got</p><p>I have</p><p>a headache / (a) toothache / a stomach ache / a pain (in my leg etc.)</p><p>a cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature / flu etc.</p><p>• i’ve g o t a headache, or I have a headache.</p><p>• H ave you g o t a cold? or D o you have a cold?</p><p>The past is: I had (without ‘got’) / I d id n ’t have / D id you have? etc.:</p><p>• W hen I first met Sue, she had short hair.</p><p>• He d id n ’t have any money because he d id n ’t have a job.</p><p>• How much time d id you have?</p><p>have breakfast / have a show er etc.</p><p>In these expressions have = eat/drink/take etc. You cannot use ‘have got’.</p><p>have</p><p>breakfast / lunch / dinner</p><p>a meal / a sandwich / a pizza etc.</p><p>a cup o f coffee / a glass o f milk etc.</p><p>something to eat/drink</p><p>‘W here’s Ann?’ ‘She’s hav ing lunch.’</p><p>I d o n ’t usually have breakfast.</p><p>I had three cups o f coffee this morning.</p><p>'H ave a biscuit!’ ‘Oh, thank you.’</p><p>We also use have (not ‘have got’) in these expressions:</p><p>a bath / a shower •</p><p>a rest / a holiday / a party</p><p>a nice time / a good journey etc.</p><p>•</p><p>have a walk / a swim / a game (of tennis etc.) •</p><p>a dream / an accident •</p><p>a baby •</p><p>a look ( a t ...) •</p><p>I had a shower this morning.</p><p>We’re hav ing a party next week. You</p><p>must come.</p><p>Enjoy your holiday. H ave a nice time!</p><p>D id you have a good time in London?</p><p>Sandra has just h ad a baby.</p><p>Can I have a look at your newspaper?</p><p>Compare I ’ve g o t and I have:</p><p>• I’ve g o t / I have a new shower. It’s very good.</p><p>(You can use I ’ve g o t or I have in this sentence.)</p><p>• I have a shower every morning, (not ‘I’ve g o t’)</p><p>• A: W here’s Paul?</p><p>B: H e’s hav ing a shower. (= he’s washing now)</p><p>fVrr\ Having a \̂</p><p>V. shower. J</p><p>SrS&l</p><p>[122] I have / I ’ve got => I’ve (done) (present pcrfect) => UNITS 15-18 I have to ... => UNIT 34</p><p>57.1</p><p>57.2</p><p>Put in the correct form of have or have got.</p><p>1 ..!...4i4^..t..h^yer. .. time to do the shopping yesterday.</p><p>2 'Has Lisa, got (OR Does Lisa ha-ye)'...a car?’ ‘No, she can’t drive.’</p><p>3 He can’t open the door................................................... a key.</p><p>4 a cold last week. H e’s better now.</p><p>5 What’s wrong? ............................................. a headache?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>57</p><p>(1 / not / have)</p><p>(Lisa / have?)</p><p>(lie / not / have)</p><p>(George / have)</p><p>(you / have?)</p><p>6 We wanted to go by taxi but w e ............................................ enough money, (wc / not / have)</p><p>7 Liz is very busy. ............................................. much free time.</p><p>8 any problems when you were on holiday?</p><p>(she / not / have)</p><p>(you / have?)</p><p>What are these people doing? Choose from the list:</p><p>a rest a cup o f tea a ba th d in n er a n ice tim e</p><p>1 They're Having b r e a k fa s</p><p>t .</p><p>2 She ..........................................</p><p>3 H e ...........................................</p><p>4 They</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>57.3 What do you say in these situations?</p><p>1 Ann is going on holiday. W hat do you say to her before she goes?</p><p>Have a n ^ HoUd̂ Uj!</p><p>2 You meet Claire at the airport. She has just got off her plane. Ask her about the flight.</p><p>Did, you Have a, good, -flight?...</p><p>3 Tom is going on a longjourney. What do you say to him before he leaves?</p><p>4 It’s Monday morning. You are at work. Ask Paula about her weekend.</p><p>5 Paul has just come home after playing tennis with a friend. Ask him about the game.</p><p>6 Rachel is going out for a meal tonight. W hat do you say to her before she goes?</p><p>57.4 Complete the sentences. Use have/had and choose from the list.</p><p>an acciden t a glass o f w ater a lo o k a w alk a- p&r ty so m e th in g to ea t</p><p>1 We had, a. p a riy ...a few weeks ago. We invited fifty people.</p><p>2 ‘Shall w e ..................................................................... ?’ ‘No, I ’m not hungry.’</p><p>3 1 was thirsty, so I .......................................................................</p><p>4 I like to get up early a n d .....................................................................before breakfast.</p><p>5 Tina is a very good driver. She has never.......................................................................</p><p>6 There’s something wrong with the engine o f my car. Can y o u ............................................ at it?</p><p>[ 123]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>58 I/me he/him they/them etc.</p><p>subject I we you he she they</p><p>object m e us you h im h e r them</p><p>subject object</p><p>I I know Ann. Ann knows m e. m e</p><p>we We know Ann. Ann knows us. us</p><p>you You know Ann. Ann knows you. you</p><p>he H e knows Ann. Ann knows h im . h im</p><p>she She knows Ann. Ann knows her. her</p><p>they T hey know Ann. Ann knows them . th em</p><p>it they</p><p>it th em</p><p>• I don’t want th is b o o k . You can have it.</p><p>• I don’t want these books. You can have them .</p><p>• Diane never drinks m ilk. She doesn’t like it.</p><p>• I never go to parties . 1 don’t like them .</p><p>C We use m e /h e r / th e m etc. (object) after a preposition ( fo r /to /w ith etc.):</p><p>• This letter isn’t fo r m e. It’s fo r you.</p><p>• W ho is that woman? Why are you looking at her?</p><p>• We’re going to the cinema. Do you want to come w ith us?</p><p>• Sue and Kevin are going to the cinema. Do you want to go w ith them ?</p><p>• ‘ W here’s the newspaper?’ ‘You’re sitting on it.’</p><p>give i t / th e m to ...</p><p>• I want that book. Please give i t to m e.</p><p>• Robert wants these books. Can you give th e m to h im , please?</p><p>11 2 4 1 m y /h is /th e ir etc. Give m e th a t book / Give i t to m e => UNIT 95</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>58.1 Finish the sentences with him/her/them.</p><p>1 I don’t know those girls. Do you know ?</p><p>2 I don’t know that man. Do you k n o w ............................?</p><p>3 I don’t know those people. Do you k n o w ............................?</p><p>4 I don’t know David’s wife. Do you k n o w ............................?</p><p>5 I don’t know M r Stevens. Do you k n o w ............................?</p><p>6 I don’t know Sarah’s parents. Do you k n o w ............................?</p><p>7 I don’t know the woman with the black coat. Do you know ....</p><p>~\</p><p>58.2 Complete the sentences. Use l/me/you/she/her etc.</p><p>1 I want to see h e r but sh e doesn’t want to see tY’e .</p><p>[___________1 - d _____________________ _ J</p><p>2 T hey want to see m e b u t ............................don’t want to see ....</p><p>3 She wants to see h im b u t ............................doesn’t want to see .</p><p>4 We want to see th em b u t ............................don’t want to see ....</p><p>5 H e wants to see us b u t ............................don’t want to se e .........</p><p>6 T hey want to see h e r b u t ............................doesn’t want to see</p><p>7 I want to see th e m b u t ............................don’t want to see .........</p><p>8 You want to see h e r b u t ............................doesn’t want to see ....</p><p>58.3 Write sentences beginning I like . . . , I don’t l ik e ... or Do you l ik e ... ?</p><p>1 I don’t eat tomatoes. ...I don fc tike ttieni ....</p><p>2 George is a very nice man. I lik e ................................................</p><p>3 This jacket isn’t very nice. 1 don’t ................................................</p><p>4 This is my new car. D o ..............................................?</p><p>5 Mrs Clark is not very friendly. 1 ................................................</p><p>6 These are my new shoes................................................. ?</p><p>58.4 Complete the sentences. Use l/me/he/him etc.</p><p>1 W ho is that woman? W hy are you looking at h y . ?</p><p>2 ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes, 1 work w ith ........................ ’</p><p>3 W here are the tickets? I can’t f in d ........................</p><p>4 I can’t find my keys. W here a re ...................... ?</p><p>5 We’re going out. You can come w ith .........................</p><p>6 Margaret likes music...........................plays the piano.</p><p>7 I don’t like dogs. I’m afraid o f .........................</p><p>8 I’m talking to you. Please listen t o .........................</p><p>9 Where is Ann? I want to talk t o .........................</p><p>10 My brother has a new jo b ............................doesn’t lik e ........................very much.</p><p>58.5 Complete the sentences.</p><p>1 I want that book. Can you S ^ e jn e ?</p><p>2 He wants the key. Can you g ive..................................................................... ?</p><p>3 She wants the keys. Can y o u .....................................................................?</p><p>4 I want that letter. Can y o u ..................................................................... ?</p><p>5 They want the money. Can y o u ..................................................................... ?</p><p>6 We want the photographs. Can y o u ..................................................................... ?</p><p>UNIT</p><p>59 my/his/their etc.</p><p>I —> m y I like m y job.</p><p>we —̂ o u r We like o u r jobs.</p><p>you —> your You like your job.</p><p>he his He likes his job.</p><p>she -» her She likes h er job.</p><p>they —> their They like th e ir jobs.</p><p>it its Oxford (= it:) s famous for its</p><p>B</p><p>We use m y /y o u r/h is etc. + a noun:</p><p>m y hands his m other</p><p>o u r house your best friend</p><p>h is /h e r/th e ir</p><p>h e r new car</p><p>th e ir room</p><p>D lA N t</p><p>h e r car</p><p>(= Diane’s car)</p><p>h e r husband</p><p>•\ (= Diane’s</p><p>' husband)</p><p>h e r children</p><p>(= Diane’s</p><p>children)</p><p>A n d y</p><p>his bicycle</p><p>his sister</p><p>his parents</p><p>M r a n d M r s T h o m s o n</p><p>th e ir son</p><p>th e ir daughter</p><p>th e ir children</p><p>w its and i t ’s</p><p>its Oxford is famous for its university.</p><p>i t ’s (= it is) I like Oxford. I t ’s a nice city. (= It is a nice city.)</p><p>[126] m ine/you rs etc. => E u L i i I /m e /m y /m in e => lU UUl</p><p>59.1</p><p>59.2</p><p>Finish these sentences.</p><p>1 I’m going to wash h(kx\</p><p>son lives in Australia.</p><p>4 We re going to have a party. We’re going to invite a ll ................ friends.</p><p>5 Ann is going out w ith ................ friends this evening.</p><p>6 1 like tennis. It’s ................ favourite sport.</p><p>7 ‘Is th a t................ car?’ ‘No, I haven’t got a car.’</p><p>8 I want to phone Ann. Do you k n o w .................phone number?</p><p>9 Do you think most people are happy i n ................ jobs?</p><p>10 I’m going to w ash................ hair before I go out.</p><p>11 This is a beautiful tree...................... leaves are a beautiful colour.</p><p>12 John has a brother and a sister......................brother is 25 a n d ..................sister is 21.</p><p>59.5 Complete the sentences. Use my/his/their etc. with one of these words:</p><p>coa t h o m ew o rk house husband Jo b key n am e</p><p>1 Jim doesn’t enjoy . h ^ jpb ..... it’s not very interesting.</p><p>2 I can’t open the door. I haven’t g o t ......................................................</p><p>3 Sally is m arried......................................................... works in a bank.</p><p>4 It’s very cold today. Put o n ....................................................when you go out.</p><p>5 ‘W hat are the children doing?’ ‘They’re d o ing .....................................................’</p><p>6 ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes, but I don’t k n o w .....................................................’</p><p>7 We live in Barton Street......................................................... is at the end on the left.</p><p>|127|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>E y J Whose is this? It’s mine/yours/hers etc.</p><p>Wc use m y /y o u r etc. + a noun (my hands / y ou r b o o k etc.):</p><p>• M y hands are cold.</p><p>• Is this your book?</p><p>• Ann gave me her um brella .</p><p>• It’s th e ir p rob lem , not o u r p rob lem .</p><p>We use m in e /y o u rs etc. without a noun:</p><p>• Is this book m ine or yours? (= my book or your book)</p><p>• I didn’t have an umbrella, so Ann gave me hers. (= her umbrella)</p><p>• It’s their problem, not ours. (= not our problem)</p><p>• We went in our car and they went in theirs. (= their car)</p><p>You can use his with or without a noun:</p><p>• ‘Is this his cam era or hers?’ ‘It’s his.</p><p>D</p><p>a friend o f m in e / a friend o f his / some friends o f yours etc.</p><p>• I went out to meet a friend o f m ine. (not. ‘a friend o f m e’)</p><p>• Tom was with a friend o f his. (not ‘a friend o f him ’)</p><p>• Are those people friends o f yours? (not ‘friends o f you’)</p><p>W hose .. . ?</p><p>• W hose b o o k is this? ( - Is it your book? his book? my book? etc.)</p><p>You can use w hose with or w ithout a noun:</p><p>• W hose m o n ey is this? , T ,' ' Its mine.W hose is this?</p><p>• W hose shoes are these?</p><p>W hose are these? They’re John’s.</p><p>[128| m y /h is /th e ir etc. UNIT 59 I /m e /m y /m in e => IUNIT 61 A n n ’s c am e ra / m y b ro th e r ’s c a r => IUNIT 63</p><p>I —» m y —> m ine</p><p>we —> o u r —» ours</p><p>you —> your —> yours</p><p>he —> his —> his</p><p>she —> her —> hers</p><p>they —> th e ir —> theirs</p><p>It’s m y money.</p><p>It’s o u r money.</p><p>It’s your money.</p><p>It’s his money.</p><p>It’s her money.</p><p>It’s th e ir money.</p><p>It’s m ine .</p><p>It’s ours.</p><p>It’s yours.</p><p>It’s his.</p><p>It’s hers.</p><p>It’s theirs.</p><p>UNIT</p><p>60</p><p>. 60.1 Finish the sentences with mine/yours etc.</p><p>1 It’s your money. It’s 5</p><p>2 It’s my bag. It’s ....................................................... 6</p><p>3 It’s our car. It’s ....................................................... 7</p><p>4 They’re her shoes. They’r e .................................. 8</p><p>' 60.2 Choose the right word.</p><p>1 It’s their/-t-hetfs-problem, not ea r/o u rs . their and ours are right</p><p>2 This is a nice camera. Is it your/yours?</p><p>3 That’s not m y/mine umbrella. M y/M ine is black.</p><p>4 Whose books are these? Your/Yours or m y/m ine?</p><p>5 Catherine is going out with her/hers friends this evening.</p><p>6 M y/M ine room is bigger than her/hers.</p><p>7 They’ve got two children but I don’t know their/theirs names.</p><p>8 Can we use your washing machine? Q ur/O urs is broken.</p><p>60.3 Finish these sentences. Use friend(s) of mine/yours etc.</p><p>1 I went to the cinema with a o f wu^e-....</p><p>2 They went on holiday with some frtewd.s o f the irs.</p><p>3 She’s going out with a friend .............................................................</p><p>4 We had dinner with some ..................................................................</p><p>5 I played tennis with a ..........................................................................</p><p>6 Tom is going to meet a .......................................................................</p><p>7 Do you know those people? Are th e y ..............................................</p><p>> 60.4 Look at the pictures. What are the people saying?</p><p>It’s their house. It’s ................</p><p>They’re your books. They’re</p><p>They’re my glasses. They’re ..</p><p>It’s his coat. It’s ......................</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>61 l/me/my/mine</p><p>(=>U nit58) (=> Unit 58) (=> Unit 59) (=> Unit 60)</p><p>• ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes, I know h im but I can’t remember his nam e.’</p><p>• She was very pleased because we invited h e r to stay with us at o u r house.</p><p>• A: Where arc the children? Have you seen them ?</p><p>B: Yes, they are playing with th e ir friends in the park.</p><p>• That’s m y pen. Can you give it to m e, please?</p><p>• ‘Is this y o u r um brella?’ ‘No, it’s yours.’</p><p>• H e didn’t have an umbrella, so she gave h im hers. (= she gave her umbrella to him)</p><p>• I ’m meeting a friend o f m in e this evening, (not ‘a friend o f me’)</p><p>m yself/yourself etc. => UNIT 62 Give m e that book / Give it to m e => UNIT 95</p><p>61.1 Answer the questions in the same way.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>61</p><p>[ Do you know</p><p>names.</p><p>Yes. I kMW Hirifi bwfc I can’t remember his</p><p>notme.</p><p>Yes, I k n o w ..................................but I can’t</p><p>rem em ber........................................................</p><p>know me?</p><p>Do you know</p><p>that woman?</p><p>Do you</p><p>know those</p><p>I people?</p><p>61.2 Finish these sentences in the same way.</p><p>1 Wc invited her w& 0Mr House.</p><p>2 He invited us to stay w ith ............................................. house.</p><p>3 They invited me to stay w ith .................................... .........house.</p><p>4 I invited th e m ..............................................................</p><p>5 She invited u s ..............................................................</p><p>6 Did you invite h im .....................................................</p><p>61.3 Complete the sentences in the same way.</p><p>1 I gave him ... TT?iJ address and he gave me h is .</p><p>2 I gave h e r .......... . address and she gave me ...........................................</p><p>3 He gave m e ...... ... address and I gave....................................................</p><p>4 We gave th e m ........... address and they gave..........................................</p><p>5 She gave h im ... ......address and .............................................................</p><p>6 You gave u s ....... ...address a n d ................................................................</p><p>7 They gave you ........... address and ..........................................................</p><p>61.4 Put in him/her/yours etc.</p><p>1 W here’s Ann? Have you seen !?.?£.. ?</p><p>2 W here are my keys? W here did I p u t ................ ?</p><p>3 This letter is for Bill. Can you give it t o ................ ?</p><p>4 We wrote to John but he didn’t answer................ letter.</p><p>5 ‘1 can’t find my pen. Can I u se ................ ?’ ‘Yes, o f course.’</p><p>6 We’re going to the cinema. W hy don’t you come w ith ..........</p><p>7 Did your sister pass................ exams?</p><p>8 Some people talk a b o u t................ jobs all die time.</p><p>9 Last night I went out for a meal with a friend o f ..................</p><p>1131]</p><p>myself/yourself/themselves etc.</p><p>H e’s looking at him self. Help yourself! They’re enjoying them selves.</p><p>I —> m e —> m yself • I looked at m yse lf in the mirror.</p><p>he —> him —> h im se lf • H e cut h im se lf with a knife.</p><p>she —» h er h e rse lf • She fell off her bike but she didn’t hurt herself.</p><p>you —> you --> [ you rse lf • Please help yourself, (one person)</p><p>L yourselves • Please help yourselves, (two or more people)</p><p>we —> us ourselves • We had a good holiday. We enjoyed ourselves.</p><p>they th em</p><p>—» them selves • They had a nice time. T hey enjoyed them selves</p><p>Compare:</p><p>m e /h im /th e m etc.</p><p>1— different people</p><p>• You never talk to m e.</p><p>• I didn’t pay for them .</p><p>• Did I hurt you?</p><p>h im |</p><p>m yse lf/h im se lf/them selves etc.</p><p>H e is looking at h im se lf</p><p>J- the same person</p><p>• Sometimes I talk to myself.</p><p>• They paid for them selves.</p><p>• Be careful. D on’t hurt yourself.</p><p>by m yse lf / by yourse lf etc. = alone:</p><p>• I went on holiday by m yself. (= I went alone)</p><p>• ‘Was she with friends?’ ‘No, she was by herself.’</p><p>each o th e r</p><p>• Jill and Ann are good friends. They know each o th e r well.</p><p>(= Jill knows Ann /A nn knows Jill)</p><p>• Paul and I live near each o ther. (= he lives near me / I live near him)</p><p>Compare each o th e r and -selves:</p><p>STEVE</p><p>• Steve and Sue looked at each other.</p><p>(= he looked at her / she looked at him)</p><p>• Steve and Sue looked at themselves.</p><p>(= he looked at himself / she looked at herself)</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>62</p><p>62>1 Finish the sentences with myself/yourself etc.</p><p>1 He looked at in the mirror.</p><p>2 I’m not angry with you. I’m angry w ith ....................................</p><p>3 Margaret had a nice time in London. She enjoyed....................................</p><p>4 My friends had a nice time in London. They enjoyed....................................</p><p>5 I picked up a very hot plate and b u rn t....................................</p><p>6 He never thinks about other people. He only thinks a b o u t....................................</p><p>7 I want to know more about you. Tell me a b o u t....................................(one person)</p><p>8 Goodbye! Have a nice holiday and look after..................................! (two people)</p><p>62-2 Write sentences with by myself / by yourself etc.</p><p>1 I went on holiday alone. 1 went on Holulay by myself.</p><p>2 When I saw him, he was alone. W hen 1 saw him, he ...................................................................</p><p>3 D on’t go out alone. D on’t .............................................................................................</p><p>4 1 went to the cinema alone. I ................................................................................................................</p><p>5 My sister lives alone. Mv sister.......................................................................................</p><p>6 Many people live alone. Many p e o p le ...............................................................................</p><p>62-3 Write sentences with each other.</p><p>62*4 Complete the sentences. Use: each other or ourselves/yourselves/themselves or us/you/them.</p><p>1 Paul and 1 live near ....</p><p>2 W ho ar.e those people? Do you know .... ?</p><p>3 You can help Tom and Tom can help you. So you and Tom can h e lp ....................................</p><p>4 There’s food in the kitchen. If you and Chris are hungry, you can h e lp ....................................</p><p>5 We didn’t go to Ann’s party. She didn’t inv ite ....................................</p><p>6 W hen we go on holiday, we always en joy ....................................</p><p>7 Mary and Jane were at school together but they never see ..................................now.</p><p>8 Diane and I are very good friends. We’ve k n o w n ..................................for a long time.</p><p>9 ‘Did you see David and Diane at the party?’ ‘Yes, but I didn’t speak t o ....................................’</p><p>10 Many people talk t o ..................................when they’re alone.</p><p>[133]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>63 - ’s (Ann’s camera / my brother’s car etc.)</p><p>B</p><p>Ann’s camera my brother’s car the manager’s office</p><p>(her camera) (his car) (his or h e r office)</p><p>We normally use - ’s for people:</p><p>® I stayed at m y sister’s house, (not ‘the house o f my sister’)</p><p>® Have you met M r Kelly’s wife? (not ‘the wife o f M r Kelly’)</p><p>® Are you going to Jam e s’s party?</p><p>• Paul is a m a n ’s name. Paula is a w o m a n ’s name.</p><p>You can use - ’s without a noun after it:</p><p>• Mary’s hair is longer than A n n ’s. (= Ann’s hair)</p><p>• ‘Whose umbrella is this?’ ‘It’s m y m o th e r ’s.’ (= my m other’s umbrella)</p><p>® ‘W here were you last night?’ ‘I was at P au l’s.’ (= Paul’s house)</p><p>friend’s and friends’</p><p>my friend’s house = one friend</p><p>( - his house or her house)</p><p>We write - ’s after</p><p>f r ie n d /s tu d e n t/m o th e r etc. (singular):</p><p>my m other’s car (one mother)</p><p>my father’s car (onefather)</p><p>my friends’ house = two or more friends</p><p>(= th e ir house)</p><p>We write - ’ after</p><p>friends/students/parents etc. (plural):</p><p>my parents’ car (two parents)</p><p>We use o f ... for things, places etc.:</p><p>• Look at the roof o f th a t bu ild ing , (not ‘that building’s roof’)</p><p>• We didn’t see the beginning o f the film, (not ‘the film’s beginning’)</p><p>• W hat’s the name o f this village?</p><p>• Do you know the cause o f the prob lem ?</p><p>• You can sit in the back o f the car.</p><p>• Madrid is the capital o f Spain.</p><p>[134] m ine/yours etc. => EyuU J w hose ...?= > I'iTOH1! - ’s (he’s / M ary’s etc.] APPENDIX 4.5</p><p>s 63.1 Look at the family tree. Write sentences about the people in the family.</p><p>1 (Brian/husband) ...I* Mary’s busbaMci,</p><p>2 (Julia/mother) Jutta> is Daniel’s mother.