AWS D14 3 2019

Prévia do material em texto

Specification 
for Welding 
Earthmoving, 
Construction, 
Agricultural, and 
Ground-Based 
Material Handling 
Equipment
AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2019
An American National Standard
 
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AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2019
An American National Standard
Approved by the
American National Standards Institute
February 28, 2018
Specification for Welding Earthmoving, 
Construction, Agricultural, and Ground-Based 
Material Handling Equipment
7th Edition
Supersedes AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2010
Prepared by the
American Welding Society (AWS) D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment
Under the Direction of the
AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by the
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
This specification provides standards for producing structural welds used in the manufacture and repair of earthmoving, 
construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment. Such equipment is defined as self-propelled, 
on- and off-highway machinery and associated implements. Manufacturer’s responsibilities are presented as they relate 
to the welding practices that have been proven successful within the industry in the production of weldments on this 
equipment. Requirements for basic weld details, base material, filler material, processes, welding procedure qualification 
and documentation, welding personnel qualification, weld quality, inspection, and repair are included.
 
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AWS D14.3/D14.3M:2019
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ISBN Print: 978-0-87171-954-6
ISBN PDF: 978-1-64322-023-9
© 2018 by American Welding Society
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
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Internet: .
 
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Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards
All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American 
Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the 
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or 
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AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings 
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This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment. It must be 
reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, 
additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be 
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Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American 
Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.
 
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Typical Micro Hardness Locations
Note: Figure 7.5 provides recommended zones to take micro hardness readings. The actual locations and number of readings shall be 
determined by the Engineer as stated in 7.2.6.5.
Figure 7.5—Typical Micro Hardness Locations
 
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(3) The material specifications of all items included in the assembly.
(4) The WPS variables used to manufacture the test unit (see 7.1.2)
(5) For simulated service tests, the type of loading applied, direction and magnitude of forces (by calculation or 
instrumentation), frequency, and total number of applications or specific duration of the test. For actual service 
tests, the pertinent load conditions, functional cycles, strain gage values, stress coat results, and any other data 
documenting the actual test conditions.
(6) The results of visual, and when applicable, nondestructive or destructive examination of all welds after the 
weldment has been subjected to the service test.
7.3.4 The WPS employed for the weldment shall be accepted as qualified provided:
7.3.4.1 Visual and any required nondestructive or destructive examinations, conducted prior to service testing shall 
meet the quality requirements of 9.5 Quality of Welds.
7.3.4.2 Visual and any required nondestructive or destructive examinations, conducted after service testing shall 
meet the quality requirements of 9.5 Quality of Welds.
7.3.5 The qualification of the WPS shall be limited to welding of the same joints as were welded on the test weldment.
7.3.6 The WPS qualified on the basis of Prototype testing may vary within the limits of 7.1.2. Requalification includes 
welding and testing the number of units required to confirm consistent application of the revised WPS.
7.3.7 Limits on Changes to Production Weldments
7.3.7.1 The Engineer shall determine when changes to the production weldment as compared to the prototype test 
necessitate requalification of WPS(s).
7.3.7.2 In no case shall changes in production weldments result in calculated stresses that are greater than 20% 
higher than those used in the prototype tests.
7.4 Method II—Welding Procedure Qualification by Standard Testing Methods
7.4.1 Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove and Fillet Welds. Qualification by standard test using AWS B2.1/
B2.1M shall be within the limits of 7.1.2 and 7.2.
7.4.2 Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds. Welding Procedures for PJP Groove Welds may be qualified 
by welding a test plate using the groove design desired to be used in production while following a CJP welding procedure 
qualified per 7.4.1. The test plate shall be cross-sectioned and macroetched to demonstrate that the designed weld 
characteristics are obtained in accordance with requirements of 9.5.1. The depth of groove need not exceed 1 in [25 mm].
7.4.2.1 Macroetch Test. A minimum of three specimens shall be prepared and etched with a suitable solution to 
give a clear definition of the weld. Guidelines for macroetch procedures may be found in the Annex of AWS B2.1/B2.1M.
7.4.2.2 Test Acceptance Criteria. The requirements for the test results shall be as follows:
(1) Visual Examination. Visual examination shall meet the visual quality requirements of 9.5.1.
(2) Macroetch Tests. The macroetched specimens shall be free of defects, as described in Clause 9. The quali-
fication test weld shall show fusion through the specified weld size and shall be free from fusion defects.
7.4.3 Fillet Weld Qualification for Deep Joint Penetration. Welding procedure specifications for fillet welds that 
rely on joint penetration to extend beyond the root of the joint to satisfy design requirements, shall be qualified by 
welding a minimum of three test plates using the joint geometry and welding parameters to be used in production. Fillet 
welds are defined in 4.2.
7.4.3.1 The test plates shall be visually inspected and meet the requirements of Clause 9.
7.4.3.2 A minimum of three section specimens from each test plate shall be prepared and etched with a suitable 
solution to give a clear definition of the weld. Guidelines for macroetch procedures may be found in the Annex of AWS 
B2.1/B2.1M.
7.4.3.3 The macroetched specimens shall demonstrate that the specified depth of penetration and the required 
effective throat have been achieved (see Figures 4.2 and 4.3).
 
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7.4.3.4 The measured actual throat of the weld cross section shall not exceed the face width of the fillet weld.
7.4.3.5 Production WPSs shall not deviate from test conditions for the following variables:
(1) Base metal surface condition (e.g., hot rolled scale, blast cleaned, etc.)
(2) Nominal fillet weld leg size
(3) Joint configuration (e.g., lap, tee or corner)
7.4.3.6 Limitations of Variables. Production fillet weld WPSs qualified in accordance with 7.4.3 may not deviate 
from test conditions, except as follows:
(1) The welding current shall not be less than 95% of the value used in the test.
(2) The thickness(es) of the steel(s) shall not exceed 105% of the value(s) used in the test.
(3) The dihedral angle shall not vary by more than 5 degrees from tested condition.
(4) The root opening shall not be less than the tested condition.
7.4.4 Other Weld Configurations. Where the welding process does not lend itself to making basic groove or fillet 
welds, or both, because of the process (such as resistance welding, solid-state welding, and other processes) or because 
of the configuration (such as in plug or slot welds or forgings), test pieces conforming to the actual production joint in 
size, mass, and material shall be made and sectioned to determine whether the procedure provides the specified minimum 
penetration, fusion, and weld profile.
7.4.4.1 The welds shall be visually examined and meet the quality requirements of Clause 9.
7.4.4.2 The Engineer shall specify the number and location of cross-sections and if hardness testing is required (see 
7.2.6.1).
7.4.4.3 The cross-sections shall be etched with a suitable solution to give a clear definition of the weld. Guidelines 
for macroetch procedures may be found in the Annex of AWS B2.1/B2.1M.
7.4.4.4 The macroetch specimens shall meet the quality requirements of Clause 9.
7.4.5 The WPS qualified on the basis of Method II may vary within the limits of 7.1.2 (with the exception of the added 
limits for fillet welds with deep joint penetration in 7.4.3.5 and 7.4.3.6).
7.5 Method III—Prequalified Welding Procedures
Prequalification of WPSs (Welding Procedure Specifications) shall be defined as exempt from the WPS qualification 
testing required in 7.1, 7.3, and 7.4. All prequalified WPSs shall be written. In order for a WPS to be prequalified, con-
formance with all of the applicable requirements of 7.5 shall be required. WPSs that do not conform to the requirements 
of 7.5 may be qualified by tests in conformance with 7.1, 7.3, or 7.4.
7.5.1 Welding Processes
7.5.1.1 Prequalified Processes. SMAW, SAW, GMAW (except GMAW-S), and FCAW WPSs which conform to 
all of the provisions of 7.5 shall be deemed as prequalified and are therefore approved for use without performing WPS 
qualification tests for the process.
7.5.1.2 Other Welding Processes. Other welding processes not covered by 7.5.1.1 may be used, provided the 
WPSs are qualified by applicable tests as described in 7.1, 7.3, or 7.4.
7.5.1.3 FCAW and GMAW Power Sources. FCAW and GMAW that is done with prequalified WPSs shall be 
performed using Constant Voltage (CV) power supplies. Pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) may also be used in 
prequalified welding procedures provided that the average current and voltage are sufficient to promote the spray or 
globular modes of metal transfer.
7.5.2 Base Metal/FillerMetal Combinations
7.5.2.1 Only base metals and filler metals listed in Tables 7.1, 7.3, and 7.5 may be used in prequalified WPSs. (For 
the qualification of listed base metals and filler metals, and for base metals and filler metals not listed in these Tables, see 
7.1, 7.3, and 7.4.)
 