</p><p>3 (Mary/wife) Mary i s ........................................ wife.</p><p>4 (James/brother) Jam es ...................................................</p><p>5 (James/uncle) .................................................. uncle.</p><p>6 (Julia/wife) Ju lia ..........................................................</p><p>7 (Mary/grandmother)</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES 63</p><p>8 (Julia/sister) .......</p><p>9 (Paul/husband) ...</p><p>10 (Paul/father) ......</p><p>11 (Daniel/nephew)</p><p>63.2 Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use one word only.</p><p>^(DANIEL</p><p>Mary and Brian are married.</p><p>They have a son, James, and a</p><p>daughter, Julia.</p><p>Julia is married to Paul.</p><p>Julia and Paul have a son, Daniel.</p><p>1 Whose is this?</p><p>Alice’s</p><p>Whose is this?</p><p>And this?</p><p>And these? 6̂ And these?</p><p>63.3 Are these sentences OK? Correct the sentences where necessary.</p><p>1 I stayed at( the house of my sister.']</p><p>2 W hat is the name of this village?</p><p>3 Do you like the colour o f this coat?</p><p>4 Do you know the phone number o f Bill?</p><p>5 The job o f my brother is very interesting.</p><p>6 W rite your name at the top o f the page.</p><p>7 For me the m orning is the best part of the day.</p><p>8 The favourite colour of Paula is blue.</p><p>9 W hen is the birthday o f your mother?</p><p>10 The house o f my parents isn’t very big.</p><p>11 The walls o f this house are very thin.</p><p>12 The car stopped at the end o f the street.</p><p>13 Are you going to the party7 o f Silvia next week?</p><p>14 The manager o f the hotel is on holiday at the moment.</p><p>my s is te r’s House</p><p>OK</p><p>DIANEANDY ALICE DAVID</p><p>[135 ]</p><p>a /a n ...</p><p>B</p><p>'A r J - U -Mu</p><p>4 J - U -</p><p>\</p><p>It’s a beautiful dav.</p><p>a ... = one thing or person:</p><p>• Alice works in a bank. (not ‘in bank’,)</p><p>• Can I ask a question? (not ‘ask question’,)</p><p>• I haven’t got a car.</p><p>• There’s a w om an at the bus stop.</p><p>an (not ‘a’) before a /e / i /o /u :</p><p>• Do you want an apple or a banana?</p><p>• I’m going to buy a hat and an umbrella.</p><p>• There was an interesting programme on TV last night.</p><p>also an h o u r (h is not pronounced: an (h)our)</p><p>but a university (pronounced yuniversity)</p><p>a E uropean country (pronounced yuropean)</p><p>a n o th e r (= an + other) is one word:</p><p>• Can I have a n o th e r cup o f tea?</p><p>We use a /a n ... when we say what a thing or a person is. For example:</p><p>• The sun is a star.</p><p>• Football is a gam e.</p><p>• Dallas is a city in Texas.</p><p>• A mouse is an an im al. It’s a sm all an im al. /-T,‘</p><p>• Joe is a very nice person . ^</p><p>We use a /a n ... for jobs etc.:</p><p>• A: W hat’s your job?</p><p>B: I’m a dentist, (not ‘I’m dentist.’)</p><p>• ‘What does Mark do?’ ‘H e’s an eng ineer.’</p><p>• Would you like to be a teacher?</p><p>• Beethoven was a com poser.</p><p>• Picasso was a fam ous pain ter.</p><p>• Are you a student?</p><p>[136] a car / som e m oney (countable/uncountable); u n its 66-67 a and the</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>64</p><p>64.1 Write a or an.</p><p>1 on.... 0ld book</p><p>2 window</p><p>3 horse</p><p>4 airport</p><p>5 new airport</p><p>6 organisation</p><p>7 university</p><p>8 hour</p><p>9 economic problem</p><p>64.2 What are these things? Choose from the list.</p><p>U\rAtrrrcr fruit</p><p>mountain river musical instrument</p><p>flower game planet tool vegetable</p><p>64.4</p><p>1 A duck is . bird</p><p>2 A carrot i s ............</p><p>3 Tennis i s ...............</p><p>4 A hammer is .......</p><p>5 Everest i s ..............</p><p>6 Jupiter i s ...........</p><p>7 A pear i s ...........</p><p>8 The Amazon is</p><p>9 A rose i s ............</p><p>10 A trum pet i s ....</p><p>64.3 What are their jobs? Choose from the list and finish the sentences.</p><p>dentist electrician nurse photographer private detective shop assistant taxi driver</p><p>1 SHes a. d e n t is t.</p><p>2 H e’s .....................</p><p>3 S h e .......................</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>....................................................................... 8 And you? I’m .</p><p>Make sentences. Choose from Box A and Box B. Use a/an where necessary.</p><p>A I want to ask you Barbara works in</p><p>B</p><p>old house artist</p><p>Tom never wears Ann wants to learn party question</p><p>I can’t ride Jim lives in bookshop foreign language</p><p>My brother is This evening I’m going to hat bicycle</p><p>1 ! wont to. ask. you a question...</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4 ...............................</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>1137|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>65 flower(s) bus(es) (singular and plural)</p><p>The plural o f a noun is usually -s:</p><p>singular (= one) plural (= two or more)</p><p>a flower som e flowers</p><p>a week —> tw o weeks</p><p>a nice place —> m any nice places</p><p>this shop —> these shops</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5):</p><p>-s / -sh / -ch / - X —> -es</p><p>also</p><p>bus —» buses dish —> dishes</p><p>church —> churches box —> boxes</p><p>potato —> potatoes tomato —> tomatoes</p><p>-y —> -ies baby —> babies dictionary —> dictionaries</p><p>party —> parties</p><p>but -ay / -ey / - oy -> -ys day —> days monkey —> monkeys boy —> boys</p><p>- f / -fe -ves shelf —> shelves knife —> knives wife —> wives</p><p>B These things are plural in English:</p><p>^ \S3 \</p><p>scissors glasses trousers</p><p>® Do you wear glasses?</p><p>* W here are the scissors? I need them .</p><p>You can also say a p a ir o f scissors / a p a ir o f trousers / a p a ir o f py jam as etc.:</p><p>® 1 need a new pa ir o f jeans, or 1 need som e new jeans. (not ‘a new jeans’,)</p><p>^ Some plurals do not end in -s:</p><p>this m an —> these m en</p><p>a w om an —> some w om en</p><p>a child —> many children</p><p>one fo o t —> two feet</p><p>a to o th all my teeth</p><p>a m o u se —> some m ice</p><p>that sheep —» those sheep</p><p>a fish —> a lot offish</p><p>also: a pe rson —> tw o peop le / som e p eop le / a lo t o f peop le etc.</p><p>* She s a nice person .</p><p>but ® T hey are nice people, (not ‘nice persons’)</p><p>People is plural (= they), so we say peop le are / peop le have etc.:</p><p>® A lo t o f peop le speak English, (not ‘speaks’)</p><p>® I like the peop le here. T hey are very friendly.</p><p>Police is plural:</p><p>® ‘T he po lice are here.’ ‘Why? W hat do they want?’</p><p>som e flowers</p><p>[138]</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>65</p><p>65.1 Write the plural.</p><p>1 flower f!r°wers......... 5 umbrella ............... ............ 9 family ...</p><p>? boat 6 address ............... ............ 10 foot</p><p>3 woman ................... ... 7 knife ............... ............ 11 holiday ...</p><p>4 c i^ ........................ ... 8 sandwich ............... ............ 12 potato ...</p><p>65.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.</p><p>1 There are a lot o f in the field.</p><p>2 George is cleaning his ■..............................</p><p>3 There are th ree ........................at the bus stop.</p><p>4 Jill has got tw o ..............................</p><p>5 There are a lot o f ....................... in the river.</p><p>6 T h e ...................... are falling from the tree.</p><p>65.3 Some of these sentences are right but most are wrong. Correct the sentences that are wrong.</p><p>1 I’m going to buy some flowers. . ...</p><p>2 I needfa~new jeans.) . J neecl Unit 64):</p><p>* We can’t get in without a key. (not ‘w ithout key’)</p><p>B Uncountable nouns</p><p>For example: w ater a ir rice salt p lastic m o n ey m usic tennis</p><p>w ater salt m o n ey m usic</p><p>You cannot say o n e /tw o /th re e (etc.) + these things: one w ater tw o m usics</p><p>Uncountable nouns have only one form:</p><p>m o n ey the m o n ey my m o n ey some m o n ey much m o n ey etc.</p><p>• I’ve got som e m oney.</p><p>• There isn’t m u ch m o n ey in the box.</p><p>• M oney isn’t everything.</p><p>You cannot use a /a n + uncountable nouns: X m o n ey )f( m usic</p><p>But you can say a p iece o f ... / a glass o f ... etc. + uncountable noun:</p><p>a glass o f water a can o f oil a b a r o f chocolate</p><p>a p iece o f cheese a b o ttle o f milk a p iece o f music</p><p>a bowl o f rice a cup o f coffee a gam e o f tennis</p><p>[140] a /an => UNIT 64 countable/uncountable 2 =>UNIT 67</p><p>66.1 What are these things? Some are countable and some are uncountable. Write a/an if necessary.</p><p>The names of these things are:</p><p>bucket envelope m ilk sak spoon to o th p aste</p><p>eS8 JUS m o n ey sand to o th b ru sh w allet</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES gg</p><p>66.2 Some of these sentences are right, but some of them need a/an. Put in a/an where necessary.</p><p>66.3</p><p>bread milk tea</p><p>chocolate paper water</p><p>honey soup wood</p><p>bar cup loaf</p><p>bottle glass piece</p><p>bowl jar piece</p><p>1 ..^.bottle of..mUJc... 4 ............................................</p><p>7</p><p>2 5 ............................................. 8</p><p>3 6 ............................................. 9</p><p>1 I haven’t got fwatcfi ; ...</p><p>2 Do you like cheese? . QK.............</p><p>3 Ann never wears hat.....................................</p><p>4 Are you looking for job? ...........................</p><p>5 Mary doesn’t eat meat..................................</p><p>6 Mary eats apple every day. .........................</p><p>7 I’m going to party tonight...........................</p><p>8 Music is wonderful thing.............................</p><p>What are the things in the pictures? Write a ... of</p><p>9 Jamaica is island</p><p>10 I don’t need key. ...............................</p><p>11 Everybody needs food.....................</p><p>12 I’ve got good idea.............................</p><p>13 Can you drive car? .........................</p><p>14 Do you want cup o f coffee?...........</p><p>15 I don’t like coffee without milk......</p><p>16 D on’t go out without umbrella......</p><p>. . . fo r each picture. Use the words in the boxes.</p><p>[141]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>67</p><p>a car/som e money</p><p>(countable/uncountable 2)</p><p>a /a n and som e</p><p>a /a n + singular countable noun (ca r/a p p le /sh o e ctc.):</p><p>• I need a new car.</p><p>• Would you like an apple?</p><p>som e + plural countable nouns (cars/apples/shoes etc.):</p><p>• I need som e new shoes.</p><p>• Would you like som e apples?</p><p>som e + uncountable nouns (w a te r/m o n e y /m u sic etc.):</p><p>• 1 need som e m oney.</p><p>• Would you like som e cheese?</p><p>• (or Would you like a p iece o f cheese?)</p><p>som e cheese or</p><p>a p iece o f cheese</p><p>Compare a and som e:</p><p>• Linda bought a hat, som e shoes and som e perfum e.</p><p>• I read a new spaper, wrote som e le tte rs and listened to som e m usic.</p><p>B Many nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable. For example:</p><p>Compare a p ap er (= a newspaper) and som e paper:</p><p>• I want something to read. I’m going to buy a paper.</p><p>but • I want to make a list. I need som e p ap e r / a p iece o f paper, (not ‘a paper’)</p><p>Be careful with these nouns — they are usually uncountable:</p><p>in fo rm a tio n advice w eather new s b read h a ir fu rn itu re w ork</p><p>• I need som e in fo rm a tio n about hotels in London, (not ‘informations’)</p><p>Its nice w eather today, (not ‘a nice weather’)</p><p>Listen! I’ve just had som e good news, (not ‘a good news’)</p><p>I’m going to buy som e bread , (not ‘a bread’)</p><p>• Sue has got very long hair, (not ‘hairs’)</p><p>• They’ve got som e very nice fu rn itu re in their house, (not ‘furnitures’)</p><p>• ‘Do you like your job?’ ‘Yes, but it’s hard w ork.’ (not ‘a hard work’)</p><p>We say a jo b (but not ‘a work’):</p><p>• I’ve got a new jo b . (not ‘a new work’)</p><p>[142| countable/uncountable 1 som e and any</p><p>67.1 What did you buy? Use the pictures to make sentences (I bought...).</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>67</p><p>1 I bought some per-fume ̂ OL h</p><p>colour o f carpet. ..............................................................</p><p>7 ‘Are you OK?’ ‘No, I’ve got headache.’ ..............................................................</p><p>8 We live in old house near station. ..............................................................</p><p>9 What is name of director of film we saw last night? ..............................................................</p><p>1145|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>J j j i J the ...</p><p>M We use the when it is clear which tiling or person we mean:</p><p>• W hat is the n am e of this street? (this street has only one name)</p><p>• W ho is the best player in your team?</p><p>• Can you tell me the tim e, please? the time now)</p><p>• My office is on the first floor. (= the first floor o f the building)</p><p>D on’t forget the:</p><p>• Do you live near the city centre? (not ‘near city centre’)</p><p>• Excuse me, where is the nearest bank? (not ‘where is nearest . . . ’)</p><p>B the sam e ...</p><p>• We live in the sam e street, (not ‘in same street’)</p><p>• ‘Are these two books different?’ ‘No, they’re the sam e.’ (not ‘they’re same’)</p><p>C We say:</p><p>the sun / the m o o n / the w orld / th e sky / the sea / the coun try :</p><p>• T he sky is blue and the sun is shining.</p><p>• Do you live in a town or in the coun try?</p><p>the police / th e fire b rig ad e / the a rm y (of a city, country etc.):</p><p>• M y brother is a soldier. H e’s in the arm y. the : u n its 70-72 the oldest / the m ost expensive etc.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>69</p><p>69.1 Put in the where necessary. Write OK if the sentence is already correct.</p><p>1 What is (name) o f this street?</p><p>2 W hat’s on television tonight? ..QK............</p><p>3 O ur apartment is on second floor.................................................................................</p><p>4 Would you like to go to moon? ..................................................................................</p><p>5 W hich is best hotel in this town? ...............................................................................</p><p>6 What time is lunch? ......................................................................................................</p><p>7 How far is it to city centre? .........................................................................................</p><p>8 We’re going away at end of May. ................................................................................</p><p>9 W hat are you doing next weekend? ..........................................................................</p><p>10 I didn’t like her first time I met her. ...........................................................................</p><p>11 I’m going out after dinner..............................................................................................</p><p>12 W hat’s biggest city in world? ......................................................................................</p><p>13 My sister got married last month..................................................................................</p><p>14 Mv dictionary is on top shelf on right.........................................................................</p><p>15 We live in country about five miles from nearest village..........................................</p><p>69.2 Complete the sentences. Use: the same + age colour problem street time.</p><p>1 I live in North Street and you live in North Street. We live in</p><p>2 I arrived at 8.30 and you arrived at 8.30. We arrived a t ............................................</p><p>3 Jim is 25 and Sue is 25. Jim and Sue a re .......................................................................</p><p>4 My shirt is dark blue and so is my jacket. My shirt and jacket a re ............................</p><p>5 I’ve got no money and you’ve got no money. We’ve got ..........................................</p><p>69.3 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the if necessary.</p><p>1 ..Th .̂swt'T... is shining. 4 H e’s listening to ........</p><p>2 She’s playing................................................. 5 They’re w atch ing ......</p><p>3 They’re having.............................................. 6 They’re swimming in</p><p>Complete these sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary.</p><p>capital d in n er po lice lunch m id d le n am e sky television</p><p>1 We had .firm er . at a restaurant last night.</p><p>2 We stayed at a very nice hotel but 1 don’t rem em ber................................................</p><p>3 is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.</p><p>4 Did you see the film o n ..............................................last night?</p><p>5 Somebody was trying to break into the shop so I called................................................</p><p>6 Tokyo is ..............................................ofjapan.</p><p>7 ‘W hat did you have fo r ..............................................?’ ‘A salad.’</p><p>8 I woke up i n ............................................. o f the night.</p><p>[147]</p><p>go to work go home go to the cinema</p><p>She’s a t w ork. They’re going to school.</p><p>We say:</p><p>(go) to w ork, (be) a t w ork , start w ork, finish w ork:</p><p>• Goodbye! I’m go ing to w ork now. (not ‘to the work’)</p><p>• I finish w ork at 5 o ’clock every day.</p><p>(go) to school, (be) a t school, start school, leave school etc.:</p><p>• What did you learn a t schoo l today? (not ‘at the school’)</p><p>• Some children don’t like school.</p><p>(go) to un iversity /co llege, (be) a t un iversity /co llege:</p><p>• Helen wants to go to university when she leaves school.</p><p>• What did you study a t college?</p><p>(go) to hospital, (be) in hospital:</p><p>• Jack was in an accident. He had to go to hospital.</p><p>(go) to p rison , (be) in prison:</p><p>• Why is he in prison? W hat did he do?</p><p>(go) to church , (be) in /a t church:</p><p>• David usually goes to church 011 Sundays.</p><p>(go) to bed, (be) in bed:</p><p>• I’m tired. I’m g o ing to bed. (not ‘to the bed’)</p><p>• ‘W here’sjill?’ ‘She’s in bed .’</p><p>(go) h om e, (be) a t h o m e etc.:</p><p>• I’m tired. I’m go ing ho m e. (not ‘to hom e’)</p><p>• Are you going out tonight or are you stay ing a t hom e?</p><p>(go to) the c inem a / the th ea tre / th e b an k / the p o s t office:</p><p>• I never go to the th ea tre but I often go to the c inem a.</p><p>• ‘Are you going to the bank?’ ‘No, the p o s t office.’</p><p>(go to) the do c to r, the dentist:</p><p>• You’re not well. Why don’t you go to the doctor?</p><p>• I’m going to th e den tis t tomorrow.</p><p>also the s ta tion / the a irp o r t / th e city cen tre ( => Unit 68)</p><p>the = > in /a t => to /in /a t = } UQflQiy (at) hom e =></p><p>Li]</p><p>Lfl</p><p>H e’s in bed.</p><p>70.1 Where are these people? Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>70</p><p>1 H e’s in ... 3 She’s in .............................. 5 They’re at</p><p>2 They’re a t ......................... 4 She’s a t ............................... 6 H e’s in ....</p><p>70.2 Complete the sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary.</p><p>bank bed ch u rch h o m e p o st office school sta tion</p><p>1 I need some money. I must go to .</p><p>2 David usually goes to ...on Sundays.</p><p>3 In Britain, children go t o ..............................................from the age o f five.</p><p>4 There were a lot o f people a t ..............................................waiting</p><p>for the train.</p><p>5 I phoned you last night but you weren’t a t ................................................</p><p>6 I’m going t o ..............................................now. Goodnight!</p><p>7 I’m going t o ............................................. to get some stamps.</p><p>70.3 Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the.</p><p>1 If you want to catch a plane, you .. 9?.. to . & airport.</p><p>2 If you want to see a film, you go t o .........................................................................</p><p>3 If you are tired and you want to sleep, you ............................................................</p><p>4 If you rob a bank and the police catch you, y o u ...................................................</p><p>5 If you have a problem with your teeth, y o u ..........................................................</p><p>6 If you want to study after you leave school, y o u ...................................................</p><p>7 If you are injured in an accident, you .....................................................................</p><p>70.4 Put in the where necessary. Write OK if the sentence is complete.</p><p>1 We went ftp cinem a)last night. .</p><p>2 I finish work at 5 o ’clock every day. QK-......................</p><p>3 Mary wasn’t feeling well yesterday, so she went to doctor..................................</p><p>4 I wasn’t feeling well this morning, so I stayed in bed...........................................</p><p>5 Why is Angela always late for work? ....................................................................</p><p>6 ‘Where are the children?’ ‘They’re at school.’ .................................................</p><p>7 We’ve got no money in bank...................................................................................</p><p>8 W hen I was younger, I went to church every Sunday. .....................................</p><p>9 W hat time do you usually get home from work? ..............................................</p><p>10 Do you live far from city centre? ..........................................................................</p><p>11 ‘Where shall we meet?’ ‘At station.’ ..................................................................</p><p>12 Jim is ill. He’s in hospital...........................................................................................</p><p>13 Margaret takes her children to school every day. ................................................</p><p>14 Would you like to go to university? ......................................................................</p><p>15 Would you like to go to theatre this evening? ....................................................</p><p>[149]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>71 I like music I hate exams</p><p>( T -</p><p>1 " I t J II 1</p><p>B</p><p>Do not use the for general ideas:</p><p>• I like m usic, especially classical m usic.</p><p>(not ‘the music ... the classical music’)</p><p>• We don’t eat m ea t very often. (not ‘the meat’)</p><p>• Life is not possible without w ater. (m l ‘The life ... the water’)</p><p>• I hate exam s, (not ‘the exams’)</p><p>• Do you know a shop that sells fo reign new spapers?</p><p>• I’m not very good at writing letters.</p><p>Do not use the for games and sports:</p><p>• My favourite sports are tenn is and skiing, (not ‘the tennis ... the skiing’)</p><p>Do not use the for languages or academic subjects (h is to ry /g eo g rap h y /p h y sic s/b io lo g y etc.):</p><p>• Do you think E nglish is difficult? (not ‘the English’)</p><p>• Tom’s brother is studying physics and chem istry .</p><p>flowers or the flowers?</p><p>Compare:</p><p>• Flowers are beautiful.</p><p>(= flowers in general)</p><p>• I don’t like cold w eather.</p><p>(— cold weather in general)</p><p>• We don’t cat fish very often.</p><p>(= fish in general)</p><p>• Are you interested in</p><p>history?</p><p>(= history in general)</p><p>• This is a lovely garden.</p><p>T h e flowers are beautiful.</p><p>(= the flowers in this</p><p>garden)</p><p>• T h e w eather isn’t very</p><p>good today.</p><p>(= the weather today)</p><p>• We had a very nice meal</p><p>last night. T h e fish was</p><p>very good. v .</p><p>(= the fish we ate last night) v</p><p>• Are you interested in the</p><p>h isto ry o f your country?</p><p>I like- music.</p><p>[150] t h e = > u n its 68-70, 72</p><p>71.1 What do you think about these things?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>71</p><p>dogs big cities m otor racing TV quiz shows exams parties</p><p>museums tea basketball computer games loud music hard work</p><p>Choose seven of these things and write sentences beginning:</p><p>I like ... I d o n ’t like ... I love ... i h a te ... I d o n ’t m in d .. . (= it’s OK)</p><p>1 I Hofce e x a m s .</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5 .........................................................................................................................................</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>71.2 Are you interested in these things? Write sentences with:</p><p>I’m (very) interested in ... I know a lot a b o u t... I don’t know much a b o u t...</p><p>I’m not interested in ... I know a little about ... I don’t know anything about ...</p><p>1 (history) I’m very interested, In History.</p><p>2 (politics) I .....................................................................................................................................</p><p>3 (sport) .............................................................................................................................................</p><p>4 (art) ..................................................................................................................................................</p><p>5 (astronomy) ...................................................................................................................................</p><p>6 (economics) ...................................................................................................................................</p><p>71.3 Which is right?</p><p>1 My favourite sport is tennis /-die tennis. tennis is right</p><p>2 I like this hotel. 4^eemsV The rooms arc very nice. The rooms is right</p><p>3 Everybody needs friends / the friends.</p><p>4 Jane doesn’t go to parties / the parties very' often.</p><p>5 I went shopping this morning. Shops / The shops were very busy.</p><p>6 ‘Where’s milk / the milk?’ ‘It’s in the fridge.’</p><p>7 I don’t like milk / the milk. I never drink it.</p><p>8 ‘Do you do any sports?’ ‘Yes, I play football / the football.’</p><p>9 These days a lot o f people use computers / the computers.</p><p>10 We went for a swim in the river. Water / The water was very cold.</p><p>11 I don’t like swimming in cold water / the cold water.</p><p>12 Excuse me, can you pass salt / the salt, please?</p><p>13 I like this town. I like people / the people here.</p><p>14 Vegetables / The vegetables are good for you.</p><p>15 ‘Where are children / the children?’ ‘They’re in the garden.’</p><p>16 I can’t sing this song. I don’t know words / the words.</p><p>17 I enjoy taking photographs / the photographs. It’s my hobby-</p><p>18 I must show you photographs / the photographs that I took when I wras on holiday.</p><p>19 English / The English is used a lot in international business / the international business.</p><p>20 Money / The money doesn’t always bring happiness / the happiness.</p><p>| 1 5 1 ]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>72 the ... (names of places)</p><p>Places (continents, countries, states, islands, towns etc.)</p><p>In general we do not use the + names o f places:</p><p>• F rance is a very large country (not ‘the France’)</p><p>• C airo IS ca{ >ital o f Egypt.</p><p>• C orsica is an island in the Mediterranean.</p><p>• Peru is in S ou th A m erica .</p><p>But we use the in names with ‘republic’/ ‘states’/ ‘kingdom’:</p><p>the R epub lic o f Ireland (or the Irish R epublic)</p><p>the United States of America (the USA) the United K in g d o m (the UK)</p><p>the -s (plural names)</p><p>We use the + plural names o f countries/islands/mountains:</p><p>T H E the Netherlands the Canary Islands the Philippines the Andes</p><p>Seas, rivers etc.</p><p>We use the + names o f oceans/seas/rivers/canals:</p><p>the Atlantic (Ocean) the Mediterranean (Sea) th e Amazon</p><p>the (River) Nile the Suez Canal the Black Sea</p><p>D Places in towns (streets, buildings etc.)</p><p>In general we do not use the + names o f streets, squares etc.:</p><p>• Kevin lives in N ew ton Street.</p><p>• W here is H ighlie ld R oad , please?</p><p>• T im es Square is in New York.</p><p>We do not use th e + name o f place (or person) + airport/station/university/castle etc.:</p><p>K ennedy A irp o r t V ic to</p><p>ria S ta tion C am b rid g e U niversity</p><p>W estm inster A bbey E d in b u rg h Castle L o n d o n Z o o</p><p>But usually we use the + names o f hotels, restaurants, pubs, cinemas, theatres, museums:</p><p>the Hilton (Hotel) the Star o f India (restaurant)</p><p>T H E the Science Museum the Odeon (cinema)</p><p>the National Theatre the Tate Gallery (art gallery)</p><p>the ... o f .</p><p>We use the + names with ... o f ... :</p><p>th e Republic o f Ireland the Bank o f England</p><p>the Great Wall o f China the Tower o f London</p><p>We say: the n o r th / the sou th / the east / th e w est / the m id d le (o f...):</p><p>• I’ve been to the n o r th o f Italy but not to the south .</p><p>[I52| the => units 68-71</p><p>These are geography questions. Choose your answef from the box. Sometimes you need The.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>72</p><p>1 . C'</p><p>those (plural)</p><p>W ho are those</p><p>people?</p><p>1 ) o you like</p><p>th a t picture</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>73</p><p>73.1 Complete the sentences. Use this/that/these/those + these words:</p><p>birds house plates postcards scat shoes</p><p>73.2 Write questions: Is this/that yo u r... ? or Are these/those yo u r... ?</p><p>73.3 Complete the sentences with this is or that’s or that.</p><p>1 A: I’m sorry I’m late.</p><p>B: s al] right.</p><p>2 A: I can’t come to the party tomorrow.</p><p>B: O h , ............................a pity. Why not?</p><p>3 (on the telephone)</p><p>Sue: Hello, A nn...............................Sue.</p><p>Ann: Oh, hello, Sue. How are you?</p><p>4 A: You’re lazy.</p><p>B: ............................not true!</p><p>5 A: Jill plays the piano very' well.</p><p>B: Really? I didn’t k n o w ..............................</p><p>6 M ark meets Paul's sister (Ann):</p><p>Paul: M ark ,....................... my sister, Ann.</p><p>Mark: Hello, Ann.</p><p>7 A: I’m sorry I was angry yesterday.</p><p>B: ............................OK. Forget it!</p><p>8 A: You’re a friend o f John’s, aren’t you?</p><p>B: Yes,............................right.</p><p>[155]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>74 one/ones</p><p>o n e (= a</p><p>Would you like one</p><p>= Would you like a dh UNIT 64 th is / th a t etc. => UNIT 73</p><p>74.1 A asks B some questions. Use the information in the box to write B’s answers. Use one (not ‘a/an ..</p><p>the answers.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>74.2</p><p>UNIT</p><p>74</p><p>in</p><p>B doesn’t need a car</p><p>there's a chemist in Mill Road</p><p>B hasn’t got a pen</p><p>B has just had a cup o f coffee</p><p>B is going to buy a bicycle</p><p>B hasn’t got an umbrella</p><p>1 A: Can you lend me a pen?</p><p>2 A: Would you like to have a car?</p><p>3 A: Have you got a bicycle?</p><p>4 A: Can you lend me an umbrella?</p><p>5 A: Would you like a cup o f coffee?</p><p>6 A: Is there a chemist near here?</p><p>B: I’m sorry, got one.</p><p>B: No, 1 don’t:................................</p><p>B: No, b u t.......................................</p><p>B: I’m sorry b u t ............................</p><p>about Jane. Use She’s -ing or She isn ’t -ing.</p><p>(have dinner) . J«*ie Isn’t H •</p><p>(watch television) She s woichlng tetevlsion.</p><p>(sit on the floor) S h e ...........................................</p><p>(read a book) ...........................................................</p><p>(play the piano) ........................ ...... ........ .......... .....</p><p>(laugh) .....................................................................</p><p>(wear a hat) .................................................... .........</p><p>8 (write a letter)</p><p>3.4 What’s happening at the moment? Write true sentences.</p><p>1 (I / wash / my hair) ....!>.. not Hair,</p><p>2 (it / snow) It’s snowing. OR It Isn’t snowing .</p><p>3 (I / sit / on a chair) ........... ...........................................</p><p>4 (I / eat) ............................................................................</p><p>5 (it / rain) ........................</p><p>6 (I / learn / English) ....</p><p>7 (I / listen / to music) ....</p><p>8 (the sun / shine) ..........</p><p>9 (I / wear / shoes) .........</p><p>10 (I / read / a newspaper)</p><p>are you doing? (present continuous questions)</p><p>positive question</p><p>I am</p><p>he "j doing</p><p>she > is working</p><p>it 1 going</p><p>staying</p><p>we l</p><p>you I are etc.</p><p>they J</p><p>am I</p><p>f he doing?</p><p>is i she working?</p><p>I it going?</p><p>staying?</p><p>r we</p><p>are J you etc.</p><p>[ they</p><p>• ‘A re you feeling OK?’ ‘Yes, I’m fine, thank you.’</p><p>• ‘Is it raining?’ ‘Yes, take an umbrella.’</p><p>• W hy are you wearing a coat? It’s not cold.</p><p>• ‘W hat’s Paul doing?’ ‘H e’s reading the newspaper.’</p><p>• ‘What are the children doing?’ ‘They’re watching television.’</p><p>• Look, there’s Sally! W here’s she going?</p><p>• W ho are you waiting for? A re you waiting for Sue?</p><p>Study the word order:</p><p>is /a re + subject + - in g</p><p>Is he w ork ing today?</p><p>Is Paul w o rk in g today? (not ‘Is working Paul today?’)</p><p>Where are they going?</p><p>W here are those people going? (not ‘W here are going those people?’)</p><p>short answers</p><p>Yes, 1 am .</p><p>he '</p><p>Yes, she is.</p><p>. it .</p><p>we</p><p>Yes, you • are.</p><p>they.</p><p>No, I’m no t.</p><p>he’s he '</p><p>No, she’s ■ no t. or No, • she isn ’t.</p><p>it’s . it .</p><p>we’re we</p><p>No,- you’re - n o t. or No, ■ you aren ’t.</p><p>they’re. they.</p><p>• ‘A re you going now?’ ‘Yes, I a m .’</p><p>• ‘Is Paul w orking today?’ ‘Yes, he is .’</p><p>• ‘Is it raining?’ ‘No, it isn ’t . ’</p><p>• ‘A re your friends staying at a hotel?’ ‘No, they a ren ’t. They’re staying with me.’</p><p>I am d o in g : UNIT 3 W h at are y o u d o in g to m o rro w ? => 1UNIT 26 questions => |units 4 3 -4 6</p><p>4.1 Look at the pictures and write the questions.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>4</p><p>4.2 Look at the pictures and complete the questions. Use one of these:</p><p>cry ea t go laugh lo o k a t read</p><p>2 _EX|T ..•vv'.s:'J</p><p>4 .3 Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.</p><p>1 (working / Paul / today?) ... !.?. ^ .?.</p><p>2 (what / doing / the children?)</p><p>3 (you / listening / to me?). ....................................................................................................................</p><p>4 (where / going / your friends?) ..........................................................................................................</p><p>5 (your parents / television / watching?) .............................................................................................</p><p>6 (what / cooking / Ann?) .....................................................................................................................</p><p>7 (why / you / looking / at me?) ............................................................................................... ..........</p><p>8 (coming / the bus?) ...................................................................................,..........................................</p><p>4 .4 Write short answers (Yes, I am. / No, he isn ’t, etc.)</p><p>1 Are you watching T V ? ...N®j...L.ro .... 4 Is it raining?..............................................</p><p>2 Are you wearing a w atch?.................................. 5 Are you sitting on the floor?..................</p><p>3 Are you eating som ething?................................ 6 Are you feeling w ell? ...............................</p><p>f17</p><p>(you/go/now?)you/watch/it?)</p><p>Kre. you watching ib]</p><p>Yes, see you</p><p>tomorrow. No, not at</p><p>?i the moment,No, you can</p><p>turn it off.</p><p>6 f (you/w rite/a letter?)(that clock/work?)(you/enjoy/the film?)</p><p>Yes, to</p><p>my sister.Yes, it’s</p><p>very</p><p>funny.</p><p>No, it’s</p><p>broken.</p><p>I do/work/like etc. (present simple)</p><p>They’re looking at their books. H e’s eating an ice-cream.</p><p>They read a lot. He likes ice-cream.</p><p>They read / he likes / I w ork etc. = the present simple:</p><p>I/w e/you/they read like w ork live w atch do have</p><p>he/she/it reads likes works lives watches does has</p><p>Remember:</p><p>he works / she lives / it rains etc.</p><p>• I w ork in a shop. M y b ro th e r w orks in a bank. (not ‘My brother work’)</p><p>• L inda lives in London. H e r paren ts live in Scotland.</p><p>• I t rains a lot in winter.</p><p>I have —> he/she/it has:</p><p>• Jo h n has a shower every day.</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5):</p><p>-es after -s / -sh / -ch: pass —> passes finish —> finishes watch —» watches</p><p>-y —> -ies: study —» studies try —> tries</p><p>also: do —> does go —> goes</p><p>We use the present simple for things that arc true in general, or for things that happen</p><p>sometimes or all the time:</p><p>• 1 like big cities.</p><p>• The shops o p en at 9 o ’clock and close at 5.30.</p><p>• Tim w orks very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 o ’clock in the evening.</p><p>• The Earth goes round the Sun.</p><p>• We do a lot o f different things in our free time.</p><p>• It costs a lot o f money to stay at luxury hotels.</p><p>a lw ay s/n ev er/o ften /so m etim es/u su a lly + present simple</p><p>• Sue always arrives at work early. (not ‘Sue arrives always’)</p><p>• I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk. (not ‘I go usually’)</p><p>• Julia never eats breakfast.</p><p>• Tom lives near us. We o ften see him.</p><p>I d o n ’t . .. (negative) => D o y o u ... ? (questions) = > I a m d o in g and I d o =></p><p>a lw a y s/u su a lly /o f t e n etc. (w ord order) => UNIT 93</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>Write these verbs + -s or -es.</p><p>1 (read) she .... 3 (fly) it ......................... 5 (have) she</p><p>2 (think) h e ......................... 4 (dance) h e ....................... 6 (finish) it ...</p><p>Complete the sentences about the people in the pictures. Use these verbs:</p><p>eat go live play play sleep</p><p>1 ...H&.Pl^s... the piano. 4 ................................................................tennis.</p><p>2 They ............................. in a very big house. 5 .......................................... to the cinema a lot.</p><p>3 a lot o f fruit. 6 ..........................................eight hours a night.</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use these verbs:</p><p>boil close cost cost like like m e e t op en speak teach wash</p><p>1 Margaret ..$1*58®.?... four languages.</p><p>2 In Britain the banks usually............................at 9.30 in the morning.</p><p>3 The City M useum ............................at 5 o’clock in the evening.</p><p>4 Tina is a teacher. S h e ............................mathematics to young children.</p><p>5 My job is very interesting. I .............,..............a lot o f people.</p><p>6 Peter......... .................. his hair twice a week.</p><p>7 Food is expensive. I t ............................a lot of money.</p><p>8 Shoes are expensive. T h e y ............................a lot of money.</p><p>9 W ater............................at 100 degrees Celsius.</p><p>10 Julia and I are good friends. I ............................her and sh e .............................me.</p><p>Write sentences from these words. Put the verb in the right form (arrive or arrives etc.).</p><p>1 (always / early / Sue / arrive) Sue always arrives early ....</p><p>2 (basketball / I / play / often) I ..........................................................................................................</p><p>3 (work / Margaret / hard / usually) .......... .........................................................................................</p><p>4 (Jenny / always / nice clothes / wear) ............................................................................. .................</p><p>B: No, thank you...........................</p><p>B: Yes, .............................................</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use a /an ... one. Use the words in the list,</p><p>b e tte r b ig elean d ifferen t new old</p><p>1 This cup is dirty. Can I have ... ^ o n ^ ?</p><p>2 I’m going to sell my car and buy ..............................................</p><p>3 That’s not a very good photograph but this i s ........................</p><p>4 I want today’s newspaper. This is .............................................</p><p>5 This box is too small. I n e e d .....................................................</p><p>6 Why do we always go to the same restaurant? Let’s go to ....</p><p>74.3 Use the information in the box to complete these conversations. Use one/ones.</p><p>the coat is black</p><p>the girl is tall with long hair</p><p>the hotel is opposite-the-st-ation</p><p>the house has got a red door</p><p>the flowers are yellow</p><p>I took the photographs on the beach last week</p><p>the shoes are green</p><p>the pictures are on the wall</p><p>the books are on the top shelf</p><p>the man has got a moustache and glasses</p><p>1 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>A:</p><p>2 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>A:</p><p>3 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>We stayed at a hotel.</p><p>Which one ?</p><p>The one ..opposite^e st^Jion.</p><p>Those shoes are nice.</p><p>6 A: Are those your books?</p><p>B: .......................................</p><p>A: ..........................................</p><p>7 A: Do you know that girl?</p><p>B: ..........................................</p><p>A:</p><p>4 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>A</p><p>5 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>That’s a nice house.</p><p>............................with</p><p>I like that coat.</p><p>8 A: Those flowers arc beautiful.</p><p>B: ................................................</p><p>A: ................................................</p><p>9 A: W ho’s that man?</p><p>B: ..............................</p><p>I like those pictures. 10 A: Have you seen my photographs?</p><p>B: .........................................................</p><p>A: .........................................................</p><p>1157|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>75 some and any</p><p>A som e</p><p>I’ve got some'</p><p>money.</p><p>Use som e in positive sentences:</p><p>• I’m going to buy som e clothes.</p><p>• There’s som e ice in the fridge.</p><p>• We did som e exercises.</p><p>any</p><p>i Haven’t got</p><p>any money.</p><p>Use any in negative sentences:</p><p>• I’m n o t going to buy any clothes.</p><p>• There isn’t any orange juice in the fridge.</p><p>• We didn’t do any exercises.</p><p>B</p><p>D</p><p>any and som e in questions</p><p>In most questions (but not all) we use any:</p><p>• Is there any ice in the fridge?</p><p>• Has he got any friends?</p><p>• Do you need any help?</p><p>We normally use som e (not any) when we offer</p><p>things (W ould you like ... ?):</p><p>• A: Would you like som e coffee?</p><p>B: Yes, please.</p><p>or when we ask fo r things (Can I have . . . ? etc.):</p><p>• A: Can I have som e soup, please?</p><p>B: Yes. Help yourself.</p><p>• A: Can you lend me som e money?</p><p>B: Sure. How much do you need?</p><p>som e and any without a noun</p><p>• I didn’t take any photographs but Ann took som e. (= some photographs)</p><p>• You can have some coffee but I don’t want any. (= any coffee)</p><p>• I’ve just made some coffee. Would you like som e? (= some coffee)</p><p>• ‘W here’s your luggage?’ ‘I haven’t got any.’ (= any luggage)</p><p>• ‘Are there any biscuits?’ ‘Yes, there are som e in the kitchen.’ (= some biscuits)</p><p>so m e th in g / som eb o d y (or som eone)</p><p>• She said som eth ing .</p><p>• I saw som eb o d y (or so m eo n e).</p><p>• Would you like so m e th in g to eat?</p><p>• Quick! S o m eb o d y ’s coming.</p><p>an y th ing / anybody (or anyone)</p><p>• She didn’t say anyth ing .</p><p>• 1 didn’t see anybody (or anyone).</p><p>• Are you doing any th ing this evening?</p><p>• W here’s Ann? Has anybody seen her?</p><p>[158] a and som e som ebody /any th ing etc.=> |</p><p>E X E R C IS E S 7 5</p><p>75.1 Put in some or any.</p><p>1 I bought som e. cheese but I didn’t b u y .... bread.</p><p>2 I’m going to the post office. I n e e d .......... stamps.</p><p>3 There aren’t .......... shops in this part o f town.</p><p>4 George and Alice haven’t g o t .......... children.</p><p>5 Have you g o t .......... brothers or sisters?</p><p>6 There a re .......... beautiful flowers in the garden.</p><p>7 Do you k n o w .......... good hotels in London?</p><p>8 ‘Would you like .......... tea?’ ‘Yes, please.’</p><p>9 When we were on holiday, we visited.......... very interesting places.</p><p>10 Don’t b u y .......... rice. We don’t n e e d ..............</p><p>11 I went out to b u y .......... milk but they didn’t have............in the shop.</p><p>12 I’m thirsty. Can I have.......... water, please?</p><p>75.2 Complete the sentences. Use some or any + one of these words:</p><p>air cheese help le tte rs p h o to g rap h s</p><p>ba tte ries friends languages m ilk sh a m p o o</p><p>1 I want to wash my hair. Is there shorn PPO....?</p><p>2 This evening I’m going to w r ite .......................................................................</p><p>3 I haven’t got my camera, so 1 can’t take .......................................................................</p><p>4 Do you speak................... foreign...................................................................... ?</p><p>5 Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant w ith ..................................................................o f mine.</p><p>6 Can I have..................................................................... in my coffee, please?</p><p>7 The radio isn’t working. There aren’t ..................................................................... in it.</p><p>8 It’s hot in this office. I’m going out fo r .............................fresh.......................................................</p><p>9 ‘Would you like ......................................................?’ ‘No, thank you. I’ve had enough to eat.’</p><p>10 I can do this job alone. I don’t n eed .......................................................................</p><p>75.3 Complete the sentences. Use some or any.</p><p>1 Ann didn’t take any photographs b u t ...LlrPPlfL5P.ro?'..... (I/take)</p><p>2 ‘W here’s your luggage?’ ‘J ^ gofcariy.... ’ (I/not/have)</p><p>3 ‘Do you need any money?’ ‘No, thank you.................................................................’ (1/have)</p><p>4 ‘Can you lend me some money?’ ‘I’m sorry b u t .............................................. .’ (I/not/have)</p><p>5 The tomatoes in the shop didn’t look very good, s o ................................................ (1/not/buy)</p><p>6 There were some nice oranges in the shop, s o .................................................................. (I/buy)</p><p>75.4 Put in something/somebody/anything/anybody.</p><p>1 She said s.P.roetHmg . to me but 1 didn’t understand it.</p><p>2 ‘W hat’s wrong?’ ‘There’s ............................in my eye.’</p><p>3 Do you k n o w ............................about politics?</p><p>4 I went to the shop but I didn’t b u y ..............................</p><p>5 has broken the window. I don’t know who.</p><p>6 There isn’t ............................in the bag. It’s empty.</p><p>7 I’m looking for my keys. H as............................seen them?</p><p>8 Would you like ............................to drink?</p><p>9 1 didn’t e a t............................because I wasn’t hungry.</p><p>10 This is a secret. Please don’t te ll...............................</p><p>UNIT</p><p>[159]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>76 not + any no none</p><p>B</p><p>The car park is empty.</p><p>There aren’t any cars 1 . , , ̂ m the car park.1 here are n o cars j</p><p>How many cars are there in the car park?</p><p>N one.</p><p>n o t (n’t) + any</p><p>• There aren’t any cars in the car park.</p><p>• Sally and Steve haven’t got any children.</p><p>• You can have some coffee but I don’t want any.</p><p>no + noun (no cars / no garden etc.)</p><p>no ... = n o t + any or n o t + a:</p><p>• There are no cars in the car park. (= there aren’t any cars)</p><p>• We’ve got n o coffee. '(= we haven’t got any coffee)</p><p>• It’s a nice house but there’s n o garden . (= there isn’t a garden)</p><p>We use no ... especially after have (got) and there is/are .</p><p>negative verb + any = positive verb + no:</p><p>• They haven’t got any children, or They’ve got no children.</p><p>(not ‘They haven’t got no children’)</p><p>• There isn ’t any sugar in your coffee, or There’s no sugar in your coffee.</p><p>n o and none</p><p>Use no + noun (no m oney / no ch ild ren etc.):</p><p>• We’ve got no m oney .</p><p>• Everything was OK. There were n o p rob lem s.</p><p>Use none alone (without a noun):</p><p>• ‘How much money have you got?’ ‘N one.’ (= no money)</p><p>• ‘Were there any problems?’ ‘No, none.’ (= no problems)</p><p>none and n o -o n e</p><p>none = 0 (zero)</p><p>N one is an answer for H ow m u ch ? / H ow m any? (things or people):</p><p>• ‘H ow m u ch money have you got?’ ‘N one.’ (= no money)</p><p>• ‘H ow m any people did you meet?’ ‘N one.’ (= no people)</p><p>n o -o n e = nobody (=*• Unit 77)</p><p>N o -o n e is an answer for W ho?:</p><p>• ‘W ho did you meet?’ ‘N o -o n e .’ (or N obody.)</p><p>[160] negatives: UNIT 42 so m e and anv => |UNIT 75 a n y b o d y /n o b o d y /n o th in g etc. => 1UNITS 77-78</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES 7 6</p><p>76.1 Write these sentences again with no.</p><p>1 Wo haven’t got any money. We’ve got no money.</p><p>2 There aren’t any shops near here,</p><p>3 Carol hasn’t got any free time.</p><p>4 There isn’t a light in this room.</p><p>Write these sentences again with any.</p><p>There are</p><p>5 We’ve got no money. We haven't got any money.</p><p>6 There’s no tea in the pot. ...............................................................................................</p><p>7 There are no buses today. ...............................................................................................</p><p>8 Tom has got no brothers or sisters. ...............................................................................................</p><p>76.2 Put in no or any.</p><p>1 There’s ... sugar in your coffee.</p><p>2 My brother is married but he hasn’t g o t .......... children.</p><p>3 Sue doesn’t speak.......... foreign languages.</p><p>4 I’m afraid there’s .......... coffee. Would you like some tea?</p><p>5 ‘Look at those birds!’ ‘Birds? Where? I can’t see .......... birds.’</p><p>6 ‘Do you know where Jane is?’ ‘No, I’ve g o t .......... idea.’</p><p>Put in no, any or none.</p><p>7 There aren’t ...............pictures on the wall.</p><p>8 The weather was cold but there w as...............wind.</p><p>9 I wanted to buy some oranges but they didn’t have............... in the shop.</p><p>10 Everything was correct. There w ere ...............mistakes.</p><p>1 I ‘How much luggage have you got?’ ‘............... .’</p><p>12 ‘How much luggage have you got?’ ‘I haven’t g o t ............... .’</p><p>76.3 Complete the sentences. Use any or no + one of these words:</p><p>answ er d ifference film friends fu rn itu re h ea ting m oney</p><p>ph o to g rap h s p ro b lem s questions</p><p>1 Everything was OK. There were ...H®..Pr®kUn»s.....</p><p>2 They want to go on holiday but they’ve g o t ...........................................................</p><p>3 I’m not going to answer...........................................................</p><p>4 H e’s always alone. H e’s g o t ...........................................................</p><p>5 There i s .................................................. between these two machines. They’re exactly the same.</p><p>6 There wasn’t ......................................................... in the room. It was completely empty.</p><p>7 I tried to phone you yesterday but there w as...........................................................</p><p>8 The house is cold because there isn’t ...........................................................</p><p>9 I can’t take .................................................... There’s ....................................................in the camera.</p><p>76.4 Write short answers (one or two words) to these questions. Use none where necessary.</p><p>1 How many letters did you write yesterday? . Two ..... OR A Lot....OR None...............................</p><p>2 How many sisters have you got? .........................................................................................................</p><p>3 How much coffee did you drink yesterday? .....................................................................................</p><p>4 How many photographs have you taken today? ..............................................................................</p><p>5 How many legs has a snake got? .........................................................................................................</p><p>[161]</p><p>not + anybody/anyone/anything</p><p>nobody/no-one/nothing</p><p>n o t + an y b ody /anyone</p><p>n o b o d y /n o -o n e</p><p>(for people)</p><p>• There isn ’t anybody in the room.anyone</p><p>There is j n ° k ° d y j t|le roonl</p><p>no -o n e</p><p>• A: W ho is in the room?</p><p>B: N obody . / N o -one .</p><p>anybody = anyone nobody = no-one</p><p>(-body and -o n e are the same)</p><p>n o t + any th ing</p><p>n o th in g</p><p>(for things)</p><p>• There isn ’t any th in g in the bag.</p><p>• There is n o th in g in the bag.</p><p>• A: W h a t’s in the bag?</p><p>B: N o th ing .</p><p>B n o t + anybod y /an y o n e</p><p>• I don’t know anybody (or anyone) here.</p><p>n o b o d y = n o t + anybody</p><p>n o -o n e = n o t + anyone</p><p>• I’m lonely. I’ve got n o b o d y to talk to.</p><p>(= I haven’t got anybody)</p><p>• The house is empty. There is n o -o n e in it.</p><p>(= There isn’t anyone in it.)</p><p>n o t + any th ing</p><p>• I can’t remember anyth ing .</p><p>n o th in g = n o t + any th ing</p><p>• She said no th in g .</p><p>(= She didn’t say anything.)</p><p>• There’s n o th in g to eat.</p><p>(= There isn’t any th in g to eat.)</p><p>You can use n o b o d y /n o -o n e /n o th in g at the beginning o f a sentence or alone (to answer a</p><p>question):</p><p>• The house is empty. N o b o d y lives there.</p><p>(not ‘Anybody lives there’)</p><p>• ‘W ho did you speak to?’ ‘N o -o n e .’</p><p>• N o th in g happened.</p><p>(not ‘Anything happened’)</p><p>• ‘W hat did you say?’ ‘N o th ing .’</p><p>Remember: negative verb + an y b o d y /a n y o n e /a n y th in g</p><p>positive verb + n o b o d y /n o -o n e /n o th in g</p><p>• He doesn’t know anyth ing , (not ‘He doesn’t know nothing’)</p><p>• D on’t tell anybody, (not ‘D on’t tell nobody’)</p><p>• There is n o th in g to do in this town, (not ‘There isn’t nothing’)</p><p>[162] so m e and any => any and no : s o m e b o d y /a n y th in g /n o w h e re etc.</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES 77</p><p>77.1 Write these sentences again with nobody/no-one or nothing.</p><p>1 There isn’t anything in the bag. ? nofcHmg bn tile bag.</p><p>2 There isn’t anybody in the office. There’s ......................................</p><p>3 I haven’t got anything to do. I ...................................................</p><p>4 There isn’t anything on TV. ......................................................</p><p>5 There wasn’t anyone at home. ......................................................</p><p>6 We didn’t find anything. ......................................................</p><p>77.2 Write these sentences again with anybody/anyone or anything.</p><p>1 There’s nothing in the bag. THere t-sn t m th e bag .</p><p>2 There was nobody on the bus. There wasn’t ......................................</p><p>3 I ’ve got nothing to read. ...............................................................</p><p>4 I’ve got no-one to help me. ...............................................................</p><p>5 She heard nothing. ...............................................................</p><p>6 We’ve got nothing for dinner. ...............................................................</p><p>77.3 Answer these questions with nobody/no-one or nothing.</p><p>la W hat did you say? Nothuag. 5a W ho knows the answer?</p><p>2a W ho saw you? ... typbody • 6a W hat did you buy? .......</p><p>3a What do you want? ..................................... 7a W hat happened? ...........</p><p>4a W ho did you meet? ..................................... 8a W ho was late? ................</p><p>Now answer the same questions with full sentences.</p><p>Use nobody/no-one/nothing or anybody/anyone/anything.</p><p>I b .! . ^ ^ h .̂ say. Anything.... 5b ....................................................the answer.</p><p>2b Npboiiy sow roe. 6b</p><p>3b I don’t ............................ ......... ....................... 7b .........................................................................</p><p>4b I ........................................................................ 8b .........................................................................</p><p>77.4 Complete the sentences. Use nobody/no-one/nothing/anybody/anyone/anything.</p><p>1 That house is empty. Nobody...lives there.</p><p>2 Jack has a bad memory. He can’t remember ....</p><p>3 Be quiet! D on’t say....................................</p><p>4 I didn’t know about the meeting....................................... told me.</p><p>5 ‘W hat did you have to eat?’ ‘....................................</p><p>I wasn’t hungry.’</p><p>6 I didn’t e a t ....................................I wasn’t hungry.</p><p>7 Jenny was sitting alone. She wasn’t w ith ....................................</p><p>8 I’m afraid I can’t help you. There’s ..................................I can do.</p><p>9 I don’t k n o w ..................................about car engines.</p><p>10 The museum is free. It doesn’t co st................................... to go in.</p><p>II I heard a knock on the door but when I opened it there w as..................................there.</p><p>12 She spoke very fast. I didn’t understand....................................</p><p>13 ‘W hat are you doing this evening?’ ‘.................................... Why?’</p><p>14 Helen has gone away. ...................... ...........knows where she is. She didn’t tell</p><p>..................................where she was going.</p><p>[163]</p><p>somebody/anything/nowhere etc.</p><p>S om ebody (or som eone)</p><p>has broken the window.</p><p>so m eb o d y /so m e o n e = a</p><p>person but we don’t know who</p><p>B people (-body or -one)</p><p>som ebody or som eone</p><p>anybody or anyone</p><p>n o b o d y or n o -o n e</p><p>She has got so m e th in g in</p><p>her mouth.</p><p>so m e th in g = a thing but we</p><p>don’t know what</p><p>? ? 9</p><p>? ?</p><p>LONDON</p><p>? ̂ ?</p><p>Tom lives som ew here near</p><p>London.</p><p>som ew here — in /to a place but</p><p>we don ’t know where</p><p>• There is som ebody (or som eone) in the garden.</p><p>• Is there anybody (or anyone) in the garden?</p><p>• There isn’t anybody (or anyone) in the garden.</p><p>• There is n o b o d y (or no -one) in the garden.</p><p>-b o d y and -o n e are the same: so m eb o d y = som eone , n o b o d y = n o -o n e etc.</p><p>igs (-thing)</p><p>so m eth in g</p><p>any th ing</p><p>n o th in g</p><p>places (-where)</p><p>som ew here</p><p>anyw here</p><p>now here</p><p>• She said so m e th in g but 1 didn’t understand her.</p><p>• Are you doing any th in g at the weekend?</p><p>• 1 was angry but I didn’t say anyth ing .</p><p>• ‘W hat did you say?’ ‘N o th ing .’</p><p>• They live som ew here in the south o f England.</p><p>• Did you go anyw here interesting for your holidays?</p><p>• I’m staying here. I’m n o t going anyw here.</p><p>• 1 don’t like this town. There is now here to go.</p><p>so m e th in g /a n y b o d y etc. + adjective (b ig /c h ea p /in te re s tin g etc.)</p><p>• Did you meet anybody in te restin g at the party?</p><p>• We always go to the same place. Let’s go som ew here d ifferent.</p><p>• ‘W hat’s that letter?’ ‘It’s n o th in g im p o rta n t.’</p><p>so m e th in g /a n y b o d y etc. + to ...</p><p>• I’m hungry. I want so m e th in g to eat. (= something that I can eat)</p><p>• He hasn’t got anybody to talk to. (= anybody that he can talk to)</p><p>• There is now here to go in this town. (= nowhere where people can go)</p><p>so m e and any</p><p>11 64] every th in g /-b o d y /-w h e re</p><p>UNIT 75 any and no => UNIT 76 a n y b o d y /n o th in g etc. => UNIT 77</p><p>78.1</p><p>78.2</p><p>78.3</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>Put in somebody (or someone) / something / somewhere.</p><p>UNIT</p><p>78</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>She said . soro&thmg,</p><p>I’ve lo s t......................</p><p>They w e n t......................</p><p>’in going to p h o n e ......................</p><p>W hat did she say?</p><p>W hat have you lost?</p><p>W here did they go?</p><p>W ho are you going to phone?</p><p>Put in nobody (or no-one) / nothing / nowhere.</p><p>A -</p><p>la</p><p>2a</p><p>3a</p><p>4a</p><p>What did you say?</p><p>Where are you going?</p><p>W hat do you want?</p><p>W ho are you looking for?</p><p>Nothing.</p><p>Now answer the same questions with full sentences. Use not + anybody/anything/anywhere.</p><p>1b \ d id n 't s</p><p>n o t ................................................’</p><p>79.2 Complete the sentences with every day or all day.</p><p>1 Yesterday it rained ...</p><p>2 I buy a newspaper..................................but sometimes I don’t read it.</p><p>3 I’m not going out tomorrow. I’ll be at h o m e ....................................</p><p>4 I usually drink about four cups of coffee....................................</p><p>5 Paula was ill yesterday, so she stayed in b e d ....................................</p><p>6 Last year we went to the seaside for a week and it rained ....................................</p><p>7 I’m tired now because I’ve been working hard ....................................</p><p>79.3 Put in every or all.</p><p>1 Bill watches TV for about two hours ..^Y^y...evening.</p><p>2 Barbara gets up at 6 .3 0 ................ morning.</p><p>3 The weather was nice yesterday, so we sat in the garden................ afternoon.</p><p>4 I’m going away on Monday. I’ll be away................ week.</p><p>5 ‘How often do you go skiing?’ ‘................ year. Usually in March.’</p><p>6 A: Were you at home at 10 o ’clock yesterday?</p><p>B: Yes, I was at h o m e ................ morning. I went out after lunch.</p><p>7 My sister likes cars. She buys a new o n e .................year.</p><p>8 I saw Jack at the party. He wasn’t very friendly. He didn’t speak to m e ................ evening.</p><p>9 We go away on holiday for two or three w eeks.................summer.</p><p>79.4 Put in everybody/everything/everywhere.</p><p>1 Everybody....needs friends.</p><p>2 Chris know s..............................................about computers.</p><p>3 I like the people here................................................... is very friendly.</p><p>4 This is a nice hotel. It’s comfortable a n d ..............................................is very clean.</p><p>5 Kevin never uses his car. He goes..............................................by motor-bike.</p><p>6 Let’s have dinner,................................................... is hungry.</p><p>7 Sue’s house is full o f books. There are books................................................</p><p>8 You are right.................................................. you say is true.</p><p>79.5 Put in a verb (one word).</p><p>1 Everybody ....problems.</p><p>2 Are you ready yet? Everybody............................waiting for you.</p><p>3 The house is empty. Everyone............................gone out.</p><p>4 George is very popular. Everybody............................him.</p><p>5 This town is completely different. Everything............................changed.</p><p>6 I arrived home very late. I came in quietly because everyone............................asleep.</p><p>7 Everybody............................mistakes!</p><p>1167|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>80j l all most some any no/none</p><p>Compare:</p><p>c h ild ren /m o n e y /b o o k s etc. (in general):</p><p>• Children like playing. (= children in general)</p><p>• M oney isn’t everything. (= money in</p><p>general)</p><p>• I enjoy reading books.</p><p>• Everybody needs friends.</p><p>the children / the money / these books etc.:</p><p>• Where are the children? (= our children)</p><p>• I want to buy a car but I haven’t got the</p><p>m oney . (= the money for a car)</p><p>• Have you read these books?</p><p>• 1 often go out with m y friends.</p><p>B m o s t/m o s t o f . . . , so m e /so m e o f . . . etc.</p><p>m o st/so m e etc. + noun:</p><p>all</p><p>m o st cities</p><p>som e at' ch ild ren</p><p>any books</p><p>no m oney</p><p>,.'t t / v .</p><p>W\V0,Vn</p><p>. r'V'. s!\</p><p>all m o st som e</p><p>• M ost ch ild ren like playing. (= children</p><p>in general)</p><p>• I don’t want any m oney .</p><p>• Som e books are better than others.</p><p>• H e’s got no friends.</p><p>• All cities have the same problems.</p><p>(= cities in general)</p><p>Do not use o f in these sentences:</p><p>• M ost p eop le drive too fast, (not ‘Most o f</p><p>people’)</p><p>• Som e birds can’t fly. (not ‘Some o f birds’)</p><p>m o st o f/so m e o f etc. + th e /th is /m y ... etc.</p><p>all (of) the ...m o st th is /th a t ...som e o f th ese /th o se ...any</p><p>none m y /y o u r ... etc.</p><p>?</p><p>any no / n o n e / n o t + any</p><p>M ost o f the ch ild ren a t th is school are</p><p>under 11 years old.</p><p>I don’t want any o f this m oney.</p><p>Som e o f these books are very old.</p><p>N o n e o f m y friends live near me.</p><p>We say all the ... / all m y ... etc. (usually</p><p>without of):</p><p>• All the s tuden ts in o u r class passed the</p><p>exam.</p><p>• Silvia has lived in London all h e r life.</p><p>all o f it / m o st o f th em / no n e o f us etc.</p><p>• You can have som e o f th is cake but not all o f it.</p><p>• A: Do you know those people?</p><p>B: M ost o f th em , but not all o f them .</p><p>• S om e o f us are going out tonight. Why don’t you come with us?</p><p>• I’ve got a lot o f books but I haven’t read any o f them .</p><p>• ‘How many o f these books have you read?’ ‘N o n e o f them .’</p><p>th e ... (ch ild ren / th e ch ild ren etc.) => ^ ^ 5 1 1 so m e and any => [RVJIij n o /n o n e /a n y =></p><p>[1 6 8 1 all and every => UNIT 79</p><p>UNIT 76</p><p>all itm o st</p><p>o f th emsom e usany younone</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use the word in brackets (some/most etc.). Sometimes you need of (some of /</p><p>most of etc.).</p><p>1 children like playing, (most)</p><p>2 Some of this money is yours, (some)</p><p>3 people never stop talking, (some)</p><p>4 the shops in the city centre close at 6.30. (most)</p><p>5 You can change your money i n ............................banks, (most)</p><p>6 I don’t like ............................the pictures in the living room, (any)</p><p>7 H e’s lo st............................his money, (all)</p><p>8 my friends are married, (none)</p><p>9 Do you k n o w ............................the people in this photograph? (any)</p><p>10 birds can fly. (most)</p><p>11 I enjoyed............................the film but I didn’t like the ending, (most)</p><p>12 sports are very dangerous, (some)</p><p>13 We can’t find anywhere to stay. ............................the hotels are full, (all)</p><p>14 You must have........................... this cheese. It’s delicious, (some)</p><p>15 The weather was bad when we were on holiday. It ra ined ............................the time, (most)</p><p>Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Use all/most/some/none + of them / of it.</p><p>1 How many of the people are women? Most of tbem ....</p><p>2 How many of the boxes are on the table? .............................................................</p><p>3 How many o f the men are wearing hats? .............................................................</p><p>4 How many o f the windows are open? .............................................................</p><p>5 How many of the people are standing? ....................... .....................................</p><p>6 How much of the money is Ben’s? .................................................... .........</p><p>Right or wrong? Correct the sentences that are wrong. Write OK if the sentence is correct.</p><p>1 ( Most o f children-) like playing. Most cHtkiren....</p><p>2 All the students failed the exam. QK.....................</p><p>3 Some of people work too hard..................................................................................</p><p>4 Some o f questions in the exam were very easy. ....................................................</p><p>5 I haven’t seen any o f those people before.................................................................</p><p>6 All o f insects have six legs...........................................................................................</p><p>7 Have you read all these books? ................................................................................</p><p>8 Most o f students in our class are very nice...............................................................</p><p>9 Most o f my friends are going to the party. .............................................................</p><p>10 I’m very tired this m orning - I was awake most o f night.......................................</p><p>UNIT</p><p>81 both either neither</p><p>B</p><p>We use b o th /e ith e r /n e ith e r to talk about two things or people:</p><p>b o th e ither n e ith e r (not + either)</p><p>• Rosemary has two children. B o th are married. (Both = the two children)</p><p>• Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. (= tea or coffee)</p><p>• A: Do you want to go to the cinema or the theatre?</p><p>B: N either. I want to stay at home. (N either = not the</p><p>cinema or the theatre)</p><p>Compare e ith e r and neither:</p><p>• ‘Would you like tea o r coffee?’</p><p>b o th /e ith e r /n e ith e r + noun</p><p>‘E ither. I don’t mind.’ (= tea or coffee)</p><p>‘I don’t want e ither.’ (not ‘I don’t want neither’)</p><p>‘N either.’ (= not tea or coffee)</p><p>b o th + plural: b o th w in d o w s/b o o k s /c h ild re n etc.</p><p>e ither</p><p>n e ither + singular:</p><p>e ither</p><p>n e ith e r J w in d o w /b o o k /c h ild etc.</p><p>• Last year I went to Paris and Rome. 1 liked b o th cities very much.</p><p>• First I worked in an office, and later in a shop. N e ith e r jo b was very interesting.</p><p>• There are two ways from here to the station. You can go e ith e r way.</p><p>b o th o f ... / e ith e r o f ... / n e ith e r o f</p><p>b o th the ...</p><p>e ither o f these / those ...</p><p>n e ith e r m y / your / A n n ’s ... etc.</p><p>I like both o-f those</p><p>pictures .</p><p>• N e ith e r o f m y paren ts is English.</p><p>• I haven’t read e ith e r o f these books.</p><p>You can say b o th (of) the . . . / b o th (of) those . . . /</p><p>b o th (of) m y ... etc. (with or w ithout of):</p><p>• I like b o th o f those p ictu res, or I like b o th those p ictures.</p><p>• B o th o f A n n ’s sisters are married, or B o th A n n ’s sisters are married.</p><p>b o th o f th em / n e ith e r o f us etc.</p><p>• Ann has got two sisters. B o th o f th em are married.</p><p>• Tom and I didn’t eat anything. N e ith e r o f us was hungry.</p><p>• W ho are those two people? I don’t know e ither o f them .</p><p>b o th th em</p><p>either o f us</p><p>n e ither you</p><p>[170] I can’t e ither / neither can I => UNIT 41</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>81</p><p>81.1 Put in both/either/neither. Use of where necessary.</p><p>1 Last year I went to Paris and Rome. I liked cities very much.</p><p>2 There were two pictures on the wall. I didn’t like . ^ 0 ^ °.f..... them.</p><p>3 It was a good football match................................ teams played well.</p><p>4 It wasn’t a good football match................................. team played well.</p><p>5 ‘Is your friend English or American?’ ‘.............................. She’s Australian.’</p><p>6 We went away for two days but the weather wasn’t good. It rained o n ............................days.</p><p>7 A: I bought two newspapers. W hich one do you want?</p><p>B :..............................It doesn’t matter which one.</p><p>8 I invited Diana and Mike to the party b u t ............................them came.</p><p>9 ‘Do you go to work by car or by bus?’ ‘.............................. I always walk.’</p><p>10 ‘Which jacket do you prefer, this one or that one?’ ‘I don’t like ............................them.’</p><p>11 ‘Do you work or are you a student?’ ‘.............................. I’ve got a job and I study too.’</p><p>12 Paula and I didn’t know the time because............................us had a watch.</p><p>13 Ann has got two sisters and a brother................................. sisters are married.</p><p>14 Ann has got two sisters and a brother. I’ve met her brother but I haven’t m e t..........................</p><p>her sisters.</p><p>81.2 Complete the sentences for the pictures. Use Both... and N either. . . .</p><p>6 ANSWER</p><p>7-8H3</p><p>7*6 - 16</p><p>1 BoWi cwps ore- empty. 4 ........................................................ cameras.</p><p>2 arc open. 5 ................................................ to the airport.</p><p>3 wearing a hat. 6 ...............................................................right.</p><p>81.3 a man and a woman answered some questions. Their answers were the same. Write sentences with</p><p>Both/Neither of them . . . .