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7.5.2.2 Steels listed in AWS B2.1/B2.1M that have the same M number and group number as those steels identified 
in Table 7.1 or defined in Table 7.3 (within the limitations of 7.5.2.3 and 7.5.2.4) are also prequalified, provided the 
preheat and interpass temperatures used are no lower than those listed in Table 7.4.
7.5.2.3 No nitrogen containing steel other than ASTM A572, A607, A656, and A715 are prequalified under 
Class III.
7.5.2.4 Only ASTM A572, A607, A656, and A715 (alloyed with some combination of niobium, vanadium, and 
nitrogen) are prequalified under Class IV.
7.5.2.3 The base metal/filler metal strength relationships in Table 7.2 shall be used in conjunction with Table 7.5 
and 7.5M to determine whether matching or undermatching filler metals are required.
7.5.3 Engineer’s Approval for Auxiliary Attachments
Unlisted materials for auxiliary attachments which fall within the chemical composition range of a steel listed in 7.5.2 
may be used in a prequalified WPS when approved by the Engineer. The filler metal and minimum preheat shall be in 
conformance with 7.5.2 and 7.5.4, based upon the similar material strength and chemical composition.
7.5.4 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements
The preheat and interpass temperature shall be sufficient to prevent cracking. Table 7.4 shall be used to determine the 
minimum preheat and interpass temperatures for steels listed in the specification.
7.5.4.1 Base Metal/Thickness Combination. The minimum preheat or interpass temperature applied to a joint 
composed of base metals with different minimum preheats from Table 7.4 (based on classification and thickness) shall be 
the highest of these minimum preheats.
7.5.4.2 Alternate SAW Preheat and Interpass Temperatures. Preheat and interpass temperatures for parallel 
or multiple electrode SAW shall be selected in conformance with Table 7.4. For single-pass groove or fillet welds, for 
combinations of metals being welded and the heat input involved, and with the approval of the Engineer, preheat 
and interpass temperatures may be established which are sufficient to reduce the hardness in the HAZs of the base 
metal to less than 225 HV for steel having a minimum specified tensile strength not exceeding 60 ksi [415 MPa], and 
280 HV for steel having a minimum specified tensile strength greater than 60 ksi [415 MPa], but not exceeding 70 ksi 
[485 MPa].
NOTE: The Vickers hardness number shall be determined in conformance with ASTM E384. If another method of 
hardness is to be used, the equivalent hardness number shall be determined from ASTM E140, and testing shall be 
performed according to the applicable ASTM specification.
7.5.5 Limitation of WPS Variables
All prequalified WPSs to be used shall be prepared by the Manufacturer as written prequalified WPSs and shall be 
available to those authorized to use or examine them. The written WPS may follow any convenient format (see 
AWS B2.1/B2.1M for examples). The welding variables set forth in Table 7.8 shall be specified on the written WPS, and 
for variables with limits, within the range shown. Changes to the variables beyond those permitted by Table 7.8 shall 
require a new or revised prequalified WPS, or shall require that the WPS be qualified by test in accordance with 7.1, 7.3, 
or 7.4.
7.5.5.1 Combination of WPSs. A combination of qualified and prequalified WPSs may be used without 
qualification of the combination, provided the limitation of variables applicable to each process is observed.
7.5.6 General WPS Requirements
All the requirements of Table 7.7 shall be met for prequalified WPSs.
7.5.6.1 Vertical-Up Welding Requirements. The progression for all passes in vertical position welding shall be 
upward, except that undercut may be repaired vertically downwards when preheat is in conformance with Table 7.4, but 
not lower than 70 °F [20 °C].
7.5.6.2 Width/Depth Pass Limitation. Neither the depth nor the maximum width in the cross section of weld 
metal deposited in each weld pass shall exceed the width at the surface of the weld pass (see Figure 7.6).
 
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7.5.6.3 Shielding Gas. Shielding gases for GMAW and FCAW-G shall conform to AWS A5.32/A5.32M (ISO 
14175:2008 MOD), and one of the following:
(1) The shielding gas used for electrode classification per the applicable AWS A5 specification, A5.18/A5.18M, 
A5.20/A5.20M, A5.28/A5.28M, or A5.29/A5.29M.
(2) For AWS A5.36/A5.36M fixed classifications of carbon steel gas shielded FCAW and GMAW, and low-
alloy steel FCAW qualified with M21 shielding gas shall be limited to the mixed shielding gas requirements of 
AWS A5.20/A5.20M, A5.18/A5.18M, or A5.29/A5.29M, M21-ArC-20-25 (SG-AC-20-25).
(3) For all AWS A5.36/A5.36M open classifications, the classification shielding gas shall be limited to the 
shielding gas designator used for classification(s) and not the range of the shielding gas classification.
(4) A shielding gas recommended for use with the specific electrode by the electrode manufacturer. Such rec-
ommendations shall be supported by tests which demonstrate that the electrode/shielding gas combination is 
capable of meeting all the mechanical and chemical property requirements for the electrode classification when 
tested in accordance with the applicable AWS A5 specification. Documentation of such testing shall be supplied 
when requested by the Engineer.
7.5.7 Common Requirements for Parallel Electrode and Multiple Electrode SAW
7.5.7.1 GMAW Root Pass. Welds may also be made in the root of groove or fillet welds using GMAW, 
followed by parallel or multiple electrode submerged arcs, provided that the GMAW conforms to the requirements of 
this section, and providing the spacing between the GMAW arc and the following SAW arc does not exceed 15 in 
[380 mm].
7.5.8 Fillet Weld Requirements See Table 7.9 for minimum fillet weld sizes.
7.5.8.1 Joint Details. See Figures A.3 and A.5 for the limitations for prequalified fillet welds.
7.5.8.2 Skewed T-Joints. Skewed T-joints shall be in conformance with Figure A.11.
(1) Dihedral Angle Limitations. The obtuse side of skewed T-joints with dihedral angles greater than 100° 
shall be prepared as shown in Figure A.11, Detail C, to allow placement of a weld of the required size. The 
amount of material removed in preparing the edge of the member should not be more than that required to 
achieve the required weld size (W) as shown in Figure A.11, Detail C.
(2) Minimum Weld Size for Skewed T-Joints. For skewed T-joints, the minimum weld size for Details A, B, 
and C in Figure A.11 shall be in conformance with Table 7.9.
7.5.9 Plug and Slot Weld Requirements The details of plug and slot welds made by the SMAW, GMAW (except 
GMAW-S), or FCAW processes are described in AWS D14.4/D14.4M, Specification the Design of Welded Joints in 
Machinery and Equipment, and they may be used without performing the WPS qualification described in 7.1, 7.3, and 7.4 
of this specification, provided the workmanship provisions of Clause 9 of this specification are met.
WIDTH
WIDTH
DEPTH
WIDTH OF
FACE
WIDTH OF
FACE
DEPTH
Figure 7.6—Weld Bead in which Depth and Width Exceed the Width of the Weld Face
 