</p><p>1 Are you married? No No —</p><p>2 How old are you? 21 21 —</p><p>3 Are you a student? Yes Yes —</p><p>4 Have you got a car? No No</p><p>5 Where do you live? London London</p><p>6 Do you like cooking? Yes Yes</p><p>7 Can you play the piano? No No</p><p>8 Do you read newspapers? Yes Yes</p><p>9 Are you interested in sport? No No</p><p>] Netiher o f them is worried.</p><p>2 Both of thew are- Z1.</p><p>3 students.</p><p>4 a car.</p><p>5</p><p>6 ...............................</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>9</p><p>[171]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>82 a lot much many</p><p>n o t m u ch m oney a lo t o f books n o t m any booksa lo t o f m o n ey</p><p>We use m u ch + uncountable noun:</p><p>m u ch fo o d / m u ch m o n ey etc.:</p><p>• Did you buy m u ch food?</p><p>• We haven’t got m u ch luggage.</p><p>• How m u ch m o n ey do you want?</p><p>• A: Have you got any m oney?</p><p>B: I’ve got some but n o t m u ch .</p><p>We use many + plural noun:</p><p>m an y books / m any peop le etc.:</p><p>• Did you buy m any books?</p><p>• We don’t know m any people.</p><p>• How m any p h o to g ra p h s did you take?</p><p>• A: D id you take any pho tographs?</p><p>B: I took some but n o t m any.</p><p>We use a lo t o f + all types o f noun:</p><p>• We bought a lo t o f food.</p><p>• Paula hasn’t got a lo t o f free tim e.</p><p>Note that we say:</p><p>• There is a lot o f fo o d /m o n e y /w a te r ...</p><p>(singular verb)</p><p>• We bought a lo t o f books.</p><p>• Did they ask you a lo t o f questions?</p><p>• There are a lot o f tre e s /sh o p s /p e o p le ...</p><p>(plural verb)</p><p>• A lot o f people speak English, (not ‘speaks’)</p><p>We use m u ch in questions and negative sentences, but not usually in positive sentences:</p><p>• Do you drink m u ch coffee / a lo t o f coffee?</p><p>• I don’t drink m u ch coffee / a lo t o f coffee.</p><p>but • I drink a lo t o f coffee, (not ‘I drink much coffee.’)</p><p>• ‘Do you drink m u ch coffee?’ ‘Yes, a lo t.’ (not ‘much’)</p><p>We use m any and a lo t o f in all types o f sentences:</p><p>• Have you got m any friends / a lo t o f friends?</p><p>• We haven’t got m an y friends / a lo t o f friends.</p><p>• We’ve got m any friends / a lo t o f friends.</p><p>m u ch and a lo t w ithout a noun</p><p>• Diane spoke to me but she didn’t say m uch .</p><p>• ‘Do you watch TV m uch?’ ‘No, n o t m u ch .’ (= not often)</p><p>• We like films, so we go to the cinema a lot. (not ‘ m uch’ - See section B)</p><p>• I don’t like him very m uch .</p><p>1172] countable/uncountable => u n its 66-67</p><p>82.1 Putin much or many.</p><p>1 Did you buy nrUAC)1 food? 5 D id ..................students fail the examination?</p><p>2 There aren’t ................ hotels in this town. 6 Paula hasn’t g o t ..................m oney</p><p>3 We haven’t g o t ................ petrol. 7 I wasn’t very hungry. I didn’t e a t ....................</p><p>4 Were th e re ................ people on the train? 8 I haven’t seen George fo r ..................years.</p><p>Put in How much or How many.</p><p>9 people are coming to the party?</p><p>10 milk do you want in your coffee?</p><p>11 bread did you buy?</p><p>12 players are there in a football team?</p><p>82.2 Complete the sentences. Use much or many with one of these words:</p><p>books co u n tries luggage peop le tim e tim es</p><p>1 I don’t read very much. I haven’t got .....</p><p>2 Quick! We must hurry. We haven’t g o t .......................................................................</p><p>3 D o you travel a lot? Have you been t o ..................................................................... ?</p><p>4 Tina hasn’t lived here very long, so she doesn’t k n o w .......................................................................</p><p>5 ‘Have you g o t .....................................................................?’ ‘No, only this bag.’</p><p>6 I know Paris very well. I’ve been th e re .......................................................................</p><p>82.3 Complete the sentences with a lot of + one of these:</p><p>acciden ts books fun in te res tin g th ings traffic</p><p>1 I like reading. I have ^ Lot o-f books.</p><p>2 We enjoyed our visit to the museum. We saw ..................................................................................</p><p>3 This road is very' dangerous. There a re ...............................................................................................</p><p>4 We enjoyed our holiday. We had .........................................................................................................</p><p>5 It took me a long time to drive here. There w a s ...............................................................................</p><p>UNIT</p><p>EXERCISES 82</p><p>82.4 In some of these sentences much is not natural. Change the sentences or write OK.</p><p>1 Do you drink much coffee? ^ ...................</p><p>2 I drinkpmuch tea?)</p><p>3 It was a cold winter. We had much snow. ...................................</p><p>4 There wasn’t much snow last winter. ..............................................</p><p>5 It costs much money to travel around the world......................................................</p><p>6 We had a cheap holiday It didn’t cost m uch. ..............................................</p><p>7 Do you know much about computers? ..............................................</p><p>8 ‘Have you got any luggage?’ ‘Yes, much.’ ..............................................</p><p>82.5 Write sentences about these people. Use much and a lot.</p><p>1 Jim loves films, (go to the cinema) . ^</p><p>2 Linda thinks TV is boring, (watch TV) . She d^esn t wtUxh TV much.</p><p>3 Tina is a good tennis player, (play tennis) She ...............................................</p><p>4 Martin doesn’t like driving, (use his car) H e .................................................</p><p>5 Paul spends most of the time at home, (go out) .......................................................</p><p>6 Sue has been all over the world, (travel) .......................................................</p><p>1173|</p><p>m (a) little (a) few</p><p>V z 7̂ ''■J B ®)</p><p>a little w ater a few books</p><p>(a) little + uncountable noun: (a) few + plural noun</p><p>(a) little w a te r (a) little m oney (a) few books (a) few questions</p><p>(a) little tim e (a) little soup (a) few peop le (a) few days</p><p>B a little = some but not much:</p><p>• She didn’t eat anything but she drank</p><p>a little w ater.</p><p>• I speak a little Spanish. (= some Spanish</p><p>but not much)</p><p>• A: Can you speak Spanish?</p><p>B: A little.</p><p>a few = some but not many:</p><p>* Last night I wrote a few letters.</p><p>* We’re going away for a few days.</p><p>* I speak a few w ords o f Spanish.</p><p>* A: Are there any shops in the village?</p><p>B: Yes, a few.</p><p>c ^ l i t t l e (w ithout a) = nearly no ... or nearly</p><p>nothing:</p><p>• There was little food in the fridge. It was</p><p>nearly empty.</p><p>You can say very little:</p><p>• Dan is very thin because he eats very</p><p>little. (= nearly nothing)</p><p>jtf few (without a) = nearly no ... :</p><p>* There were few peop le in the park. It</p><p>was nearly empty.</p><p>You can say very few:</p><p>* Your English is very correct. You make</p><p>very few m istakes.</p><p>D little and a little:</p><p>a little is a positive idea:</p><p>• They have a little money, so they’re not</p><p>poor. (= they have some money)</p><p>X little is a negative idea:</p><p>• They have little money. They are very</p><p>poor. (= nearly no money)</p><p>few and a few:</p><p>a few is a positive idea:</p><p>* I’ve got a few friends, so I’m not lonely.</p><p>(= I’ve got some friends)</p><p>k’few is a negative idea:</p><p>I’m sad and I’m lonely. I’ve got few</p><p>friends. (= nearly no friends)</p><p>/TVe got o. I’ve got HtfcleA</p><p>~ moneu^JV . -----^rnoney. J ( I’ve goto.-few ) C __|Vegot-few\</p><p>S ' - f r i e n d s ' ' \ f r l ends . )</p><p>( r- v ' X u .(v -3 f i r</p><p>V w y</p><p>[174 | countable/uncountable => units 66-67</p><p>83.1 Answer the questions with a little or a few.</p><p>1 ‘Have you got any money?’ ‘Yes, .’</p><p>2 ‘Have you got any envelopes?’ ‘Yes,.............................’•</p><p>3 ‘Do you want sugar in your coffee?’ ‘Yes,............................, please.’</p><p>4 ‘Did you take any photographs when you were on holiday?’ ‘Yes,.............................’</p><p>5 ‘Does your friend speak English?’ ‘Yes,..............................’</p><p>6 ‘Are there any factories in this town?’ ‘Yes,..............................’</p><p>83.2 Put in a little or a few + one of these words:</p><p>air chairs days friends le t te rs m ilk R ussian tim es</p><p>1 Last night I wrote ft- few Letters to my family and friends.</p><p>2 Can I have.....................................................................in my coffee, please?</p><p>3 ‘W hen didjulia go away?’ ‘..................................................................... ago.’</p><p>4 ‘Do you speak any foreign languages?’ ‘1 can speak....................................................................... '</p><p>5 ‘Are you going out alone?’ ‘No, I’m going w ith ..................................................................... .’</p><p>6 ‘Have you ever been to Rom e?’ ‘Yes,..................................................................... .’</p><p>7 There wasn’t much furniture in the room - just a table a n d ............................................................</p><p>8 I’m going out for a walk. I n eed ........................................ fresh............................................</p><p>U NIT</p><p>EXERCISES 83</p><p>83.3 Complete the sentences. Use very little or very few + one of these words:</p><p>coffee hotels m istakes peop le rain tim e w ork</p><p>1 Your English is very good. You make I™^aices</p><p>2 I d r in k ..................................................................... .. I don’t like it.</p><p>3 The weather here is very dry in summer. There is ......................................................</p><p>4 It’s difficult to find a place to stay in this town. There a re ..........................................</p><p>3 We must hurry. We’ve g o t ........................................................................</p><p>6 The town is very quiet at night..........................................................................go out.</p><p>7 Some people in the office are very lazy. They d o ........................................................</p><p>83.4 Put in little / a little / few / a few.</p><p>1 There was .... food in the fridge. It was nearly empty.</p><p>2 ‘W hen did Sarah go out?’ ‘............................minutes ago.’</p><p>3 I can’t decide now. I n eed ............................time to think about it.</p><p>4 There w as............................traffic, so we arrived earlier than we expected.</p><p>5 The bus service isn’t very good at night - there a re ............................buses after 9 o ’clock.</p><p>6 ‘Would you like some soup?’ ‘Yes,............................, please.’</p><p>7 I’d like to practise my English more but I have............................opportunity.</p><p>83.5 Right or wrong? Correct the sentences where necessary. Write 0K\\ the sentence is correct.</p><p>1 We’re going away (lor few days’) next week. f? r "few</p><p>2 Everybody needs little luck. ..................................................</p><p>3 I can’t talk to you now - I’ve got few things to do. ..................................................</p><p>4 I eat very little meat - 1 don’t like it very much. ..................................................</p><p>5 Excuse me, can I ask you few questions? ..................................................</p><p>6 There were little people on the bus — it was nearly empty. ..................................................</p><p>[175]</p><p>B i l l old/nice/interesting etc. (adjectives)</p><p>1</p><p>UNIT</p><p>84</p><p>A adjective + noun (nice day / b lue eyes etc.)</p><p>adjective + noun</p><p>It’s a n ice day today.</p><p>Laura has got b row n eyes.</p><p>There’s a very o ld b rid g e in this village.</p><p>Do you like Italian food?</p><p>I don’t speak any foreign languages.</p><p>There are some beau tifu l yellow</p><p>......</p><p>flowers in the garden.</p><p>The adjective is before the noun:</p><p>• They live in a m o d e rn house. (,not ‘a house m odern’)</p><p>• Have you met any fam ous people? (not ‘people famous’)</p><p>The ending o f an adjective is always the same:</p><p>a d ifferen t p lace d ifferen t places (not ‘differents’)</p><p>B be (am /is/w as etc.) + adjective</p><p>The weather is n ice today.</p><p>These flowers are very beautifu l.</p><p>• A re you cold? Shall 1 close the window?</p><p>I’m hungry . Can I have something to eat?</p><p>The film w asn’t very good . It was bo ring .</p><p>Please be quiet. I’m reading.</p><p>C lo o k /fe e l/sm e ll/ta s te /so u n d + adjective</p><p>You sound"'</p><p>Happy.</p><p>• ‘You look tired .’ ‘Yes, I feel tired .’</p><p>• George told me about his new job. It sounds very in teresting .</p><p>• D on’t cook that meat. It doesn’t sm ell good.</p><p>Compare:</p><p>is</p><p>He feels tired .</p><p>looks</p><p>are</p><p>Thev look A m erican .</p><p>sound</p><p>IS</p><p>It smells good .</p><p>tastes</p><p>[176] get + adjective (get h u n g ry / ti re d etc.) => so m e th in g /a n y b o d y + adjcctivc :</p><p>It smells</p><p>good.</p><p>It tastes</p><p>flood. ^</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>84</p><p>- 84.1 Put the words in the right order.</p><p>1 (new / live in / house / they / a) I!</p><p>2 (like / jacket / I / that / green) I ................................................................................................</p><p>3 (music</p><p>/ like / do / classical / you?) Do ...................................................................................</p><p>4 (had / wonderful / a / I / holiday) ............................................................................................</p><p>5 (went to / restaurant / a / Chinese / we) .................................................................................</p><p>84.2 The words in the box are adjectives (black/foreign etc.) or nouns (air/job etc.). Use an adjective and a</p><p>noun to complete each sentence.</p><p>air clouds fe«4gn holiday job languages sharp</p><p>black dangerous fresh hot knife long water</p><p>84.3</p><p>1 Do you speak any ^ ?£.... ?</p><p>2 Look at those....................................................................... It’s going to rain.</p><p>3 Sue works very hard and she’s very tired. She needs a ..................................</p><p>4 I want to have a bath but there’s n o ..................................................................</p><p>5 Can you open the window? We need som e..................................................</p><p>6 I need a .....................................................................to cut these onions.</p><p>7 Fire-fighting is a .......................................................................</p><p>Write sentences for the pictures. Choose from Box A and Box B.</p><p>A feel(s) look(s)</p><p>..... ...............</p><p>sound(s)</p><p>+ B happy ill nice</p><p>look(s) smell (s) taste(s) horrible new surprised</p><p>( 1 You sownd Happy,. ( 2 “ ........................................ ) I 3 1 ....................\/ r ^</p><p>4 You J [ 5 T h e y ..................................(6 It</p><p>84.4 A and B don’t agree. Complete B’s sentences. Use the word in brackets (...).</p><p>A „</p><p>/ I</p><p>B</p><p>1 You look tired. Do j? j don’t -feel tired . (feel)</p><p>2 This is a new coat. Is it? It .................................................... ................. (look)</p><p>3 I’m American. Are you? You ........................................ ................. (sound)</p><p>4 You look cold. Do I? I .................................................... ................. (feel)</p><p>5 These bags are heavy. Are they? They .................................... ................. (look)</p><p>6 That soup looks good. Does it? It ............................................. ................. (taste)</p><p>[ 177|</p><p>UNIT</p><p>85 quickly/badly/suddenly etc. (adverbs)</p><p>B</p><p>Q uickly and suddenly are adverbs.</p><p>adjective + - ly —> adverb:</p><p>!! quick</p><p>quickly</p><p>bad</p><p>badly</p><p>sudden</p><p>suddenly</p><p>careful</p><p>carefully</p><p>heavy</p><p>heavily etc.</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5): easy —> easily heavy —> heavily</p><p>Adverbs tell you how something happens or how</p><p>somebody does something:</p><p>• The train s topped suddenly.</p><p>• I o pened the door slowly.</p><p>• Please listen carefully.</p><p>• I un d ers tan d you perfectly .</p><p>Compare:</p><p>r</p><p>It’s ra in in g heavily.</p><p>adjective (=> Unit 84)</p><p>• Sue is very quiet.</p><p>• Be careful!</p><p>• It was a bad gam e.</p><p>• I feel nervous. (= I am nervous)</p><p>adverb</p><p>• Sue speaks very quietly . (not ‘speaks very quiet’)</p><p>• L isten carefully! (not ‘listen careful’)</p><p>• O ur team played badly, (not ‘played bad’)</p><p>• I w aited nervously.</p><p>hard fast late early These words are adjectives and adverbs:</p><p>• Sue’s job is very hard.</p><p>• Ben is a fast runner.</p><p>• The bus was late /early .</p><p>• Sue w orks very hard , (not ‘hardly’)</p><p>• Ben can ru n fast.</p><p>• I w en t to bed la te /early .</p><p>good (adjective) —> well (adverb)</p><p>• Your English is very good.</p><p>• It was a good gam e.</p><p>• You speak English very well, (not ‘very good’)</p><p>• O ur team played well.</p><p>But well is also an adjective (= not ill, in good health):</p><p>• ‘How are you?’ ‘I’m very well, thank you. And you?’</p><p>'"'N</p><p>[178] adjectives => UNIT 84</p><p>85.1</p><p>■N</p><p>85.2</p><p>85.3</p><p>85.4</p><p>Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with one of these adverbs:</p><p>angrily badly dangerously fast heavily quietly</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>85</p><p>fa</p><p>3 4 5 6</p><p>1 1 1 H r</p><p>1 It’s raining .</p><p>2 He sings v e ry ..............</p><p>3 They came in .............</p><p>4 She shouted at me</p><p>5 She can run very ...</p><p>6 He was d riv ing....</p><p>Choose a verb (Box A) + an adverb (Box B) to complete the sentences.</p><p>A</p><p>come know sleep win</p><p>+ B</p><p>eafefelly clearly hard well</p><p>explain listen think work carefully easily quickly well</p><p>1 I’m going to tell you something very important, so please .U6ixn_..cajrpfuUi^....</p><p>2 Ann! I need your help.............................................................. !</p><p>3 T h ey ...........................................................At the end o f the day they’re always tired.</p><p>I’m tired this morning. I didn’t ......................................................... last night.</p><p>You’re a much better tennis player than me. W hen we play, you always...................</p><p>.........................................................before you answer the question.</p><p>I’ve met Alice a few times but I don’t .............................her v e ry ................................</p><p>8 O ur teacher isn’t very good. Sometimes he doesn’t .........................things v e ry ........</p><p>Which is right?</p><p>1 Don’t eat so-q«iek/quickly. It’s not good for you. quickly is right</p><p>2 Why are you angry/angrily? I haven’t done anything.</p><p>3 Can you speak slow/slowly, please?</p><p>4 Come on, Dave! Why arc you always so slow/slowly?</p><p>5 Bill is a very careful/carefully driver.</p><p>6 Jane is studying hard/hardly for her examinations.</p><p>7 ‘W here’s Diane?’ ‘She was here but she left sudden/suddenly.’</p><p>8 Please be quiet/quietly. I’m studying.</p><p>9 Some companies pay their workers very bad/badly.</p><p>10 Those oranges look nice/nicely. Can I have one?</p><p>Put in good or well.</p><p>1 Your English is very 99®“ . You speak English very ..</p><p>2 Jackie did ve ry .......... in her exams.</p><p>3 The party was v e ry ............ I enjoyed it very much.</p><p>4 Martin has a difficult job but he does i t ............</p><p>5 How are your parents? Are th ey .......... ?</p><p>6 Did you have a .......... holiday? Wis the w eather............?</p><p>[179]</p><p>UNIT</p><p>86 old/older expensive/more expensive</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>• Rom e is old but Athens is o lder. (not ‘more old’)</p><p>• Is it cheaper to go by car or by train? (not ‘more cheap’)</p><p>• Helen wants a b igger car.</p><p>• This coat is OK but I think the other one is n icer.</p><p>• D on’t write a letter. It’s easier to phone, (not ‘more easy’)</p><p>far —» further:</p><p>• ‘How far is it to the station? A mile?’ ‘No, it’s fu rth e r. About two miles’</p><p>m o re ...</p><p>Long words (2 /3 /4 syllables) —> m o re ... :</p><p>careful —> m o re careful polite —> m o re polite</p><p>expensive —> m o re expensive interesting —» m o re interesting</p><p>• You must be m o re careful.</p><p>• I don’t like my job. 1 want to do something m o re in teresting .</p><p>• Is it m o re expensive to go by car or by train?</p><p>good /w ell —> b e tte r b ad —» w orse</p><p>• The weather wasn’t very g o o d yesterday but it’s b e tte r today.</p><p>• ‘D o you feel b e tte r today?’ ‘No, I feel w orse.’</p><p>• Which is w orse - a headache or a toothache?</p><p>[180] o ld e r th a n ... / m o re expensive than th e o ld es t / th e m o s t expensive =></p><p>Short words (1 syllable) —> -er:</p><p>old —» older slow —> slower</p><p>nice —> nicer late —> later</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5): big —» bigger</p><p>Words ending in -y —> -ier:</p><p>easy —> easier heavy —» heavier</p><p>cheap —» cheaper</p><p>b ig -» bigger</p><p>hot —» hotter</p><p>old o lder heavy heavier expensive m o re expensive</p><p>O lder / heavier / m o re expensive are comparative forms.</p><p>The comparative is -e r (older) or m o re .. . (m ore expensive).</p><p>-e r (older/heavier etc.)</p><p>86.1 Look at the pictures and write the comparative (older / more interesting etc.).</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U NIT</p><p>86</p><p>86.2 Write the comparative.</p><p>1 old ...®!4*?’... 6 good .................</p><p>2 strong ............................................................ 7 large ..............</p><p>3 happy ............................................................ 8 serious .</p><p>4 modern ......................................................... 9 pretty ....</p><p>5 important ..................................................... 10 crowded</p><p>86.3 Write the opposite.</p><p>1 younger ..... 4 better ....</p><p>2 colder ..............................................................</p><p>5 nearer ...</p><p>3 cheaper ........................................................... 6 easier ...........</p><p>8 6 4 Complete the sentences. Use a comparative.</p><p>1 Helen’s car isn’t very big. She wants a ...one.</p><p>2 My job isn’t very interesting. I want to do something ..^pre</p><p>3 You’re not very tall. Your brother i s ...........................................................</p><p>4 David doesn’t work very hard. I w o rk .........................................................</p><p>5 My chair isn’t very' comfortable. Yours i s ....................................................</p><p>6 Your plan isn’t very good. My plan is ...........................................................</p><p>7 These flowers aren’t very nice. The blue ones a re ......................................</p><p>8 My bag isn’t very heavy. Your bag i s ...........................................................</p><p>9 I’m not very interested in art. I’m .......................................................... in history.</p><p>10 It isn’t very warm today. It w as......................................................... yesterday.</p><p>11 These tomatoes don’t taste very good. The other ones tasted..................................</p><p>12 Britain isn’t very big. France i s ...........................................................</p><p>13 London isn’t very beautiful. Paris i s ...........................................................</p><p>14 This knife isn’t very sharp. Have you got a .........................................................one?</p><p>15 People today aren’t very polite. In the past they w ere .................................................</p><p>1181]</p><p>older than more expensive than</p><p>The Europa Hotel is m o re expensive than the Grand.</p><p>We use th an after comparatives (older th an . . . / m o re expensive th an ... ctc.)\</p><p>• Athens is o lder than Rome.</p><p>• Are oranges m o re expensive th an bananas?</p><p>• It’s easier to phone than to write a letter.</p><p>• ‘How are you today?’ ‘N ot bad. B e tte r than yesterday.’</p><p>• The restaurant is m o re crow ded th an usual.</p><p>We say: than m e / than h im / than h e r / than us / than them . You can say:</p><p>• I can run faster th an h im . or I can run faster than he can.</p><p>• You are a better singer th an m e. or You are a better singer th an I am .</p><p>• 1 got up earlier th an her. or 1 got up earlier th an she did.</p><p>D</p><p>m o re /less than ...</p><p>• A: How much did your shoes cost? £30?</p><p>B: No, m o re th an that. (= m o re th an £30)</p><p>• The film was very short — less than an hour.</p><p>• They’ve got m o re m o n ey than they need.</p><p>• You go out m o re than me.</p><p>a b it o lder / m u ch o lder etc.</p><p>35-i</p><p>■ 30</p><p>2.5-1</p><p>MORE THAN 50</p><p>L£SS THAN 50</p><p>Y /7 7 r r r ^</p><p>Box A is a b it b igger than Box B.</p><p>a b it</p><p>bigger</p><p>older</p><p>better than ...m uch more difficult</p><p>more expensive</p><p>Box C is m u ch b igger than Box D.</p><p>• Canada is m u ch b igger than France.</p><p>• Jill is a b it o ld er than Gary — she’s 25 and he’s</p><p>24 a.</p><p>• The hotel was m u ch m o re expensive than I</p><p>expected.</p><p>• You go out m uch m o re than me.</p><p>[182] old —» older, expensive —> m ore expensive no t as (old) as :</p><p>87.1 Write sentences about Liz and Ben. Use than.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>87</p><p>1 I’m 26. I I’m 24.</p><p>2 I’m not a very good swimmer. 2 I’m a very good swimmer.</p><p>3 I’m I metre 68 tall. LIZ 3 I’m 1 metre 63 tall.</p><p>4 I start work at 8 o ’clock. / / 4 I start work at 8.30.</p><p>5 I don’t work very' hard. / 5 I work very hard.</p><p>6 1 haven’t got much money. 6 I’ve got a lot o f money.</p><p>7 I’m a very good driver. 7 I’m not a very good driver.</p><p>8 I’m not very patient. 8 I’m very patient.</p><p>9 I’m not a very good dancer. 9 I’m a good dancer.</p><p>10 I’m very intelligent. 10 I’m not very intelligent.</p><p>11 I speak French very well. 1 1 1 don’t speak French very well.</p><p>12 I don’t go to the cinema very much. 12 1 go to the cinema a lot.</p><p>Liz is older than Ben. 1 Liz is a ...............................................1</p><p>2 Ben is a better swimmer than Liz.</p><p>3 Liz i s ..............................................................</p><p>4 Liz starts .............................................. Ben.</p><p>5 B e n ................................................................</p><p>6 Ben has g o t ...................................................</p><p>8 Ben</p><p>9 Ben</p><p>10 Liz ...</p><p>11 Liz...</p><p>12 Ben</p><p>87.2 Complete the sentences. Use than.</p><p>He isn’t very tall. You Ve te ller than him. (OR ... than he is .)</p><p>She isn’t very old. You’r e ........................................................................</p><p>I don’t work very hard. You w o rk ........................................................</p><p>He doesn’t watch TV very much. You ................................................</p><p>I’m not a very good cook. You .............................................................</p><p>We don’t know many people. Y ou........................................................</p><p>They haven’t got much money. Y ou....................................................</p><p>8 I can’t run very fast. You can ..................................................................</p><p>9 She hasn’t been here very long. Y o u .....................................................</p><p>10 They didn’t get up very early. You ........................................................</p><p>11 He wasn’t very surprised. You ..............................................................</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>87.3 Complete the sentences with a bit or much + a comparative (older/better etc.).</p><p>1 Jill is 25. Gary is 24 'A.</p><p>JLU. is . a bit o l A ^ G a ty ,</p><p>2 Jack’s mother is 54. His father is 69.</p><p>Jack’s m o th er.................................................................................................</p><p>3 My camera cost / ^ \ 00. Yours cost £ 9 6 .</p><p>My camera ....................................................................................................</p><p>4 Yesterday I felt terrible. Today I feel OK.</p><p>I feel ................................................................................................................</p><p>5 Today the temperature is 12 degrees. Yesterday it was ten degrees.</p><p>It’s ...................................................................................................................</p><p>6 Ann is an excellent tennis player. I’m not very good.</p><p>A n n .................................................................................................................</p><p>[183]</p><p>She’s old but she’s n o t as old as lie is. Box A isn’t as b ig as Box B.</p><p>• Rom e is n o t as old as Athens. (= Athens is older)</p><p>• The Grand Hotel isn’t as expensive as the Europa. (= the Europa is m o re expensive)</p><p>• I don’t play tennis as o ften as you. (= you play m o re often)</p><p>• The weather is better than it was yesterday. It isn’t as cold. (= as cold as it was</p><p>yesterday)</p><p>n o t as m u ch as ... / n o t as m any as ...</p><p>• I haven’t got as m u ch m oney as you. (= you’ve got m o re m oney)</p><p>• I don’t know as m any peop le as you. (— you know m o re people)</p><p>• I don’t go out as m u ch as you. (= you go out m ore)</p><p>Compare n o t as ... as and than:</p><p>• R om e is n o t as old as Athens.</p><p>Athens is o lder than Rom e. (not ‘older as R om e’)</p><p>• Tennis isn’t as p o p u la r as football.</p><p>Football is m o re p o p u la r than tennis.</p><p>• I don’t go out as m u ch as you.</p><p>You go out m o re th an me.</p><p>We say: as m e / as h im / as h e r etc. You can say:</p><p>• She’s not as old as h im . or She’s not as old as he is.</p><p>• You don’t work as hard as m e. or You don’t work as hard as I do.</p><p>We say th e sam e as ... :</p><p>• The weather today is the sam e as yesterday.</p><p>• My hair is the sam e co lo u r as yours.</p><p>• I arrived at the sam e tim e as Tim.</p><p>m uch/m any => unit 82 o ld e r th a n ... / m o re expensive th an ... => UNIT 87</p><p>U N IT</p><p>88</p><p>1 A is digger tHan C but not a s big a s B.</p><p>2 A is .................................................................. ... B but not .............................. ..............................C.</p><p>3 C is .................................................................. ... A b u t .....................................</p><p>4 A is</p><p>.................................................................. ... but .........................................</p><p>5 B has g o t ........................................................</p><p>6 C w orks.........................................................</p><p>88.2 Write sentences with a s ... a s . . . .</p><p>1 Athens is older than Rome. R om e i s n ’t a s old- a s Athens.</p><p>2 My room is bigger than yours. Your room isn’t ......................................................................</p><p>3 You got up earlier than me. I didn’t ......................................................................................</p><p>4 We played better than them. T h e y .........................................................................................</p><p>5 I’ve been here longer than you. Y ou...........................................................................................</p><p>6 She’s more nervous than him. H e .............................................................................................</p><p>88.3 Put in as or than.</p><p>J Athens is older Rome. 5</p><p>2 I don’t watch TV as m u ch ................ you. 6</p><p>3 You cat m o re ................ me. 7</p><p>4 I feel be tte r................ I felt yesterday. 8</p><p>88.4</p><p>Jim isn’t as clever................ he thinks.</p><p>Belgium is smaller................ Switzerland.</p><p>Brazil isn’t as b ig ................ Canada.</p><p>I can’t wait longer................ an hour.</p><p>.1 Look at the pictures and write sentences about A, B and C.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>1185]</p><p>1 (age) Andrew Is the , sam e age. a s C a ro lin e .</p><p>2 (street) Julia lives.......................................................</p><p>3 (time) Julia got u p ...................................................</p><p>4 (colour) Andrew’s .......................................................</p><p>Use the information to complete the sentences about Julia, Andrew and Caroline. Use the same age /the</p><p>same street etc.</p><p>A N D R E W C A R O L IN EJ U L I A</p><p>I’m ZZ.</p><p>I live m Hill Street.</p><p>got wp at 7.15.</p><p>I Haven’t got a car.</p><p>the oldest the most expensive</p><p>HOTEL PRICES IN K1NT0N(per person . per nijjhtf)</p><p>Europa H o te l H5 G rosvenor 160</p><p>Grantl H ote l /35-50 B enne tts /5 8</p><p>Royal 185 Carlton fS5</p><p>A rlo n a . n 0 i 5 0</p><p>Pa lace 165 S ta t io n MS</p><p>Box A is b igger th an Box B.</p><p>Box A is b igger than all the other boxes.</p><p>Box A is the b iggest box.</p><p>The Europa Hotel is m o re expensive th an the</p><p>Grand.</p><p>The Europa Hotel is m o re expensive th an all</p><p>the other hotels in the town.</p><p>The Europa Hotel is the m o st expensive hotel</p><p>in the town.</p><p>Bigger / older / m o re expensive etc. are comparative forms (=> Unit 86).</p><p>Biggest / oldest / m o s t expensive etc. are superlative forms.</p><p>The superlative form is -es t (oldest) or m o st ... (m ost expensive):</p><p>Short words (o ld /c h ea p /n ic e etc.) —» the -est:</p><p>o ld —> the oldest cheap —> the cheapest</p><p>but good —> the best b ad —> the w orst</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5): big —> the biggest</p><p>n ice the nicest</p><p>hot —> the hottest</p><p>Words ending in -y (easy /heavy etc.) —> the -iest:</p><p>easy —> the easiest heavy —> the heaviest pretty —> the prettiest</p><p>Long words (care fu l/expensive /in teresting etc.) —> the m o st .. . :</p><p>careful —> the m o st careful in te restin g —> the m o st interesting</p><p>We say: the oldest ... / th e most expensive ... etc. (with the):</p><p>• The church is very old. It’s the o ldest building iu the town.</p><p>(= it is older th an all the other buildings)</p><p>• W hat is the longest river in the world?</p><p>• Money is important but it isn’t the m o st im p o r ta n t thing in life.</p><p>• Excuse me, where is the nearest bank?</p><p>You can use the o ldest / the best / the m o st expensive etc. w ithout a noun:</p><p>• Ken is a good player but he isn’t the best in the team.</p><p>(the best = the best player)</p><p>superlative + I’ve ever ... / y o u ’ve ever ... etc.</p><p>• The film was very bad. I think it’s the w o rs t film I’ve ever seen.</p><p>• W hat is the m o s t unusual thing y o u ’ve ever done?</p><p>[ 186| present perfect -I- ever => older / more expensive u n its 86-87</p><p>89.1 Write sentences with comparatives (older etc.) and superlatives (the oldest etc.).</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>(b ig/sm all)</p><p>(A/D) A is bigger than D.</p><p>(A) A Is the- b^esfc .</p><p>(B) srr’d tlest-</p><p>U N IT</p><p>89</p><p>( long /sho rt)</p><p>(C/A) C is ..</p><p>(D) D is ..</p><p>(B) B .....</p><p>A.</p><p>(young/o ld )</p><p>(D /C ) D ....</p><p>(B )</p><p>(C)</p><p>(expensive/cheap)</p><p>(D/A) .....................</p><p>(C) .....................</p><p>(A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .</p><p>r e s t a u r a n t a</p><p>RESTAURANT B</p><p>restaurant c</p><p>restaurant d</p><p>fxcttUnt</p><p>Yiot bad.</p><p>g o o cL but n o b u i o h d e r f u l</p><p>axojuX</p><p>(good /bad )</p><p>(A/C) .......</p><p>(A )</p><p>0 >) .......</p><p>89.2 Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (the oldest etc.).</p><p>1 This building is very old. Its ... . in the town.</p><p>2 It was a very happy day. It w as......................................................................of my life.</p><p>3 It’s a very good film. It’s ......................................................................I’ve ever seen.</p><p>4 She’s a very popular singer. She’s ......................................................................in the country.</p><p>5 It was a very bad mistake. It w as......................................................................I’ve ever made.</p><p>6 It’s a very pretty village. It’s ......................................................................I’ve ever seen.</p><p>7 It was a very cold day. It w as......................................................................o f the year.</p><p>8 H e’s a very boring person. H e’s ......................................................................I’ve ever met.</p><p>89.3 Write sentences with a superlative (the longest etc.).</p><p>-Svdw-ev Brazil</p><p>Everest Jupiter</p><p>Alaska the Nile-</p><p>large</p><p>long</p><p>high</p><p>country planet</p><p>Cl tv state</p><p>river mountain</p><p>the USA the solar system</p><p>Africa South America</p><p>the world</p><p>1 Sydney is the Largest city in AwstnUia.</p><p>2 Everest................................................................</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>[187]</p><p>enough</p><p>She can’t buy a sandwich. He can’t reach the shelf.</p><p>She hasn’t got en ough m oney . He isn’t tall enough .</p><p>enough + noun (enough m o n ey / enough peop le ctc.)</p><p>• ‘Is there enough sugar in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, thank you.’</p><p>• We wanted to play football but we didn’t have en ough players.</p><p>• Why don’t you buy a car? You’ve got en ough m oney , (not ‘money enough’)</p><p>enough without a noun:</p><p>• I’ve got some money but not en ough to buy a car.</p><p>(= I need more money to buy a car)</p><p>• ‘Would you like some more to eat?’ ‘No, thanks. I’ve had enough .’</p><p>• You’re always at home. You don’t go out enough.</p><p>adjective + enough (good en ough / tall en ough ctc.)</p><p>• ‘Shall we sit outside?’ ‘No, it isn’t w arm enough .’ (not ‘enough warm ’)</p><p>• Can you hear the radio? Is it loud en ough for you?</p><p>• D on’t buy that coat. It’s nice but it isn’t long enough . (= it’s too short)</p><p>Remember:</p><p>enough + noun but adjective + enough</p><p>eno u g h money tall en ough</p><p>enough time good enough</p><p>enough people old enough</p><p>D We say:</p><p>enough fo r (somebody/something) • This pullover isn’t b ig en ough for m e.</p><p>• I haven’t got enough m o n ey fo r a car.</p><p>en ough to (do something)</p><p>• I haven’t got eno u g h m o n ey to buy a car.</p><p>(not ‘for buy a car’)</p><p>• Is your English good en ough to have a</p><p>conversation? (not ‘for have’)</p><p>en ough fo r (somebody/something)</p><p>to (do something)</p><p>• There aren’t enough chairs fo r everybody</p><p>to sit down.</p><p>[188 | to ... and for ... => UNIT 53 too => UNIT 91</p><p>90.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use enough + one of these words:</p><p>chairs m o n ey p a in t w ind</p><p>U N IT</p><p>EXERCISES gg</p><p>1 She hasn’t got money ,</p><p>2 There aren’t ..................................</p><p>3 She hasn’t got</p><p>4 There isn’t .....</p><p>90.2 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use one of these adjectives + enough:</p><p>b ig h>ng strong taH</p><p>1</p><p>90.4</p><p>1 He .</p><p>2 The car ..........................</p><p>3 His legs aren’t</p><p>4 H e ..................</p><p>90.3 Complete the sentences. Use enough with one of these words:</p><p>big eat fru</p><p>it lo u d o ld p rac tise sugar tim e tired</p><p>1 ‘Is there ...sugar in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, thank you.’</p><p>2 Can you hear the radio? Is it for you?</p><p>3 He can leave school if he wants — he’s ...........................................................</p><p>4 Did you have......................................................... to answer all the questions in the exam?</p><p>5 This house isn’t ......................................................... for a large family.</p><p>6 Tina is very thin. She doesn’t ...........................................................</p><p>7 You don’t e a t ...........................................................You should eat more - it’s good for you.</p><p>8 It’s late but I don’t want to go to bed now. I’m n o t ......</p><p>9 Lisa isn’t a very good tennis player because she doesn’t .</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use enough with the words in brackets (...).</p><p>1 We haven’t g o t .. ^.owgbjripney to buy...a car. (money / buy)</p><p>2 This knife isn’t ..................................................................... tomatoes. (sharp / cut)</p><p>3 The water wasn’t ..................................................................... a bath. (warm / have)</p><p>4 Llave we got ..................................................................... sandwiches? (bread / make)</p><p>5 Wc played well but n o t ..................................................................... the game. (well / win)</p><p>6 I don’t have....................................... ..............................newspapers. (time / read)</p><p>U N IT</p><p>91 too</p><p>B</p><p>His shoes are to o b ig for him.</p><p>to o + adjective / adverb (too b ig / to o hard etc)</p><p>• Can you turn the radio down?</p><p>It’s too loud. (= louder than I want)</p><p>• I can’t work. I’m too tired.</p><p>• l think you work to o hard .</p><p>to o m u ch / to o m any — more than you want, more than is good:</p><p>• I don’t like the weather here. There is to o m u ch rain . (= more rain than is good)</p><p>• Let’s go to another restaurant. There are to o m any peop le here.</p><p>• Emily studies all the time. I think she studies to o m uch .</p><p>• Traffic is a problem in this town. There are to o m any cars.</p><p>Compare too and n o t enough:</p><p>• The hat is to o b ig for him.</p><p>• The radio is to o loud.</p><p>Can you turn it down,</p><p>please?</p><p>• There’s to o m u ch sugar</p><p>in my coffee. (= more</p><p>sugar than 1 want) to o b ig</p><p>• I don’t feel very well. I ate to o m u ch .</p><p>• The hat isn’t b ig enough</p><p>for him. (= it’s to o small)</p><p>• The radio isn’t loud</p><p>enough . Can you turn it</p><p>up, please?</p><p>• There’s n o t enough</p><p>sugar in my coffee.</p><p>(= I need more sugar) n o t b ig enou</p><p>• You’re very thin. You don ’t eat enough .</p><p>We say:</p><p>to o ... fo r (somebody/something) • These shoes are to o b ig fo r m e.</p><p>• It’s a small house - to o sm all fo r a large fam ily.</p><p>to o ... to (do something)</p><p>• I’m to o tired to go out. (not ‘for go out’)</p><p>• It’s to o cold to sit outside.</p><p>to o ... fo r (somebody/something)</p><p>to (do something)</p><p>• She speaks to o fast fo r m e to understand .</p><p>[190] to a n d for : UNIT 53 m u c h /m a n y => UNIT 82 en o u g h => UNIT 90</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UN IT</p><p>91</p><p>91.1 Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use too + one of these words:</p><p>big crow ded fast heavy loud low</p><p>1 The radio is ty o jA u d ,. 4 She’s d riv in g .....</p><p>2 The box i s ..................................................... 5 The ball i s .........</p><p>3 The net is ...................................................... 6 The restaurant is</p><p>91.2 Put in too / too much / too many / enough.</p><p>1 You’re always at home. You don’t go out ...^owgh</p><p>2 I don’t like the weather here. There’s rain.</p><p>3 I can’t w'ait for them. I haven’t g o t ............................ time.</p><p>4 There was nowhere to sit on the beach. There w ere ............................people.</p><p>5 You’re always tired. I think you w o rk ............................hard.</p><p>6 ‘Did you have............................to eat?’ ‘Yes, thank you.’</p><p>7 You d r in k ........................... coffee. It’s not good for you.</p><p>8 You don’t e a t ............................vegetables. You should eat more.</p><p>9 I don’t like the weather here. It’s ............................cold.</p><p>10 O ur team didn’t, play well. We m ade ............................mistakes.</p><p>11 ‘Would you like some milk in your tea?’ ‘Yes, but n o t ..............................’</p><p>91.3 Complete the sentences. Use too or enough with the words in brackets (...).</p><p>1 I couldn’t work. I .... > (tired)</p><p>2 Can you turn the radio up, please? It Lsn fc U)w</p><p>5 (dinner / we / have / always / at 7.30) ........................................................ ................................ ....</p><p>6 (television / Tim / watch / never) .................................................. ..................................................</p><p>7 (like / chocolate / children / usually) ...............................................................................................</p><p>8 (Julia / parties / enjoy / always) .........................................................................................................</p><p>Write sentences about yourself. Use always/never/often/sometimes/usually.</p><p>1 (watch television) I never watch t elevision. / I usually watch television in the evening, (e tc .)</p><p>2 (read in bed) I .................................. ........... .......... ..................................... ..........................................</p><p>3 (get up before 7 o’clock) ....... ........................;.................. ..................................................................</p><p>4 (go to work/school by bus) ....................... -........... ............................................................................</p><p>5 (drink coffee) .........................................................................................................................................</p><p>I don’t ... (present simple negative)</p><p>She d oesn ’t d r in k coffee. He d oesn ’t like his job.</p><p>positive negative</p><p>I</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>w ork</p><p>like</p><p>do</p><p>have</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>works</p><p>likes</p><p>does</p><p>has</p><p>I</p><p>we do n o t</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>(don’t) work</p><p>like</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>does n o t</p><p>do</p><p>have</p><p>(doesn’t)</p><p>• I d r in k coffee but I d o n ’t d rin k tea.</p><p>• Sue d rinks tea but she d o esn ’t d r in k coffee.</p><p>• You d o n ’t w o rk very hard.</p><p>• We d o n ’t w atch television very often.</p><p>• The weather is usually nice. It d o esn ’t ra in very often.</p><p>• Gerry and Linda d o n ’t k now many people.</p><p>Remember:</p><p>I/w e/you/they d o n ’t ... • I d o n ’t like football.</p><p>he /she/it d o esn ’t ... • H e d oesn ’t, like football.</p><p>• I d o n ’t like Fred and F red d o esn ’t like me. (not ‘Fred don’t like’)</p><p>• M y ca r d o esn ’t use much petrol. (not ‘My car don’t use’)</p><p>• Sometimes he is late but it d o esn ’t happen very often.</p><p>We use d o n ’t/d o e s n ’t + infinitive (don’t like / doesn’t speak / doesn’t do etc.):</p><p>• I d o n ’t like washing the car. I d o n ’t do it very often.</p><p>• Sandra speaks Spanish but she d oesn ’t speak Italian. (not ‘doesn’t speaks’)</p><p>• Bill d o esn ’t do his job very well. (not ‘Bill doesn’t his jo b ’)</p><p>• Paula d oesn ’t usually have breakfast. (not ‘doesn’t ... has’)</p><p>I d o /w o r k /lilc e etc. (present simple) => D o y o u . . . ? (present sim ple questions) =></p><p>6.1 Write the negative.</p><p>1 I play the piano very well.</p><p>2 Jane plays the piano very well.</p><p>3 They know my phone number.</p><p>4 We work very hard.</p><p>5 He has a bath every day.</p><p>6 You do the same thing every day.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>UNIT</p><p>I d on’t pUMfthe piano verq well.</p><p>Ja n e .......................................................</p><p>6 .2 Study the information and write sentences with like.</p><p>1 Bill and Rose tike classical music..</p><p>C aro l...............................................................</p><p>I ............................................ classical music.</p><p>2 Bill and R o s e .................................................</p><p>Carol................................................................</p><p>1...................................................................</p><p>Carol</p><p>1 classical music?</p><p>2 boxing?</p><p>3 horror films?</p><p>6.3 Write about yourself. Use: I never... or I often ... or I don’t ... very often.</p><p>1 (watch TV) waich Ty...very often. (ORI .... OR..!..o : )</p><p>2 (go to the theatre) ..............................................................................................................</p><p>3 (ride a bicycle) .............................................................................................. ...............</p><p>4 (eat in restaurants) ..............................................................................................................