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7.5.10 Common Requirements of PJP and CJP Groove Welds
7.5.10.1 Corner Joint Preparation.For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both 
members, provided the basic groove configuration is not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the 
welding operations without excessive melting.
7.5.10.2 Root Openings. Joint root openings may vary as noted in 7.5.11.3 and 7.5.12.1. However, for automatic 
or mechanized welding using FCAW, GMAW, and SAW processes, the maximum root opening variation for the as-fit 
tolerance shall not exceed 1/8 in [3 mm]. Variations greater than 1/8 in [3 mm] shall be locally corrected prior to automatic 
or mechanized welding.
7.5.11 PJP Requirements PJP groove welds shall be made using the joint details described in Figure A.2. The joint 
dimensional limitations described in 7.5.11.3 shall apply.
7.5.11.1 Definition. Except as provided in 7.5.12.5 and Figure A.1 (B-L1-S), groove welds without steel backing, 
welded from one side, and groove welds welded from both sides, but without backgouging, are considered PJP groove 
welds. See 4.1.2 for PJP Skewed T-Joint basic weld details.
7.5.11.2 Prequalified Weld Sizes.
(1) The weld size (S) of a prequalified PJP groove shall be as shown in Figure A.2 for the particular welding 
process, joint designation, groove angle, and welding position proposed for use in welding fabrication.
(2) The minimum weld size of PJP single- or double-V, bevel-, J-, and U-groove welds, types 2 through 9, shall 
be as shown in Table 7.10. The base metal thickness shall be sufficient to incorporate the requirements of the joint 
details selected, conforming to the variances outlined in 7.5.11.3 and the requirements of Table 7.10.
(3) The maximum base metal thickness shall not be limited.
(4) The PJP square groove weld B-P1 and flare-bevel groove welds BTC-P10 minimum weld sizes shall be 
calculated from Figure A.2.
(5) Shop or working drawings shall specify the design grooves depths (D) applicable for the weld size (S) 
required per 7.5.11.2. (Note that this requirement shall not apply to the B-P1 and BTC-P10 details.)
7.5.11.3 Joint Dimensions
(1) Dimensions of groove welds specified in 7.5.11 may vary on design drawings within the limits of tolerances 
shown in the “As Detailed” column in Figure A.2.
(2) Fit-up tolerances of Figure A.2 may be applied to the dimensions shown on the design drawing. However, 
the use of fit-up tolerances does not exempt the user from meeting the minimum weld size requirements of 
7.5.11.2(2).
(3) J- and U-grooves may be prepared before or after assembly.
7.5.11.4 Details (Tubular). Details for PJP tubular groove welds that are accorded prequalified status shall 
conform to the following provisions:
(1) PJP tubular groove welds, other than T-, Y-, and K-connections, may be used without performing the WPS 
qualification tests, when these may be applied, and shall meet all of the joint dimension limitations as described 
in Figure A.2.
(2) PJP T-, Y-, and K-tubular connections, welded only by the SMAW, GMAW, or FCAW process, may be used 
without performing the WPS qualification tests, when they may be applied, and shall meet all of the joint dimen-
sion limitations as described in Figure A.4. These details may also be used for GMAW-S qualified in conform-
ance with AWS B2.1/B2.1M.
7.5.11.5 Matched Box Connections. Details for PJP groove welds in these connections, the corner dimensions 
and the radii of the main tube are shown in Figure A.4(C). Fillet welds may be used in toe and heel zones (see Figure A.5). 
If the corner dimension or the radius of the main tube, or both are less than as shown in Figure A.4(C), a sample joint of 
the side details shall be made and sectioned to verify the weld size. The test weld shall be made in the horizontal position. 
This requirement may be waived if the branch tube is beveled as shown for CJP groove welds in Figure A.6.
7.5.12 CJP Groove Weld Requirements CJP groove welds which may be used without performing the WPS 
qualification test described in 7.1, 7.3, or 7.4 shall be as detailed in Figure A.1; and are subject to the limitations described 
in 7.5.12.1.
 
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7.5.12.1 Joint Dimensions. Dimensions of groove welds specified in 7.5.12 may vary on design drawings within 
the limits or tolerances shown in the “As Detailed” column in Figure A.1. Fit up tolerances of these figures may be 
applied to the dimension shown on the design drawing.
7.5.12.2 Backing. Prequalified CJP groove welds made from one side only, except as allowed for tubular structures, 
shall have steel backing. Other backing may be used, if qualified in conformance with 7.1, 7.3, or 7.4.
7.5.12.3 Double-Sided Groove Preparation. J- and U-grooves and the other side of partially welded double-V 
and double-bevel grooves may be prepared before or after assembly. After backgouging, the other side of partially welded 
double-V or double-bevel joints should resemble a prequalified U or J-joint configuration at the joint root.
7.5.12.4 Butt Joints in Tubular Members. For groove welds in tubular members to be given prequalified status, 
the following conditions shall apply:
(1) Prequalified WPSs. Where welding from both sides or welding from one side with backing is possible, any 
WPS and groove welded joint detail that is appropriately prequalified in conformance with 7.5 may be used, 
except that SAW is only prequalified for diameters greater than or equal to 24 in [600 mm]. Welded joint details 
shall be in conformance with 7.5.
(2) Nonprequalified Joint Details. There are no prequalified joint details for CJP groove welds in butt joints 
made from one side without backing.
7.5.12.5 Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections. Details for CJP groove welds welded from one side without backing 
in tubular T-, Y-, and K-connections used in circular tubes are described in this section. The applicable circumferential 
range of Details A, B, C, and D are described in Figures A.6 and A.7, and the ranges of local dihedral angles, [Ψ], 
corresponding to these are described in Table 7.6.
Joint dimensions including groove angles are described in Table 7.6 and Figure A.8. Alternative weld profiles that may 
be required for thicker sections are described in Figure A.9. In the absence of special fatigue requirements, these profiles 
shall be applicable to branch thicknesses exceeding 5/8 in [16 mm].
Improved weld profiles are described in Figure A.10. In the absence of special fatigue requirements, these profiles shall 
be applicable to branch thicknesses exceeding 1–1/2 in [38 mm] (not required for static compression loading).
Prequalified details for CJP groove welds in tubular T-, Y-, and K-connections, utilizing box sections, are further described 
in Figure A.6. The foregoing details are subject to the limitation of 7.5.12.4.
The joint dimensions and groove angles shall not vary from the ranges detailed in Table 7.6 and shown in Figure A.6 
and Figures A.8 through A.10. The root face of joints shall be zero unless dimensioned otherwise. It may be detailed to 
exceed zero or the specified dimension by not more than 1/16 in [2 mm]. It may not be detailed less than the specified 
dimensions.
These details may be used for prequalified welding procedures for SMAW and FCAW only. These details may also be 
used for other processes, including GMAW-S, when qualified in accordance with AWS B2.1/B2.1M.
7.5.13 Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) shall be prequalified, provided that it 
shall be approved by the Engineer and the following conditions shall be met:
(1) The specified minimum yield strength of the base metal shall not exceed 50 ksi [345 MPa].
(2) The base metal shall not be manufactured by Quenching and Tempering (Q&T), Quenching and Self-Tempering 
(Q&ST), Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Processing (TMCP) or where cold working is used to achieve higher 
mechanical properties (e.g., certain gradesof ASTM A500 tubing).
(3) There shall be no requirements for fracture toughness testing of the base metal, HAZ, or weld metal.
(4) There shall be data available demonstrating that the weld metal shall have adequate strength and ductility in the 
PWHT condition (e.g., as can be found in the relevant AWS A5.X filler metal specification and classification or 
from the filler metal manufacturer).
(5) PWHT shall be conducted in conformance with AWS D14.4/D14.M, Specification for the Design of Welded 
Joints in Machinery and Equipment.
 
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Table 7.1a
Weldability Classification—Typical Steel Products
Class I AISI/SAE 1005, 1006, 1008, 1010, 1012, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1020
ASTM A 366, A 569; SAE J-525
Class II AISI/SAE 1021, 1025, 1026;
ASTM A 36, A 53 Grade B, A 53 Grade F, A 106, A 131,b A 139, A 500, A 501, A 516, A 524, A 529, A 570
Grades 30, 33, 36, 40, 45, 50, and 55, A 606
Class III ASTM A 242, A 441, A 500 Grade C, A 537 Class 1 and 3, A 572 Grades 42 and 50, A 588c
A 607 Grades 45 and 50, A 618, A 633 Grades A, B, C, D, and E
API 5LX Grade 42; ABS Grades AH, DH and EH
Class IV ASTM A 572 Grades 60 and 65, A 607 Grades 60 and 70, A 656 Grades 50, 60, 70 and 80, 
A 715 Grades 50, 60, 70 and 80
Class V ASTM A 514d and A 517e
a See 7.5.2.
b Except ASTM A 131 Gr. AH, DH, and Eh.
c Except ASTM A 588 Gr. G.
d Except ASTM A 514 Gr. E, P, and Q.
e Except ASTM A 517 Gr. E, P, and Q.
Table 7.2
Base Metal/Filler Metal Strength Relationships
Relationship Base Metal(s) Filler Metal Strength
Relationship Required
Matching Any steel to itself or any steel to another in 
the same group
Any filler metal listed in the same group
Any steel in one group to any steel in another Any filler metal listed for either strength group.
[SMAW electrodes shall be the low-hydrogen 
classification]
Undermatching Any steel to any steel in any group Any filler metal listed in a strength group below 
the lower strength group.
[SMAW electrodes shall be the low-hydrogen 
classification]
Note: See information on allowable stress in welds available in D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and 
Equipment to determine the filler metal strength requirements to match or undermatch base metal strength.
 
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Table 7.3
Weldability Classificationa
Structural Carbon Steel High-Strength Low Alloy Steels
Quench and 
Tempered Steels
Class I Class II Class IIIb Class IVb Class V
Yield Strength, ksic 30–46 35–55 40–45 50–80 90–100
Yield Strength, MPac 205–315 240–380 275–380 345–550 620–690
maximum CEd 0.38 0.48 0.63 — 0.74
Maximum Chemical Limitse
Carbon 0.23 0.30 0.24 — 0.22
Manganese 0.90 1.35 1.65 — 1.50
Phosphorus 0.04 0.04 0.04 — 0.04
Sulfur 0.05 0.05 0.05 — 0.05
Silicon 0.60 0.60 0.90 — 0.90
Nickel — — 1.25 — 1.50
Chromium — — 1.00 — 2.00
Molybdenum — — 0.25 — 0.65
Vanadiumf,g — — 0.10f, g — 0.08g
Titanium — — 0.07 — 0.10
Zirconium — — 0.15 — 0.15
Niobium (Columbium)f — — 0.04f — —
Copper — — 1.00 — 0.50
Boron — — — — 0.006
a Use the highest classification allowed by yield strength of base metal, calculated CE value, and typical chemical composition.
b Only ASTM A 572, A 607, A 656, and A 715 (alloyed with some combination of niobium, vanadium, and nitrogen) are prequalified under Class IV. 
No nitrogen containing steel other than A 572, A 607, A 656, and A 715 are prequalified under Class III.
c Minimum yield strengths are generally values published by the producer, or in the case where values are not published, then the value that is used for 
design purposes.
d Carbon Equivalent, CE. The maximum CE values shown are based on the maximum composition limits of the materials, plus the check tolerance; 
therefore, caution must be used when the maximum limits are approached.
Reference: IIW Formula for CE for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels is:
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cu + Ni)/15 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5
e In weight %.
f Maximum for the sum of niobium + vanadium = 0.10.
g When welds are to be thermally stress relieved, the deposited weld metal shall not exceed 0.05% vanadium.
 
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Table 7.4
Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperaturesa, b, c, d
Welding Process
Thickness of Thickest Part at Point of 
Welding
SMAW with other than Low 
Hydrogen Electrodes
SMAW with Low Hydrogen 
Electrodes, SAW, GMAW, or 
FCAW
SMAW with Low Hydrogen 
Electrodes, SAW with Carbon or 
Alloy Steel Electrodes, Neutral or 
Active Flux, GMAW, or FCAW
SAW with 
Carbon Steel 
Electrodes and 
Alloy Flux
Steel Class
Class I Class II Class I Classes II and III Class IV Class V Class V
in mm ºF ºC ºF ºC ºF ºC ºF ºC ºF ºC ºF ºC ºF ºC
Through 3/4 incl. Through 20 incl. 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10 50 10
Over 3/4 to 1½ Over 20 to 38 50 10 150 65 50 10 50 10 150 65 125 50 200 95
Over 1½ to 2½ Over 38 to 65 50 10 225 105 50 10 150 65 225 105 175 80 300 150
Over 2½ Over 65 200 95 300 150 150 65 225 105 300 150 225 105 400 205
a When the base metal is below the temperature listed for the welding process being used and the thickness of material being welded, it shall be preheated as specified in 9.4.5. Temperatures above 
the minimum shown may be required for highly restrained welds. For quenched and tempered steel, the maximum preheat and interpass temperature should not exceed 400 °F [205 °C] for thickness up to 
1–1/2 in [38 mm], inclusive and 450 °F [230 °C] for greater thickness. When welding quenched and tempered steel, heat input should not exceed the steel producer’s recommendations.
b In joints involving combinations of base metals, preheat shall be as specified for the higher strength steel being welded.
c In some instances the minimum preheat and interpass temperature for a particular steel may be conservative. The user may use Method II—Procedure Qualification by Standard Testing Methods to qualify 
a welding procedure without preheat or with a lower preheat than specified in Table 7.4.
d Alternate minimum preheats may be used if developed by using AWS D14.8M/ISO/TR 17844, Standard Methods for the Avoidance of Cold Cracks.
 