</p><p>5 (travel by train) ......................................................................... .....................................</p><p>6.4 Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don’t/doesn’t + one of these verbs:</p><p>cost go know read see use w ear</p><p>1 I buy a newspaper every day but sometimes I re a d jt</p><p>2 Paul has a car but h e ..............................................it very often.</p><p>3 They like films but th ey ..............................................to the cinema very often.</p><p>4 Amanda is married but sh e ..............................................a ring.</p><p>5 I ..............................................much about politics. I’m not interested in it.</p><p>6 It’s not an expensive hotel. I t ..............................................much to stay there.</p><p>7 Brian lives near us but w e ..............................................him very often.</p><p>6.5 Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.</p><p>1 Margaret ..SSSfls&L. four languages — English, French, German and Spanish, (speak)</p><p>2 I like my job. It’s very boring, (like)</p><p>3 ‘W here’s Martin?’ ‘I’m sorry. I ...... .........................................’ (know)</p><p>4 Sue is a very cpiet person. S h e ..............................................very much, (talk)</p><p>5 J im ..............................................a lot o f tea. It’s his favourite drink, (drink)</p><p>6 It’s not true! I ..............................................it! (believe)</p><p>7 That’s a very beautiful picture. I ..............................................it very much, (like)</p><p>8 Mark is a vegetarian. H e ..............................................meat, (eat)</p><p>[21</p><p>UN IT</p><p>■ l U Do you ... ? (present simple questions)</p><p>A We use d o /d o e s in present simple questions:</p><p>positive question</p><p>I</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>w ork</p><p>like</p><p>do</p><p>have</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>works</p><p>likes</p><p>does</p><p>has</p><p>I</p><p>we</p><p>do you</p><p>they</p><p>w ork?</p><p>like?</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>do?</p><p>does have?</p><p>B Study the word order:</p><p>d o /d o es + subject + infinitive</p><p>D o you w ork in the evening?</p><p>D o your friends live near here?</p><p>D oes Chris play tennis?</p><p>Where do your parents live?</p><p>How often do you wash your hair?</p><p>W hat does this word m ean?</p><p>How much does it cost to fly to Rome?</p><p>Questions with alw ays/usually /o ften :</p><p>D o you always have breakfast?</p><p>D oes Chris often play tennis?</p><p>W hat do you usually do at weekends?</p><p>W hat do you do? = W hat’s your job?:</p><p>• ‘W hat do you do?’ ‘I work in a bank.’</p><p>Remember:</p><p>do I/w e/you/they ... • D o they like music?</p><p>does h e /s h e / it ... • D oes he like music?</p><p>short answers</p><p>I/w e/you/they do.</p><p>Yes, ----------------------------------</p><p>he/she/it does.</p><p>No,</p><p>1/w e/you/they d o n ’t.</p><p>he/she/it d o esn ’t.</p><p>• ‘D o you play tennis?’ ‘No, I d o n ’t.’</p><p>• ‘D o y o u r paren ts speak English?’ ‘Yes, they do.’</p><p>• ‘D oes G eorge work hard?’ ‘Yes, he does.’</p><p>• ‘D oes yo u r sister live in London.’ ‘No, she d oesn ’t.’</p><p>[22] I d o /w o r k / l ik e etc. => I d o n ’t . . . (negative) => questions => UNITS 4 3 -4 6</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>Write questions with D o ...? and Does ...?</p><p>1 I like chocolate. And you?</p><p>2 I play tennis. And you?</p><p>3 Tom plays tennis. And Ann?</p><p>4 You live near here. And your friends?</p><p>5 You speak English. And your brother?</p><p>6 I do exercises every morning. And you?</p><p>7 Sue often goes away. And Paul?</p><p>8 I want to be famous. And you?</p><p>9 You work hard. And Linda?</p><p>Write questions. Use the words in brackets ( ...) + do/does. Put the words in the right order.</p><p>1 (where / live / your parents?) ....</p><p>2 (you / early / always / get up?) ...9® ^ ...</p><p>3 (how often / TV / you / watch?) ............... .......................... ................ .</p><p>4 (you / want / what / for dinner?) ............. .................................................</p><p>5 (like / you / football?) ..............................................................</p><p>6 (your brother / like / football?) ......................................... .....................</p><p>5 1 want to speak English fluently. ........................................................................</p><p>6 Jane bought for her friend a present. ........................................................................</p><p>7 I drink ever)' day three cups o f coffee. .......................................................................</p><p>8 D on’t eat your dinner too quickly! .......................................................................</p><p>9 I borrowed from my brother fifty pounds..............................................................................</p><p>92.2 Put the words in order.</p><p>1 (the door / opened / I / quietly) . . ! . . . ....</p><p>2 (two letters / I / this m orning / wrote) I .....................................................................</p><p>3 (passed / Paul / easily / the exam) ........................................................................</p><p>4 (Ann / very well / French / doesn’t speak) .........................................................................</p><p>5 (a lot o f work / did / I / yesterday) .........................................................................</p><p>6 (London / do you know / well?) .........................................................................</p><p>7 (we / enjoyed / very much / the party) .........................................................................</p><p>8 (the problem / carefully / I / explained) .........................................................................</p><p>9 (we / at the airport / some friends / met) .........................................................................</p><p>10 (did you buy / in England / that jacket?) .........................................................................</p><p>1 1 (every day / do / the same thing / we) .........................................................................</p><p>12 (football / don’t like / very much / I) .........................................................................</p><p>92.3 Put the words in order.</p><p>1 (to work / every day / walks / Liz) ..M* M work every cUy,...</p><p>2 (at the hotel / I / early / arrived) I ....................................................................</p><p>3 (goes / every year / to Italy / Julia) J u lia ..............................................................</p><p>4 (we / since 1988 / here / have lived) W e ................................................................</p><p>5 (in London / Sue / in 1960 / was born) S u e ................................................................</p><p>6 (didn’t go / yesterday / Paul / to work) P a u l..............................................................</p><p>7 (to the bank / yesterday afternoon / went / Ann)</p><p>A n n ............................................................................................................................................</p><p>8 (I / in bed / this morning / my breakfast / had)</p><p>1 .......................................................................................................................................</p><p>9 (in October / Barbara / to university / is going)</p><p>Barbara......................................................................................................................................</p><p>10 (I / a beautiful bird / this morning / in the garden / saw)</p><p>I .......................................................................................................................................</p><p>11 (many times / have been / my parents / to the United States)</p><p>M y .............................................................................................................................................</p><p>12 (my umbrella / I / last night / left / in the restaurant)</p><p>I .......................................................................................................................................</p><p>13 (to the cinema / tomorrow evening / are you going?)</p><p>A re .............................................................................................................................................</p><p>14 (the children / 1 / took / this morning / to school)</p><p>I</p><p>[193]</p><p>UN IT</p><p>93 always/usually/often etc. (word order 2)</p><p>A always often ever rarely also already all</p><p>usually som etim es never seldom ju s t still b o th</p><p>These words (alw ays/never etc.) are often with the verb in the middle o f a sentence:</p><p>• My brother never speaks to me.</p><p>• She’s always late.</p><p>• Do you o ften go to restaurants?</p><p>• 1 som etim es ca t too much, (or S om etim es I eat too much.)</p><p>• I don’t want to go to the cinema. I’ve already seen the film.</p><p>• I’ve got three sisters. They’re all married.</p><p>B alw ays/never etc. go before the verb:</p><p>• I always go to work by car. (not 'I go always’)</p><p>• Ann o ften plays tennis. (not 'Ann plays often tennis’)</p><p>• You so m etim es look unhappy.</p><p>• They usually have dinner at 7 o ’clock.</p><p>• Wc rarely (or seldom ) w atch television.</p><p>• Richard is a good footballer. He also plays tennis and volleyba’</p><p>(not ‘He plays also tennis’)</p><p>• I’ve got three sisters. They all live in London.</p><p>verb</p><p>always g °</p><p>often + play</p><p>never feel</p><p>etc. etc.</p><p>but alw ays/never el</p><p>am</p><p>is always</p><p>are + o ften</p><p>was never</p><p>w ere etc.</p><p>• I am never ill. (not ‘I never am ill’)</p><p>• They are usually at home in the evenings.</p><p>• It is o ften very cold here in winter.</p><p>• W hen I was a child, I was always late for school.</p><p>• ‘W here’s Linda?’ ‘She’s still in bed.’</p><p>• I’ve got two brothers. They’re b o th doctors.</p><p>alw ays/never etc. go between two verbs (have ... been / can ... find etc.):</p><p>• I will always re m e m b e r you.</p><p>• It d o esn ’t o ften rain here.</p><p>• D o you usually go to work by car?</p><p>• I can never find my keys.</p><p>• H ave you ever been to Rom e?</p><p>• A: W here’s Linda?</p><p>B: She’s ju s t gone out. (she’s = she has)</p><p>• A: Where are your friends?</p><p>B: They’ve all gone to the cinema.</p><p>verb 1 t'erb 2</p><p>will go</p><p>can find</p><p>do always re m e m b e r</p><p>etc. often ctc.</p><p>never</p><p>have etc. gone</p><p>has been</p><p>etc.</p><p>a lw ay s/n ev e r + present simple</p><p>[194 ] b o th => |I|'|H:^ I still => p m</p><p>ju st/a lready + present perfect = all UNITS 79-80</p><p>93.1</p><p>s</p><p>93.2</p><p>93.3</p><p>93.4</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>Look at Paul’s answers to the questions and write sentences with often/never etc.</p><p>U N IT</p><p>93</p><p>1 Do you ever play tennis? Yes, often. Pawl often plays ten n is .</p><p>2 Do you get up early? Yes, always. He ...................................................................</p><p>3 Are vou ever late for work? No, never. He ...................................................................</p><p>4 Do you ever get angry? Sometimes.</p><p>5 Do you ever go swimming? Yes, often.</p><p>6 Are you at home in the Yes, usually.</p><p>evenings?</p><p>Write these sentences with the words in brackets (...).</p><p>1 My brother speaks to me. (never) My b roth er nev er sp eaks to tr> e .</p><p>2 Susan is polite, (always) Susan.....................................................................</p><p>3 I finish work at 5 o ’clock, (usually) I .......................................................</p><p>4 Jill has started a new job. (just) J i l l .............................................................</p><p>5 I go to bed before midnight, (rarely) .......................................................</p><p>The bus isn’t late, (usually) .........................................................................</p><p>I don’t eat fish, (often) ................................................................................</p><p>I will forget what you said, (never) ...........................................................</p><p>Have you lost your passport? (ever) ..........................................................</p><p>Do you work in the same place? (still) .....................................................</p><p>They stay in the same hotel, (always) .......................................................</p><p>12 Diane doesn’t work on Saturdays, (usually) .............................................</p><p>13 Is Tina here? (already) .................................................................................</p><p>14 What do you have for breakfast? (usually) ...............................................</p><p>7 (what / you / do / in the evenings?) ..............................................................</p><p>8 (your sister / work / where?) ..............................................................</p><p>9 (to the cinema / often / you / go?) ..............................................................</p><p>10 (what / mean / this word?) .............................................. ................</p><p>11 (often / snow / it / here?) ..............................................................</p><p>12 (go / usually / to bed / what time / you?) ............... ...............................................</p><p>13 (how much / to phone N ew York / it / cost?)</p><p>14 (you / for breakfast / have / usually / what?)</p><p>Do you Like- cHocoUie?</p><p>.................y o u ...................</p><p>.................A n n ..................</p><p>Complete the questions. Use these verbs:</p><p>do enjoy go</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>7</p><p>8</p><p>like start teach</p><p>W h a t. aow 4-°.?</p><p>...................................................... it?</p><p>What tim e .............................................. in the morning?</p><p>............................ .................... ,....on Saturdays?</p><p>H o w ..................................................... to work?</p><p>And your husband. W h a t............................... ................ ?</p><p>W h a t................... ................................. ?</p><p>........ ............................................. his job?</p><p>Write short answers (Yes, he does. / No, I don’t, etc.).</p><p>1 Do you watch TV a lot? . No ̂ I (ion t . OR Yes, I do.</p><p>2 Do you live in a big city? ....................................................</p><p>3 Do you often ride a bicycle? ..............................................</p><p>w ork</p><p>I work in a bookshop.</p><p>It’s OK.</p><p>At 9 o ’clock.</p><p>Sometimes.</p><p>Usually by bus.</p><p>H e’s a teacher.</p><p>Science.</p><p>Yes, he loves it.</p><p>4 Does it rain a lot where you live?</p><p>5 Do you play the piano? ................</p><p>I am doing and I do</p><p>(present continuous and present simple)</p><p>Jim is watching television.</p><p>He is not playing the guitar.</p><p>But Jim has a guitar.</p><p>He often plays it and he plays very well.</p><p>Jim plays the guitar</p><p>but he is n o t p lay ing the guitar now.</p><p>Is he p lay ing the guitar?</p><p>D oes he play the guitar?</p><p>N o, he isn ’t.</p><p>Yes, he does.</p><p>(present continuous)</p><p>(present simple)</p><p>Present continuous (I am doing) — now, at the time of speaking:</p><p>I’m doing</p><p>past NOW future</p><p>• Please be quiet. I’m working. (not ‘I work’)</p><p>• Tom is having a shower at the moment, (not ‘Tom has’)</p><p>• Take an umbrella with you. It’s raining.</p><p>• You can turn off the television. I’m not watching it.</p><p>• Why are you under the table? W hat are you doing?</p><p>Present simple (I do) — in general, all the time or sometimes:</p><p>--------------------------------- I do -------------------------</p><p>past ------------------------------------ n o w --------------------------</p><p>• I w ork every day from 9 o ’clock to 5.30.</p><p>• Tom has a shower ever)7 morning.</p><p>• It rains a lot in winter.</p><p>• I d o n ’t w atch television very often.</p><p>• W hat do you usually do at the weekend?</p><p>We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):</p><p>future</p><p>like love w ant know u nderstand re m e m b e r depend</p><p>prefer hate need m ean believe fo rg e t</p><p>Use the present simple only with these verbs (I w an t / do you like? etc.):</p><p>• I’m tired. I w an t to go home. (not ‘I’m wanting’)</p><p>• ‘D o you know that girl?’ ‘Yes, but 1 d o n ’t rem e m b e r her name.’</p><p>• I d o n ’t unders tand . What do you m ean?</p><p>present c o n tin u o u s : UNITS 3 -4 present sim ple : UNITS 5 -7 present for the future =</p><p>8.1</p><p>8.2</p><p>C \</p><p>8.3</p><p>Answer the questions about the pictures.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>8</p><p>1</p><p>.-O. I’m o.</p><p>photographer.</p><p>1 Does he take photographs? Yes> He . . ...</p><p>W hat is he doing? He’s havmg a, b a ih , ...</p><p>2 Is she driving a bus?............................................. Does she drive a bus? ......................................</p><p>W hat is she doing? ................................................................................................................................</p><p>3 Does he clean windows?..................................... Is he cleaning a w indow ?...............................</p><p>W hat is he doing?..................................................................................................................................</p><p>4 Are they teaching?.............................................. Do they teach?.................................................</p><p>W hat do they d o ? ..................................................................................................................................</p><p>Put in am /is/are or do/don’t/does/doesn’t.</p><p>1 Excuse me, ...4®....you speak English?</p><p>2 ‘W here’s Ann?’ ‘I ............................know.’</p><p>3 W hat’s funny? W h y ............................you laughing?</p><p>4 ‘W h a t............................your sister do?’ ‘She’s a dentist.’</p><p>5 I t ........................... raining. I ............................. want to go out in the rain.</p><p>6 ‘W here ........................... you come from?’ ‘Canada.’</p><p>7 How m u ch ............................it cost to phone Canada?</p><p>8 George is a good tennis player but h e ............................play very often.</p><p>Put the verb in the present continuous (I am doing) or the present simple (I do).</p><p>1 Excuse me. y°w spe&k (you/speak) English?</p><p>2 ‘W here’s Tom?’ ‘...He. s..j^Y.wg.... (he/have) a shower.’</p><p>3 (I/not/w atch) television very often.</p><p>4 Listen! Som ebody................................................. (sing).</p><p>5 Sandra is tired.......................................................(she/want) to go home now.</p><p>6 How often ................................................. (you/read) a newspaper?</p><p>7 ‘Excuse me b u t ................................................. (you/sit) in my place.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’</p><p>8 I’m sorry,................................................. (I/not/understand). Can you speak more slowly?</p><p>9 It’s late.................................................... (l/g°) home now. ..............................................................</p><p>(you/come) with me?</p><p>10 What tim e .................................................................(your father / finish) work in the evenings?</p><p>11 You can turn off the radio.....................................................(I/not/listen) to it.</p><p>12 ‘W here’s Paul?’ ‘In the kitchen.....................................................(he/cook) something.’</p><p>13 M artin .......................................................................................... (not/usually/drive) to work. He</p><p>................................................. (usually/walk).</p><p>14 S u e ............................................ (not/like) coffee..................................................(she/prefer) tea.</p><p>[25</p><p>U N IT</p><p>I have . . . / I ’ve g o t.</p><p>You can say I have or I ’ve got, he has or h e ’s got:</p><p>I</p><p>we haveyou</p><p>they</p><p>he</p><p>she has</p><p>it</p><p>O R</p><p>O R</p><p>I</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>have g o t</p><p>(I’ve got)</p><p>(we’ve got)</p><p>(you’ve got)</p><p>(they’ve got)</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>has g o t</p><p>(he’s got)</p><p>(she’s got)</p><p>(it’s got)</p><p>• I’ve g o t blue eyes, (or I have blue eyes.)</p><p>• Tim has g o t two sisters, (or Tim has two sisters.)</p><p>• O ur car has g o t four doors.</p><p>• Diane isn’t feeling well. She’s g o t a headache, (she’s got = she has got)</p><p>• They like animals. T h ey ’ve g o t a horse, three dogs and six cats.</p><p>I haven’t g o t / have you got? etc.</p><p>negative question short answers</p><p>I</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>have n o t</p><p>(haven’t)</p><p>go t</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>has n o t</p><p>(hasn’t)</p><p>I</p><p>have we</p><p>you</p><p>they got?</p><p>he</p><p>has she</p><p>it</p><p>I</p><p>Yes, we have.</p><p>No, you</p><p>they</p><p>haven’t.</p><p>Yes, he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>has.</p><p>No, hasn ’t.</p><p>• I’ve g o t a motor-bike but I haven’t g o t a car.</p><p>• Mr and Mrs Harris haven’t g o t any children.</p><p>• It’s a nice house but it h a sn ’t g o t a garden.</p><p>• ‘H ave you g o t a camera?’ ‘No, I haven’t.’</p><p>• ‘W hat have you g o t in your bag?’ ‘Nothing. It’s empty.’</p><p>• ‘H as Ann g o t a car?’ ‘Yes, she has.’</p><p>• W hat kind o f car has she got?</p><p>I d o n ’t have / do</p><p>you have? etc.</p><p>In negatives and questions you can also use d o /d o e s ... :</p><p>• They d o n ’t have any children. (— They haven’t g o t any children.)</p><p>• It’s a nice house but it d oesn ’t have a garden. (= it h asn ’t g o t a garden)</p><p>• D oes Ann have a car? (= H as Ann g o t a car?)</p><p>• How much money d o 'you have? (= How much money have you got?)</p><p>h ad / d id n ’t ha v e (past) => ha v e breakfast / h ave a sh o w e r etc. =></p><p>[2 6 ] s o m e /a n y => unit 75</p><p>unit 57</p><p>U N IT</p><p>9.1</p><p>9.2</p><p>9.3</p><p>Write the short form (we’ve got / he hasn’t got etc.).</p><p>1 we have got ...W?:.Y®:..9Pfc... 3 they have g o t .................... 5 it has g o t ........</p><p>2 he has got ......................... 4 she has not g o t ................. 6 I have not got</p><p>Write questions.</p><p>Hqy&jjow gob a n umbrella,?</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>(you / an umbrella?)</p><p>(you / a passport?)</p><p>(your father / a car?)</p><p>(Carol / many friends?)</p><p>(you / any brothers or sisters?)</p><p>(how much money / we?)</p><p>What has Tina got?</p><p>What have you got?</p><p>Look at the information</p><p>and write sentences</p><p>about Tina and</p><p>yourself.</p><p>1 (a camera) ..Tina Has got a c ^ e r a . ( V e got (ORJ L H a v a V j ; o ^ e r a , ,</p><p>2 (a bicycle) Tina ................................................................................................................</p><p>3 (long hair) ........................................................................................... .............................</p><p>4 (brothers/sisters) .............................................. ................... ........................................... .</p><p>9 .4 Put in have got (’ve got), has got ( ’s got), haven’t got or hasn’t got.</p><p>I Sarah fc got a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>6</p><p>9.5</p><p>sms.</p><p>'hats wrong? I ........................................something in my eye.</p><p>'here’s my pen?’ ‘I don’t know. I ........................................it.’</p><p>7 Julia wants to go to the concert but sh e ........................................a ticket.</p><p>Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven’t/hasn’t got + one of these:</p><p>a lot o f friends four wheels six legs a -headache a toothache a key much time</p><p>1 I’m not feeling very well. I</p><p>2 It’s a nice house but it a garden.</p><p>3 Most cars.......................................................................</p><p>4 Everybody likes Tom. H e .................</p><p>5 I’m going to the dentist this morning.</p><p>6 He can’t open the door. H e ..............</p><p>7 An insec t.................................................</p><p>8 We must hurry. W e ............................