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Table 7.5 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
SMAW SAW
Base Metal 
Group
AWS Electrode 
Specification
A5.1, Carbon 
Steel
A5.5a, Low-Alloy 
Steel
A5.17, Carbon 
Steel
A5.23b, Low-Alloy 
Steel
Class I AWS Electrode 
Classification
E60XX
E70XX
E70XX-X F6XX-EXXX
F6XX-ECXXX
F7XX-EXXX
F7XX-ECXXX
F7XX-EXXX-XX
F7XX-ECXXX-XX
Class II AWS Electrode 
Classification
E60XX
E70XX
E70XX-X F6XX-EXXX
F6XX-ECXXX
F7XX-EXXX
F7XX-ECXXX
F7XX-EXXX-XX
F7XX-ECXXX-XX
Class III AWS Electrode 
Classification
E7015
E7016
E7018
E7028
E7015-X
E7016-X
E7018-X
F7XX-EXXX
F7XX-ECXXX
F7XX-EXXX-XX
F7XX-ECXXX-XX
Class IV AWS Electrode 
Classification N/A
E8015-X
E8016-X
E8018-X
E9015-X
E9016-X
E9018-X
E9018M
N/A
F8XX-EXXX-XX
F8XX-ECXXX-XX
F9XX-EXXX-XX
F9XX-ECXXX-XX
Class V AWS Electrode 
Classification N/A E110XX-X
E11018M N/A F(S)11XX-E(C)XX-XX
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5 (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS 
Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW Carbon Steel GMAW and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel GMAW and 
FCAW
A5.18c, Carbon 
Steel
A5.28a,c, 
Low-AlloySteel A5.20, Carbon Steel
A5.29a, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.36, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36b Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS Electrode 
Classification
ER70S-X
E70C-XC
E70C-XM
(Electrodes with 
the -GS suffix shall 
be excluded)
ER70S-XXX
E70C-XXX
E6XT-X(M)
E7XT-X
E7XT-XC
E7XT-XM
(Electrodes with the -2C, -2M, 
-3, -10, -13, -14, and -GS suffix 
shall be excluded and electrodes 
with the -11 suffix shall be 
excluded for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
E6XTX-X
E7XTX-X
E6XTX-XC
E6XTX-XM
E7XTX-XC
E7XTX-XM
FCAW Carbon Steel
E7XT-1C
E7XT-1M
E7XT-5C
E7XT-5M
E7XT-9C
E7XT-9M
E7XT-12C
E7XT-12M
E70T-4
E7XT-6
E7XT-7
E7XT-8
FCAW Carbon Steel
E7XTX-XAX-CS1
E7XTX-XAX-CS2
E7XTX-XAX-CS3
I (Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, T3S, 
T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes with the T11 
suffix shall be excluded for thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 in [12 mm])
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, T3S, 
T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes with the T11 suffix 
shall be excluded for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E6XTX-XAX-XXX
E7XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
E70C-6M E7XTX-XAX-CS1
E7XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded) (NOTE: A5.36 does not have 
fixed classifications for other carbon steel 
metal cored electrodes or for low-alloy 
steel flux cored or metal cored electrodes)
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded)
GMAW-Metal Cored
Low-Alloy Steel
E7XTX-XAX-XXX
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5 (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW Carbon Steel GMAW and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy 
Steel GMAW and FCAW
A5.18c, Carbon 
Steel
A5.28a,c, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.20, Carbon Steel
A5.29a, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.36, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36b Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS Electrode 
Classification
ER70S-X
E70C-XC
E70C-XM
(Electrodes with 
the -GS suffix 
shall be 
excluded)
ER70S-XXX
E70C-XXX
E7XT-X
E7XT-XC
E7XT-XM
(Electrodes with the -2C, -2M, 
-3, -10, -13, -14, and -GS suffix 
shall be excluded and electrodes 
with the -11 suffix shall be excluded 
for thicknesses greater than 
1/2 in [12 mm])
E6XTX-X
E7XTX-X
E6XTX-XC
E6XTX-XM
E7XTX-XC
E7XTX-XM
FCAW Carbon Steel
E7XT-1C
E7XT-1M
E7XT-5C
E7XT-5M
E7XT-9C
E7XT-9M
E7XT-12C
E7XT-12M
E70T-4
E7XT-6
E7XT-7
E7XT-8
FCAW Carbon Steel
E7XTX-XAX-CS1
E7XTX-XAX-CS2
E7XTX-XAX-CS3
II
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, T3S, 
T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes with the T11 suffix 
shall be excluded for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, 
T3S, T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall 
be excluded and electrodes with the T11 
suffix shall be excluded for thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 in [12 mm])
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E6XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel E7XTX-AX-XXX
E70C-6M E7XTX-XAX-XXX
excluded) (NOTE: A5.36 does not have fixed 
classifications for other carbon steel metal 
cored electrodes or for low-alloy steel flux 
cored or metal cored electrodes)
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
E7XTX-XAX-CS1
E7XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded)
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy 
Steel
E7XTX-XAX-XXX
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5 (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
GMAW FCAW Carbon Steel GMAW and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel GMAW and 
FCAW
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS 
Electrode 
Specification
A5.18c, 
Carbon Steel
A5.28a,c, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.20, Carbon Steel
A5.29a, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.36, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36b Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS 
Electrode 
Classification
ER70S-X ER70S-XXX E7XT-X E7XTX-X FCAW Carbon Steel FCAW Carbon Steel
E70C-XC E70C-XXX E7XT-XC E7XTX-XC E7XT-1C E7XTX-XAX-CS1
E70C-XM E7XT-XM E7XTX-XM E7XT-1M E7XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes 
with the -GS 
suffix shall be 
excluded)
(Electrodes with the 
-2C, -2M, -3, -10, -13, 
-14, and -GS suffix 
shall be excluded and 
electrodes with the -11 
suffix shall be excluded 
for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
E7XT-5C E7XTX-XAX-CS3
E7XT-5M
E7XT-9C
E7XT-9M
E7XT-12C
E7XT-12M
E70T-4
E7XT-6
E7XT-7
E7XT-8
III (Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, T3S, T10S, 
T14S, and -GS suffix shall be excluded and 
electrodes with the T11 suffix shall be excluded for 
thicknesses greater than 1/2 in [12 mm])
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, T3S, 
T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be excluded 
and electrodes with the T11 suffix shall be 
excluded for thicknesses greater than 1/2 in 
[12 mm])
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E7XTX-AX-XXX
E7XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
E70C-6M E7XTX-XAX-CS1
E7XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be excluded) 
(NOTE: A5.36 does not have fixed classifications 
for other carbon steel metal cored electrodes or for 
low-alloy steel flux cored or metal cored electrodes)
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded)
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E7XTX-XAX-XXX
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5 (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW
Carbon Steel GMAW 
and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel GMAW and 
FCAW
A5.18c, Carbon 
Steel
A5.28a,c, 
Low-Alloy Steel A5.20, Carbon Steel
A5.29a, Low-Alloy 
Steel
A5.36, Fixed 
Classificationc,d A5.36b Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS Electrode 
Classification
N/A ER80S-XXX N/A E8XTX-X FCAW Carbon Steel FCAW Carbon Steel
E80C-XXX E8XTX-XC N/A N/A
E8XTX-AX-XXX
E8XTX-XAX-XXX
E9XTX-AX-XXX
E9XTX-XAX-XXX
ER90S-XXX E8XTX-XM FCAW Carbon Steel
IV E90C-XXX E9XTX-X
E9XTX-XC
E9XTX-XM GMAW-Metal Cored 
Carbon Steel
N/A
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
N/A
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E8XTX-XAX-XXX
E9XTX-XAX-XXX
AWS Electrode 
Classification
N/A E110S-XXX N/A E11XTX-X(M) FCAW Carbon Steel FCAW Carbon Steel
E110C-XXX N/A N/A
V FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E11XTX-AX-XXX
E11XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
N/A
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E11XTX-XAX-XXX
a Filler metals of alloy group B3, B3L, B4, B5, B6, B6L, B7, B7L, B8, B8L, B23, B24, B91 (formerly B9), B92, E9015-C5L, E9015-D1, E9018-D1, E9018-D3, or any BXH grade in AWS A5.5, A5.23, 
A5.28, or A5.29 are not prequalified for use in the as-welded condition.
b Filler metals of alloy group B3, B3L, B4, B5, B6, B6L, B7, B7L, B8, B8L, B23, B24, B91 (formerly B9), and B92 in AWS A5.36/A5.36M may be “PREQUALIFIED” if classified in the “AS-WELDED” 
condition.
c Metal cored welding electrode is prequalified for thicknesses up to and including 1 in [25 mm] maximum. Thicknesses exceeding 1 in [25 mm] require qualification by Method I, Method II, or AWS B2.1/
B2.1M.
d The prequalified argon based shielding gases for carbon and low-alloy steel FCAW and carbon steel GMAW-Metal Core fixed classifications shall be M21-ArC-20-25(SG-AC-20/25), see 7.5.6.3(2).
e The prequalified shielding gas for open classification shall be limited to the specific shielding gas for the classification of the electrode and not the range of the shielding gas designator, see 7.5.6.3(3).
Notes:
1. In joints involving base metals of different groups, either of the following filler metals may be used:(1) that which matches the higher strength base metal, or (2) that which matches the lower strength 
base metal and produces a low-hydrogen deposit. Preheating shall be in conformance with the requirements applicable to the higher strength group.
2. Match API standard 2B (fabricated tubes) according to steel used.
3. When welds are to be stress-relieved, the deposited weld metal shall not exceed 0.05% vanadium except alloy groups B23, B24, B91 (formerly B9), and B92.
4. See AWS D14.4/D14.4M for allowable stress requirements for matching filler metal.
5. AWS A5M (SI Units) electrodes of the same classification may be used in lieu of the AWS A5 (U.S. Customary Units) electrode classification.
6. Any of the electrode classifications for a particular Group in Table 7.5 may be used to weld any of the base metals in that Group in Table 7.1 or 7.3.
 
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Table 7.5M 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
SMAW SAW
Base 
Metal 
Group AWS Electrode Specification
A5.1M, 
Carbon Steel
A5.5Ma, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel
A5.17M, 
Carbon Steel
A5.23Mb, 
Low-Alloy Steel
Class I AWS Electrode Classification E43XX
E49XX E49XX-X
F43XX-EXXX
F49XX-EXXX-XX
F49XX-ECXXX-XX
F43XX-ECXXX
F49XX-EXXX
F49XX-ECXXX
Class II AWS Electrode Classification E43XX
E49XX E49XX-X
F43XX-EXXX
F43XX-ECXXX
F49XX-EXXX
F49XX-ECXXX
F49XX-EXXX-XX
F49XX-ECXXX-XX
Class III AWS Electrode Classification
E4915
E4916
E4918
E4928
E4915-X
E4916-X
E4918-X
F49XX-EXXX
F49XX-ECXXX
F49XX-EXXX-XX
F49XX-ECXXX-XX
Class IV AWS Electrode Classification N/A
E5515-X
N/A
F55XX-EXXX-XX
F55XX-ECXXX-XX
F62XX-EXXX-XX
F62XX-ECXXX-XX
E5516-X
E5518-X
E6215-X
E6216-X
E6218-X
E6218M
Class V AWS Electrode Classification N/A
E76XX-X
N/A F(S)76XX-E(C)
XX-XXE7618M
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5M (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS 
Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW Carbon Steel GMAW and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel GMAW 
and FCAW
A5.18Mc, Carbon 
Steel
A5.28Ma,c, 
Low-Alloy Steel A5.20M, Carbon Steel
A5.29Ma, 
Low-Alloy Steel A5.36M, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36Mb Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS Electrode 
Classification
ER49S-X
E49C-XC
E49C-XM
(Electrodes with 
the -GS suffix 
shall be excluded)
ER49S-XXX
E49C-XXX
E43XT-X(M)
E49XT-X
E49XT-XC
E49XT-XM
(Electrodes with the -2C, 
-2M, -3, -10, -13, -14, and 
-GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes 
with the -11 suffix shall be 
excluded for thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 in [12 
mm])
E43XTX-X
E49XTX-X
E43XTX-XC
E43XTX-XM
E49XTX-XC
E49XTX-XM
FCAW Carbon Steel
E49XT-1C
E49XT-1M
E49XT-5C
E49XT-5M
E49XT-9C
E49XT-9M
E49XT-12C
E49XT-12M
E49XT-4
E49XT-6
E49XT-7
E49XT-8
FCAW Carbon Steel
E49XTX-XAX-CS1
E49XTX-XAX-CS2
E49XTX-XAX-CS3
I (Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, 
T3S, T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes with the T11 
suffix shall be excluded for thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 in [12 mm])
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, 
T3S, T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall 
be excluded and electrodes with the T11 
suffix shall be excluded for thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 in [12 mm])
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel E43XTX-XAX-XXX
E49C-6M E49XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded) (NOTE: A5.36M does not have 
fixed classifications for other carbon steel 
metal cored electrodes or for low-alloy 
steel flux cored or metal cored electrodes)
E49XTX-XAX-CS1
E49XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded)
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E49XTX-XAX-XXX
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5M (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS 
Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW
Carbon Steel GMAW and 
FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel GMAW 
and FCAW
A5.18Mc, Carbon Steel
A5.28Ma,c, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.20M, Carbon Steel
A5.29Ma, 
Low-Alloy 
Steel A5.36M, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36Mb Open Classificationc,e
AWS 
Electrode 
Classification
ER49S-X
E49C-XC
E49C-XM
(Electrodes with the -GS 
suffix shall be excluded)
ER49S-XXX
E49C-XXX
E49XT-X
E49XT-XC
E49XT-XM
(Electrodes with the -2C, -2M, 
-3, -10, -13, -14, and -GS suffix 
shall be excluded and electrodes 
with the -11 suffix shall be 
excluded for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
E43XTX-X
E49XTX-X
E43XTX-XC
E43XTX-XM
E49XTX-XC
E49XTX-XM
FCAW Carbon Steel
E49XT-1C
E49XT-1M
E49XT-5C
E49XT-5M
E49XT-9C
E49XT-9M
E49XT-12C
E49XT-12M
E49T-4
E49XT-6
E49XT-7
E49XT-8
FCAW Carbon Steel
E49XTX-XAX-CS1
E49XTX-XAX-CS2
E49XTX-XAX-CS3
Class
II
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the 
T1S, T3S, T10S, T14S, and -GS 
suffix shall be excluded and 
electrodes with the T11 suffix 
shall be excluded for thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 in [12 mm])
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the 
T1S, T3S, T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix 
shall be excluded and electrodes with 
the T11 suffix shall be excluded for 
thicknesses greater than 1/2 in 
[12 mm])
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E43XTX-XAX-XXX
E49XTX-AX-XXX
E49XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
E49XTX-XAX-CS1
E49XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded)
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy 
Steel
E49XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon 
Steel
E49C-6M
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix 
shall be excluded) (NOTE: 
A5.36M does not have fixed 
classifications for other carbon 
steel metal cored electrodes or for 
low-alloy steel flux cored or metal 
cored electrodes)
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5M (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS 
Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW Carbon Steel GMAW and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel 
GMAW and FCAW
A5.18Mc, Carbon 
Steel
A5.28Ma,c, 
Low-Alloy Steel
A5.20M, 
Carbon Steel
A5.29Ma, 
Low-Alloy Steel A5.36M, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36Mb Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS 
Electrode 
Classification
ER49S-X ER49S-XXX E49XT-X E49XT-X FCAW Carbon Steel FCAW Carbon Steel
E49C-XC E49C-XXX E49XT-XC E49XT-XC E49XT-1C E49XTX-XAX-CS1
E49C-XM E49XT-XM E49XT-XM E49XT-1M E49XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with 
the -GS suffix shall 
be excluded)
(Electrodes with 
the -2C, -2M, -3, 
-10, -13, -14, 
and -GS suffix 
shall be 
excluded and 
electrodes with 
the -11 suffix 
shall be 
excluded for 
thicknesses 
greater than 1/2 
in [12 mm])
E49XT-5C E49XTX-XAX-CS3
E49XT-5M
E49XT-9C
E49XT-9M
E49XT-12C
E49XT-12M
E49T-4
E49XT-6
E49XT-7
E49XT-8
III (Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, T3S, 
T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes with the T11 suffix 
shall be excluded for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
(Flux Cored Electrodes with the T1S, 
T3S, T10S, T14S, and -GS suffix shall be 
excluded and electrodes with the T11 suffix 
shall be excluded for thicknesses greater 
than 1/2 in [12 mm])
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E49XTX-AX-XXX
E49XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
E49C-6M E49XTX-XAX-CS1
E49XTX-XAX-CS2
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded) (NOTE: A5.36M does not have 
fixed classifications for other carbon steel 
metal cored electrodes or for low-alloy steel 
flux cored or metal coredelectrodes)
(Electrodes with the -GS suffix shall be 
excluded)
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E49XTX-XAX-XXX
(Continued)
 