</p><p>I</p><p>[27</p><p>U N IT</p><p>10 was/were</p><p>B</p><p>Now R obert is at work.</p><p>At midnight last night he</p><p>w asn’t at work.</p><p>He was in bed.</p><p>He was asleep.</p><p>a m /is (present) —> was (past):</p><p>• I am tired, (now)</p><p>• Where is Ann? (now)</p><p>• The weather is good today.</p><p>are (present) —> w ere (past):</p><p>• You are late, (now)</p><p>• They a re n ’t here, (now)</p><p>positive negative</p><p>I was tired last n ight.</p><p>W here was Ann yesterday?</p><p>The weather was good last week.</p><p>You w ere late yesterday.</p><p>They w eren ’t here last Sunday.</p><p>question</p><p>I</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>was</p><p>we</p><p>you w ere</p><p>they</p><p>I</p><p>he was n o t</p><p>she (wasn’t)</p><p>it</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>w ere n o t</p><p>(w eren’t)</p><p>was</p><p>I?</p><p>he?</p><p>she?</p><p>it?</p><p>w ere</p><p>we?</p><p>you?</p><p>they?</p><p>• Last year Rachel was 22, so she is 23 now.</p><p>• W hen I was a child, I was afraid o f dogs.</p><p>• We w ere hungry after the journey but we w eren ’t tired.</p><p>• The hotel was comfortable but it w asn’t expensive.</p><p>• Was the weather good when you w ere on holiday?</p><p>• Those shoes are nice. W ere they expensive?</p><p>• Why w ere you late this morning?</p><p>short answers</p><p>Yes,</p><p>I/he/she/it was.</p><p>No,</p><p>I/he/she/it w asn ’t.</p><p>we/you/they were. we/you/they w eren ’t.</p><p>• ‘W ere you late?’ ‘No, I w asn’t.’</p><p>• ‘Was Ted at work yesterday?’ ‘Yes, he was.’</p><p>• ‘Were Sue an d Steve at the party?’ ‘No, they w eren ’t.’</p><p>[28] a m /is /a r e UNITS 1 -2 I w as d o in g</p><p>U N IT</p><p>^ EXERCISES 10</p><p>10.1 Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon?</p><p>\ .George w a s un bedL 4</p><p>2 Carol and Ja ck .............................................. 5 ............................................................................</p><p>3 Sue ................................................................. 6 And you? I ....................................................</p><p>"10 .2 Put in am/is/are (present) or was/were (past).</p><p>1 Last year she .WAS... 22, so she .*£... 23 now.</p><p>2 Today the w eather................ nice, but yesterday i t ..................very cold.</p><p>3 I ................ hungry. Can I have something to eat?</p><p>4 1 feel fine this morning but 1 ................ very tired last night.</p><p>-v 5 W here ................. you at 11 o ’clock last Friday morning?</p><p>6 D on’t buy those shoes. T h e y ................ very expensive.</p><p>7 I like your new jacket...................... it expensive?</p><p>8 This time last year I ................ in Paris.</p><p>9 ‘W h ere .............. the children?’ ‘I don’t know. T h e y ................ in the garden ten minutes ago.’</p><p>10.3 Put in was/were or wasn’t/weren’t.</p><p>1 We weren’t happy with the hotel. O ur room ...was., very small and it ...wash t... very clean.</p><p>2 G eorge................ at work last week because h e ..................ill. He’s better now.</p><p>3 Yesterday................ a public holiday so the shops..................closed. They’re open today.</p><p>4 ‘................ Sue and Bill at the party?’ ‘S u e ..................there but B ill.................. .’</p><p>5 ‘Where are my keys?’ ‘I don’t know. T h e y ................ on the table but they’re not there now.’</p><p>6 Y ou................ at home last night. W here ..................you?</p><p>10.4 Write the questions. Use the words in brackets (...) in the correct order + was/were.</p><p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>(late / you / this m orning / why?)</p><p>WViy were you Labe,..ttois.ropmmg?.</p><p>(difficult / your exam?)</p><p>(last week / where / Ann and Chris?)</p><p>(your new camera / how much?)</p><p>(angry / you / yesterday / why?)</p><p>(nice / the weather / last week?)</p><p>The traffic was bad.</p><p>No, it was easy.</p><p>They were on holiday.</p><p>1 *-Sixty pounds.</p><p>Because you were late.</p><p>Yes, it was beautiful.</p><p>[29J</p><p>U N IT</p><p>11 worked/got/went etc. (past simple)</p><p>A They w atch television every evening.</p><p>(present simple)</p><p>They w atched television yesterday evening.</p><p>(past simple)</p><p>w atched is the past simple:</p><p>I/w e/you/they</p><p>he/she/it watched</p><p>The past simple is often -e d (regular verbs). For example:</p><p>work —> worked</p><p>stay —> stayed</p><p>clean —> cleaned</p><p>arrive —» arrived</p><p>start —> started</p><p>dance —» danced</p><p>• I clean my teeth every morning. This m orning 1 cleaned my teeth.</p><p>• Terry worked in a bank from 1986 to 1993.</p><p>• Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.</p><p>• We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot o f people.</p><p>The party finished at midnight.</p><p>Spelling (=> Appendix 5):</p><p>try —» tried study —> studied copy —> copied</p><p>stop —> stopped plan —> planned</p><p>Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). The past simple is not -ed . Here are some important</p><p>irregular verbs (see also Appendix 2—3):</p><p>begin —» began fall -> fell leave -> left sell -» sold</p><p>break broke find found lose lost sit sat</p><p>bring b ro u g h t fly flew make m ad e sleep slept</p><p>build bu ilt forget fo rg o t meet m e t speak spoke</p><p>buy b o u g h t get g o t pay paid stand stood</p><p>catch caugh t give gave put p u t take to o k</p><p>come cam e g° w ent read read /red /* tell to ld</p><p>do did have had ring ran g think th o u g h t</p><p>drink drank hear heard say said win w on</p><p>eat ate know knew see saw write w ro te</p><p>• I usually get up early but this m orning I g o t up at 9.30.</p><p>• We d id a lot o f work yesterday.</p><p>• Caroline w en t to the cinema three times last week.</p><p>• Jim cam e into the room, to o k off his coat and sat down.</p><p>pronunciation</p><p>[30] w as/w ere : UNIT 10 I d id n ’t . . . / D id y o u ... ? (negative and questions) => ;unit 12 a g o => UNIT 19</p><p>11-1 Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the past simple:</p><p>clean die enjoy finish h ap p en open ra</p><p>in s ta r t stay w ant</p><p>1 I cleam d, . my teeth three times yesterday.</p><p>2 It was hot in the room, so 1 ............................the window.</p><p>3 The concert............................at 7.30 a n d ............................. at 10 o ’clock.</p><p>4 When I was a child, I ............................to be a doctor.</p><p>5 The accident........................... last. Sunday afternoon.</p><p>6 It’s a nice day today but yesterday i t ............................all day.</p><p>7 W e........................... our holiday last year. W e ............................. at a very nice place.</p><p>8 Ann’s grandfather............................when he was 90 years old.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>r \</p><p>11.4</p><p>11.5</p><p>U N IT</p><p>11</p><p>11.2 Write the past simple of these verbs.</p><p>1 get .</p><p>2 see .</p><p>3 play</p><p>4 pay ...................... 7 go ...</p><p>5 visit .................... 8 think</p><p>6 buy ..................... 9 copy</p><p>10 know</p><p>11 put ...</p><p>12 speak</p><p>11*3 Read about Lisa’s journey to Madrid. Put the verbs in the correct form.</p><p>Last Tuesday Lisa (1) from London to Madrid. She (2 ).................. up</p><p>at six o ’clock in the m orning and (3 )..................a cup o f coffee. At 6.30</p><p>she (4 )..................home and (5 )................... to the airport. When she</p><p>(6) .................., she (7).................. the car and then (8) ................... to the airport</p><p>cafe where she (9 )..................breakfast. Then she (10 )................... through</p><p>passport control and (11)..................for her flight. The plane (12)...................</p><p>on time and (13)..................in Madrid two hours later. Finally she</p><p>(14)..................a taxi from the airport to her hotel in the centre o f Madrid.</p><p>fly, get</p><p>have</p><p>leave, drive</p><p>arrive, park, go</p><p>have, go</p><p>wait, depart</p><p>arrive</p><p>take</p><p>Write sentences about the past (yesterday / last week etc.).</p><p>1 Jim always goes to work by car. Yesterday . to workby cat.</p><p>2 Rachel often loses her keys. S h e ...................................................................................... last week.</p><p>3 Kate meets her friends every evening. She ..................................................... yesterday evening.</p><p>4 I usually buy two newspapers every day. Yesterday I ......................................................................</p><p>5 We usually go to the cinema on Sundays. Last Sunday w e ............................................................</p><p>6 I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I ................................................................................................</p><p>7 Tom always has a shower in the morning. This morning h e .........................................................</p><p>8 O ur friends come to see'us every Friday. They ........................................................... last Friday.</p><p>Write sentences about what you did yesterday.</p><p>1 I p loy eA yolLeybaJi yesfcercLoy. 4</p><p>2 ................................................. 5 ..........................................................................</p><p>3 ...................................... 6 ................................. .........................................</p><p>[31</p><p>U N IT</p><p>12</p><p>A</p><p>B</p><p>c</p><p>D</p><p>I didn’t ... Did you ... ?</p><p>(past simple negative and questions)</p><p>We use d id in past simple negatives and questions:</p><p>infinitive positive negative question</p><p>play</p><p>start</p><p>watch</p><p>have</p><p>see</p><p>do</p><p>go</p><p>I played</p><p>we started</p><p>you watched</p><p>they had</p><p>he saw</p><p>she did</p><p>it w ent</p><p>l play</p><p>we start</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>he</p><p>d id n o t</p><p>(d idn ’t)</p><p>watch</p><p>have</p><p>see</p><p>she do</p><p>it go</p><p>I play?</p><p>we start?</p><p>you watch?</p><p>did they have?</p><p>he see?</p><p>she do?</p><p>it go?</p><p>d o /d o es (present) —» did (past):</p><p>• I d o n ’t watch television very often.</p><p>• I d id n ’t watch television yesterday.</p><p>• D oes she often go away?</p><p>• D id she go away last week?</p><p>We use d id /d id n ’t + infinitive (w a tch /p lay /g o etc.):</p><p>I watched but I d id n ’t w atch (not ‘I didn’t watched’)</p><p>they w ent d id they go? (not ‘did they went?’)</p><p>he had he d id n ’t have</p><p>you d id d id you do?</p><p>• I played tennis yesterday but I d id n ’t w in.</p><p>• ‘D id you do the shopping?’ ‘No, I d id n ’t have time.’</p><p>• We w en t to the cinema but we d id n ’t enjoy the film.</p><p>Study the word order in questions:</p><p>did + subject + infinitive</p><p>D id your sister ph o n e you?</p><p>What did you do yesterday evening?</p><p>How did the accident happen?</p><p>Where did your parents go for their holiday?</p><p>short answers</p><p>I/w e/you/they , .</p><p>he/she/it</p><p>No, d id „ . t .</p><p>he/she/it</p><p>• ‘D id you see Joe yesterday?’ ‘No, I d id n ’t.’</p><p>• D id it rain on Sunday?’ ‘Yes, it did.’</p><p>• ‘D id H elen come to the party?’ ‘No, she d id n ’t.’</p><p>• ‘D id your paren ts have a good holiday?’ ‘Yes, they did.’</p><p>w o r k e d /g o t /w e n t etc. (past simple) => UNIT 11</p><p>12.1</p><p>12.2</p><p>12.3</p><p>/"V</p><p>12.4</p><p>12.5</p><p>Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative.</p><p>1 I saw Barbara but I ...4*4*}..̂ ...?®*...Jane.</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>12</p><p>They worked on Monday but th ey ........................................on Tuesday.</p><p>We went to the post office but w e ........................................to the bank.</p><p>She had a pen but s h e ........................................any paper.</p><p>Jack did French at school but h e ........................................German.</p><p>Write questions with Did ...?</p><p>1 I watched TV last night. And you? ... . y ?**. TV nkjH t ?</p><p>2 I enjoyed the party. And you? ............................................................</p><p>3 I had a good holiday. And you? ............................................................</p><p>4 I finished work early. And you? ............................................................</p><p>5 I slept well last night. And you? ............................................................</p><p>I</p><p>What did you do yesterday? Write positive or negative sentences.</p><p>1 (Watch TV) OR. | v o 7 A / .</p><p>2 (get up before 7 o’clock)</p><p>3 (have a shower)</p><p>4 (buy a magazine)</p><p>5 (eat meat)</p><p>6 (go to bed before 10.30)</p><p>Write B’s questions. Use:</p><p>arrive cost go go to bed late h ap p en have a n ice tim e stay w in</p><p>l A: We went to New York last month. 5 A: We came home by taxi.</p><p>B: Where BPW stay ? B: How much ..................................... ?</p><p>A: With some friends. A: Ten pounds.</p><p>2 A: I was late this morning. 6 A: I’m tired this morning.</p><p>B: W hat t im e ............................................ ? B: .......................................................... ?</p><p>A: Half past nine. A: No, but 1 didn’t sleep very well.</p><p>3 A: I played tennis this afternoon. 7 A: We went to the beach yesterday.</p><p>r ' B: ✓ B: .......................................................... ?</p><p>A: No, I lost. A: Yes, it was great.</p><p>4 A: I had a nice holiday. 8 A: The window is broken.</p><p>B: Good. W h e re ...................................... ? B: H o w ................................................ ?</p><p>A: To the mountains. A: 1 don’t know.</p><p>Put the verb in the correct form - positive, negative or question.</p><p>1 We went to the cinema but the film wasn’t very good. We it. (enjoy)</p><p>2 T im ............................... some new clothes yesterday - two shirts, a jacket and a pullover, (buy)</p><p>3 ‘..............................................yesterday?’ ‘No, it was a nice day.’ (rain)</p><p>4 The party wasn’t very? good, so w e ..............................................long, (stay)</p><p>5 It was very warm in the room, so I ..............................................a window, (open)</p><p>6 ‘Did you go to the bank this morning?’ ‘No, I ..............................................time.’ (have)</p><p>7 ‘I cut my hand this morning.’ ‘H o w ..............................................that?’ (do)</p><p>[33</p><p>U N IT</p><p>13 I was doing (past continuous)</p><p>A sjffTrrm.il f i l i l ) ^ r ' —d T— “ -----— ------ :------— It is 6 o ’clock now.</p><p>Sarah is at home.</p><p>She is w a tch in g television.</p><p>At 4 o ’clock she w asn’t at home.</p><p>She was at the sports club.</p><p>She was p lay ing tennis.</p><p>She w asn’t w atch ing television.</p><p>4-00</p><p>she began</p><p>playing</p><p>she stopped</p><p>playing</p><p>B w as/w ere + - in g is the past continuous:</p><p>positive negative question</p><p>I</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>was</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>were</p><p>doing</p><p>watching</p><p>playing</p><p>running</p><p>living</p><p>etc.</p><p>1</p><p>he was n o t</p><p>she (w asn’t)</p><p>it</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>w ere n o t</p><p>(w eren’t)</p><p>doing</p><p>watching</p><p>playing</p><p>running</p><p>living</p><p>etc.</p><p>was</p><p>I</p><p>he</p><p>she</p><p>it</p><p>w ere</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>doing?</p><p>watching?</p><p>playing?</p><p>running?</p><p>living?</p><p>etc.</p><p>• W hat w ere you d o in g at 11.30 yesterday? W ere you w orking?</p><p>• ‘W hat did he say?’ ‘I don’t know. I w asn’t listen ing .’</p><p>• It was rain ing , so we didn’t go out.</p><p>• In 1985 we w ere liv ing in Canada.</p><p>• Today she’s wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was w earing trousers.</p><p>• I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was sh in ing and the</p><p>birds w ere singing.</p><p>Spelling (live —> living / run —» runn ing / lie —» lying etc.) => Appendix 5</p><p>a m /is /a re + - in g (present) —» w as/w ere + - in g (past):</p><p>• I’m w orking (now). I was working at 10.30 last n ight.</p><p>• It isn ’t raining (now). It w asn ’t raining when we went out.</p><p>• What are you doing (now)? W hat w ere you d o in g at three o ’clock?</p><p>w a s /w e r e => I w a s d o in g and I d id (past con tinuous and simple) => UNIT 14</p><p>SARAH</p><p>NOW 6 O ’CLOCK</p><p>4 O ’CLOCK</p><p>13.1 Look at the pictures. Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon? And what were they</p><p>doing? Write two sentences for each picture.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>13</p><p>home / J U I )</p><p>watch TV</p><p>[ M 0 j</p><p>CAROL jack</p><p>P7</p><p>the cinema / V/~_</p><p>watch a film</p><p>3</p><p>TOM (TDj\</p><p>his car / drive</p><p>4 CATHERINE —^</p><p>VS8r\</p><p>I l P i S f t</p><p>( a ® m i l</p><p>the station /</p><p>wait for a train</p><p>5 MR AND</p><p>MRS HALL C L_)\</p><p>the park / walk ^</p><p>1 Ann was a t Home. She was watching TV.</p><p>2 Carol and Jack ............................................................ Thev .................................</p><p>3 T o m .........................................................................................................................................</p><p>4</p><p>C '</p><p>13.2</p><p>/'■N</p><p>r "</p><p>1 3 4</p><p>1 At 9.45 sHe was washing her car.</p><p>2 At 11.45 sh e ...........................................</p><p>3 At 9 o ’c lo ck ...........................................</p><p>4 At 12.50</p><p>5 At 8.15 ...</p><p>6 At 10.30</p><p>13.3 Complete the questions. Use was/were -ing. Use what/where/why if necessary.</p><p>1</p><p>2</p><p>3</p><p>4</p><p>5</p><p>(you/live) Where.were-..M®.u Uvlng m 1990?</p><p>(you/do) ............................................................ at 2 o ’clock?</p><p>(it/rain) ................................................... when you got up?</p><p>(Ann/drive) ................................................................ so fast?</p><p>(Tim/wear) ..................................................a suit yesterday?</p><p>In London.</p><p>I was asleep.</p><p>No, it was sunny.</p><p>Because she was in a hurry.</p><p>No, a T-shirt and jeans.</p><p>Look at the picture. You saw Joe in the street yesterday afternoon. What was he doing? Write positive or</p><p>negative sentences.</p><p>(wear / a jacket) wasn’t wearing cl ja c k e t .</p><p>(carry / a bag) ............................................................................</p><p>(go / to the dentist) ...................................................................</p><p>(eat / an ice-cream) ...................................................................</p><p>(carry / an umbrella) ................................................................</p><p>(go / h o m e)................................................................................</p><p>(wear / a hat) ..............................................................................</p><p>(ride / a bicycle) ........................................................................</p><p>6 And you? I ........................................................................................................................</p><p>Sarah did a lot of things yesterday morning. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.</p><p>8.10-8.25</p><p>[35</p><p>U N IT</p><p>14 I was doing (past continuous) and</p><p>I did (past simple)</p><p>Jack was reading a book. The phone rang.</p><p>What happened? The phone rang , (past simple)</p><p>What was Jack d o in g when the phone rang?</p><p>He was read ing a book.</p><p>W hat did he do when the phone rang?</p><p>He sto p p ed reading and answ ered the phone.</p><p>Jack began reading before the phone rang.</p><p>So: W hen the phone rang, he was reading .</p><p>(past continuous)</p><p>(past simple)</p><p>he began</p><p>reading</p><p>the phone</p><p>rang. . . . j</p><p>he stopped</p><p>reading</p><p>HE WAS READING</p><p>> 1</p><p>Q Hello</p><p>He stopped reading. He answered the phone.</p><p>he answered</p><p>the phone</p><p>B past simple</p><p>A: What d id you do yesterday morning?</p><p>B: We played tennis, (from 10 to 11.30)</p><p>beginning</p><p>(1 0 o'clock)</p><p>end</p><p>(11 .30)</p><p>we played</p><p>(complete action)</p><p>• Jack read a book yesterday. (= from</p><p>beginning to end)</p><p>• D id you w atch the film on television</p><p>last night?</p><p>• It d id n ’t rain while we were on holiday.</p><p>past continuous</p><p>• A: What w ere you d o in g at 10.30?</p><p>B: We w ere p lay ing tennis.</p><p>beginning</p><p>(1 0 o'clock)</p><p>we w ere p lay ing</p><p>(unfinished action)</p><p>• Jack was read ing a book when the</p><p>phone rang.</p><p>• W ere you w atch ing television when I</p><p>phoned you?</p><p>• It w asn’t ra in in g when I got up.</p><p>• I s ta rted work at 9 o’clock and finished at 4.30. At 2.30 I was w orking.</p><p>• It was ra in in g when we w en t out. (= it started raining before we went out)</p><p>• I saw Lucy and Steve this morning. They w ere w aiting at the bus stop.</p><p>• Jenny fell asleep while she was reading.</p><p>[36] I d id (past simple): UNITS 1 1 -1 2 I w a s d o in g (past continuous) => IUHIT 13 w h ile => IUNIT 98</p><p>14.1</p><p>/—s</p><p>r '</p><p>Look at the pictures and put the verbs in the correct form, past continuous or past simple.</p><p>EXERCISES</p><p>U N IT</p><p>14</p><p>( I’m qobntjto</p><p>station...</p><p>Carol ....(break) her arm last</p><p>week. I t ......................................... (happen)</p><p>when sh e ......................................... (paint)</p><p>her room. S h e .........................................</p><p>(fall) off the ladder.</p><p>The tra in ......................................... (arrive)</p><p>at the station and Paula...............................</p><p>(get) off. Two friends o f hers, John and</p><p>Jenny,......................................... (wait) to</p><p>meet her.</p><p>Yesterday S u e .........................................</p><p>(walk) along the road when she</p><p>......................................... (meet) Jim.</p><p>H e ......................................... (go) to the</p><p>station to catch a train and he</p><p>......................................... (carry) a bag.</p><p>T h e y ......................................... (stop) to</p><p>talk for a few minutes.</p><p>14.2 Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple.</p><p>l A</p><p>B:</p><p>2 A</p><p>B:</p><p>3 A</p><p>B:</p><p>4 A:</p><p>c \ B:</p><p>5 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>6 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>7 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>8 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>9 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>10 A:</p><p>B:</p><p>A:</p><p>is??</p><p>(stop) you?</p><p>(kick) the ball and i t ............................................,............ (hit) the window.</p><p>......................................................... (you/see) Jenny last night?</p><p>Yes, sh e ......................................................... (wear) a very nice jacket.</p><p>W h at......................................................... (you/do) at 2 o’clock this morning?</p><p>1 was asleep.</p><p>I ......................................................... (lose) my key last night.</p><p>H o w ......................................................... (you/get) into your room?</p><p>1......................................................... (climb) in through a window.</p><p>[37</p><p>U N IT</p><p>15 I have done (present perfect 1)</p><p>A</p><p>I</p><p>we</p><p>you</p><p>they</p><p>have (’ve)</p><p>have n o t (haven’t)</p><p>he '</p><p>t</p><p>has (’s)</p><p>has n o t (hasn’t)</p><p>cleaned</p><p>f i n i s h e d</p><p>started</p><p>lost</p><p>done</p><p>been</p><p>gone</p><p>cleaned?</p><p>finished?</p><p>started?</p><p>lost?</p><p>done?</p><p>been?</p><p>gone?</p><p>have</p><p>B</p><p>His shoes are dirty. He is cleaning his shoes. He has c leaned his shoes.</p><p>(= his shoes arc clean now)</p><p>Tliev are at home.j</p><p>has c leaned / have gone etc.</p><p>> irregular verbs</p><p>is the present perfect (have + past participle):</p><p>past participle</p><p>regular verbs</p><p>They are going out. They have gone out.</p><p>( - they are not at home now)</p><p>Regular verbs: The past participle is -e d (the same as the past simple):</p><p>clean —» I have cleaned finish —» we have finished start —> she has started</p><p>Irregular verbs: The past participle is sometimes the same as the past simple and sometimes</p><p>different (=> Appendix 2-3). For example:</p><p>the same: buy</p>