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Table 7.5M (Continued) 
Filler Metals Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds
WELDING PROCESS(ES)
Base 
Metal 
Group
AWS 
Electrode 
Specification
GMAW FCAW Carbon Steel GMAW and FCAW
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel 
GMAW and FCAW
A5.18Mc, 
Carbon Steel
A5.28Ma,c, 
Low-Alloy Steel
A5.20M, Carbon 
Steel
A5.29Ma, Low-
Alloy Steel A5.36M, Fixed Classificationc,d A5.36Mb Open Classificationc,e
Class AWS 
Electrode 
Classification
N/A ER55S-XXX
E55C-XXX
ER62S-XXX
E62C-XXX
N/A E55XTX-X
E55XTX-XC
E55XTX-XM
E62XTX-X
E62XTX-XC
E62XTX-XM
FCAW Carbon Steel
N/A
FCAW Carbon Steel
N/A
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E55XTX-AX-XXX
E55XTX-XAX-XXX
E62XTX-AX-XXX
E62XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
N/A
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E55XTX-XAX-XXX
E62XTX-XAX-XXX
GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon 
Steel
N/A
IV
AWS 
Electrode 
Classification
N/A E76S-XXX
E76C-XXX
N/A E76XTX-X(M) FCAW Carbon Steel
N/A
FCAW Carbon Steel
N/A
FCAW Low-Alloy Steel
E76XTX-AX-XXX
E76XTX-XAX-XXX
V GMAW-Metal Cored Carbon Steel
N/A
GMAW-Metal Cored Low-Alloy Steel
E76XTX-XAX-XXX
a Filler metals of alloy group B3, B3L, B4, B5, B6, B6L, B7, B7L, B8, B8L, B23, B24, B91 (formerly B9), B92, E9015-C5L, E9015-D1, E9018-D1, E9018-D3, or any BXH grade in AWS A5.5, A5.23, A5.28, or A5.29 
are not prequalified for use in the as-welded condition.
b Filler metals of alloy group B3, B3L, B4, B5, B6, B6L, B7, B7L, B8, B8L, B23, B24, B91 (formerly B9), and B92 in AWS A5.36/A5.36M may be “PREQUALIFIED” if classified in the “AS-WELDED” condition.
c Metal cored welding electrode is prequalified for thicknesses up to and including 1 in [25 mm] maximum. Thicknesses exceeding 1 in [25 mm] require qualification by Method I, Method II, or AWS B2.1/B2.1M.
d The prequalified argon based shielding gases for carbon and low-alloy steel FCAW and carbon steel GMAW-Metal Core fixed classifications shall be M21-ArC-20-25(SG-AC-20/25), see 7.5.6.3(2).
e The prequalified shielding gas for open classification shall be limited to the specific shielding gas for the classification of the electrode and not the range of the shielding gas designator, see 7.5.6.3(3).
Notes:
1. In joints involving base metals of different groups, either of the following filler metals may be used: (1) that which matches the higher strength base metal, or (2) that which matches the lower strength base metal and 
produces a low-hydrogen deposit. Preheating shall be in conformance with the requirements applicable to the higher strength group.
2. Match API standard 2B (fabricated tubes) according to steel used.
3. When welds are to be stress-relieved, the deposited weld metal shall not exceed 0.05% vanadium except alloy groups B23, B24, B91 (formerly B9), and B92.
4. See AWS D14.4/D14.4M for allowable stress requirements for matching filler metal.
5. AWS A5 (US Customary Units) electrodes of the same classification may be used in lieu of the AWS A5M (SI Units) electrode classification.
6. Any of the electrode classifications for a particular Group in Table 7.5M may be used to weld any of the base metals in that Group in Table 7.1 or 7.3.
 
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Table 7.6 
Prequalified Joint Dimensions and Groove Angles for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, 
and K-Connections Made by SMAW, GMAW-Sa, and FCAW (see 7.5.12.5)
Detail A
Ψ = 180° – 135°
Detail B
Ψ = 150° – 50°
Detail C
Ψ = 75° – 30°b
Detail D
Ψ = 40° – 15°b
End preparation (ω)
90°c (Footnote c) max.
 min.
10° or 45° for Ψ > 105° 10°
FCAW-S
SMAWd
GMAW-Sa
FCAW-Ge
FCAW-S
SMAWd
GMAW-Sa
FCAW-Ge
FCAW-S
SMAW
(1)
(Footnote f)
W max.
 ϕ
1/4 in 
[6 mm]
for φ > 45°
1/8 in [3 mm]
3/16 in [5 mm]
25°–40°
15°–25°
Fit-up or root 
opening (R)
1/4 in
[6 mm]
5/16 in
[8 mm]
for ϕ ≤ 45° GMAW-Sa
FCAW-G
(2)
1/8 in [3 mm]
1/4 in [6 mm]
3/8 in [10 mm]
1/2 in [12 mm]
30°–40°
25°–30°
20°–25°
15°–20°
 max. 3/16 in
[5 mm]
3/16 in
[5 mm]
 min. 1/16 in
[2 mm]
No min. for 
ϕ > 90°
1/16 in
[2 mm]
No min. for ϕ 
> 120°
1/16 in
[2 mm]
1/16 in
[2 mm]
Joint included 
angle ϕ max. 90° 60° for Ψ ≤ 105° 40°; if more use 
Detail B
 min. 45° 37–1/2°; if less use 
Detail C 1/2 Ψ
Completed weld tw
 
L
≥ tb ≥ tb for Ψ > 90° 
≥ tb /sin Ψ for Ψ 1/2 in [12 
mm], or
Split layers
Laterally 
displaced 
electrodes 
or split layer
Split layers Split layers
Any layer of 
width w
Split layers 
if w > 5/8 in 
[16 mm]
Split layers 
with tandem 
electrodes 
if w > 5/8 in 
[16 mm]
If w > 1 in 
[25 mm], 
split layers
(Note g)
Split layers 
if w > 1/2 
in [12 mm]
a Shaded area indicates nonapplicability.
b See 7.5.6.2 for width-to-depth limitations.
c GMAW-S shall not be prequalified.
d Except root passes.
e 5/32 in [4.0 mm] for EXX14 and low-hydrogen electrodes.
f Within the scope of the position usability of the AWS filler metal classification.
g In the F, H, or OH positions for nontubulars, split layers when the layer width w > 5/8 in [16 mm]. In the vertical position for nontubulars or the flat, 
horizontal, vertical,and overhead positions for tubulars, split layers when the width w > 1 in [25 mm].
 
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Table 7.8
Prequalified WPS Variables
Process
Prequalified WPS Variable SMAW SAW GMAW FCAW
General
1) A change in welding process(es)a X X X X
2) A change in welding position(s) X X X X
Base Metal
3) A change in base metal group number(s) (see Table 7.1, 
Table 7.3, and 7.5.2)
X X X X
4) A change in the base metal preheat category (see Table 7.4) X X X X
Filler Metal
5) A change in electrode classification(s) X X X X
6) A change in electrode/flux classification(s) X
7) A change in nominal electrode diameter(s) X X X X
8) A change in the number of electrodes X
Process Parameters
9) A change in amperage >10% increase 
or decrease
>10% increase 
or decrease
>10% increase 
or decrease
10) A change in type of current (ac or dc) or polarity X X X X
11) A change in the mode of transfer X
12) A change in voltage >15% increase 
or decrease
>15% increase 
or decrease
>15% increase 
or decrease
13) A change in wire feed speed (if not amperage controlled) >10% increase 
or decrease
>10% increase 
or decrease
>10% increase 
or decrease
14) A change in travel speed >25% increase 
or decrease
>25% increase 
or decrease
>25% increase 
or decrease
Shielding Gas
15) A change in the nominal composition of shielding gas X X (for 
FCAW-G only)
16) A decrease in shielding gas flow rate >25% >25% (for 
FCAW-G only)
17) An increase in the gas flow rate >50% >50% (for 
FCAW-G only)
SAW Parameters
18) A change in the longitudinal spacing of arcs >10% or 1/8 in 
[3 mm], whichever 
is greater
19) A change in the lateral spacing of arcs >10% or 1/8 in 
[3 mm], whichever 
is greater
20) A change in the angular orientation of parallel electrodes Increase or 
decrease >10°
21) For mechanized or automatic SAW, a change in the angle 
of the electrode
Increase or 
decrease >10°
22) For mechanized or automatic SAW, a change in the angle 
of electrode normal to the direction of travel
Increase or 
decrease >15°
Weld Details
23) A change in the weld configuration (e.g., a fillet to a CJP 
groove weld, etc.)
X X X X
24) A change in groove welded joint detail(s) as shown in 
Figures A.1 or A.2
X X X X
Thermal
25) A change in PWHT (the addition of, deletion of)a X X X X
a A separate WPS shall be required when this variable is changed.
Note: An “X” indicates applicability for the process; a shaded block indicates nonapplicability.
 
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Table 7.9
Minimum Single Pass Fillet Weld Size for Heat Input
Base metal thickness of 
Thicker part (T) in [mm]
Minimum sizea of 
Single pass fillet weld in [mm]
T ≤ 1/4 [6] 1/8 [3]
1/4 [6]Workmanship Sample. A workmanship sample shall be made that is similar to the production weld and 
represents the required degree of manipulative ability (see suggested examples in Figure 8.1). The type and number of 
samples to be made shall be determined by the Manufacturer to represent the type of work the welder will be performing. 
The samples shall be tested using visual inspection, appropriate sectioning, and etching of the sample, and shall meet the 
Figure 8.1—Examples of Workmanship Samples
 
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requirements of Clause 9, Workmanship and Weld Quality Requirements. Testing shall be witnessed, evaluated, and 
recorded by a CWI or qualified personnel. Additional examples of related testing can be found within Annex E Weld 
Break Test.
8.3.2.2 Production Sample. The capability of the welder to satisfactorily perform production welding shall be 
determined after a tryout at the job station only after successful completion of the workmanship sample. Qualification 
shall be achieved when the welder produces a typical production part that meets the quality requirements of this 
specification, as witnessed, evaluated, and recorded by a CWI or qualified individual.
8.3.3 Retests—Welder Performance Qualification Methods A and B. A retest may be allowed if a welder fails to 
meet the requirements of one or more test welds under the following conditions:
(1) An immediate retest may be made which shall consist of two test welds of each type failed. All test specimens 
shall meet all the requirements for such welds.
(2) A retest may be made, provided there is evidence that the welder has had further training or practice. In this 
case, a complete retest shall be made.
8.3.4 Period of Effectiveness—Welder Performance Qualification Methods A and B. The welder qualification 
shall remain in effect indefinitely unless:
(1) The welder is not engaged in a given process of welding for which the welder is qualified for a period exceed-
ing six months. Requalification is permitted by having the welder make one test weldment using that same welding 
process, following Method A in 8.3.1 or Method B in 8.3.2. If the test weldment meets the requirements of this 
specification, then all of the welder’s previous qualification for that process, materials, thickness, product forms, 
and other variables are reinstated.
(2) There is reason to question the welder’s ability. The welder must retest each qualification for which the weld-
er’s ability was questioned.
8.3.5 Records—Welder Performance Qualification Methods A and B. Records of the test results and continued 
performance shall be kept by the Manufacturer and shall be available as required by the contract [see 8.3.4(1)].
8.4 Welding Operator Qualification
8.4.1 Welding operators may be qualified by one of two methods:
Method A—Qualification by standard test
Method B—Qualification by production sample
8.4.2 Method A—Operator Qualification by Standard Test. Welding operators shall be qualified in accordance 
with AWS B2.1/B2.1M.
8.4.3 Method B—Welding Operator Qualification by Production Sample
8.4.3.1 The qualification test for welding operators using production samples shall consist of welding a test 
assembly which meets the following requirements:
(1) Welding in accordance with the requirements of the welding procedure specification.
(2) Suitable test pieces conforming to the actual production joint in size, mass, and materials.
(3) Tests shall be witnessed, evaluated, and recorded by a CWI or a qualified person.
8.4.3.2 Test Results Required. The welded test assembly shall meet the visual requirements of 9.5.1.
(1) A minimum of at least two macroetch specimens shall be prepared from the welded test assembly by 
sectioning through the weld in at least two different locations. The macroetch specimens shall be polished and etched 
with a suitable solution to give a clear definition of weld.
(2) The macroetched specimens shall be examined for defects, and if defects prohibited by Clause 9, 
Workmanship and Welding Quality Requirements, are found, the test shall be considered as failed. The weld shall show 
fusion to the root and shall be free from fusion defects.
 
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8.4.4 Retests. A retest for both Method A and B may be allowed if a welding operator fails to meet the requirements 
of one or more test welds under the following conditions:
(1) An immediate retest may be made which shall consist of two test welds of each type failed. All test specimens 
shall meet all the requirements for such welds.
(2) A retest may be made, provided there is evidence that the welder has had further training or practice. In this 
case, a complete retest shall be made.
8.4.5 Period of Effectiveness. The welding operator qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely unless the 
following:
(1) The welding operator is not engaged in a given process of welding for which the welder is qualified for a period 
exceeding six months. Requalification for an expired qualification is permitted and shall follow the requirements 
of AWS B2.1/B2.1M for requalification.
(2) There is reason to question the welding operator’s ability. The welding operator must retest each qualification 
for which the operator’s ability was questioned.
8.4.6 Records. Records of the test results and continued performance shall be kept by the Manufacturer and shall be 
available as required by the contract [see 8.3.4(1)].
8.5 Operators of Automatic Welding Equipment. The Manufacturer shall be responsible for determining the 
qualification requirements of personnel who operate equipment that requires only occasional or no observation and no 
manual adjustment of the controls.
8.6 Qualification of Tack Welders
8.6.1 Limitation of Variables. The following rules (in addition to those found in 8.2.3), shall apply for the qualification 
of a tack welder.
8.6.1.1 A tack welder qualified for shielded metal arc welding with an electrode listed in the table Grouping of 
Welding Electrodes and Rods for Qualification in AWS B2.1/B2.1M is also qualified to tack weld with any other SMAW 
electrode in the same group designation.
8.6.1.2 For fillet welds, a tack welder shall be qualified by one test plate (See Figure 8.2) made in each position in 
which the tack welder is to tack weld (flat, horizontal, vertical up, vertical down, and overhead).
8.6.1.3 For groove welds, a tack welder shall be qualified by one test plate (See Figure 8.3) made in each position 
in which the tack welder is to tack weld (flat, horizontal, vertical up, vertical down, and overhead).
8.6.1.4 A tack welder qualified in the vertical up position for a particular process is also qualified in the flat and 
horizontal positions for that process.
8.6.1.5 A tack welder qualified in the overhead position is also qualified for the flat position for the same process.
8.6.2 Test Specimens—Number, Type, and Preparation
(1) Fillet. The tack welder shall make a 1/4 in [6 mm] size weld approximately 2 in [50 mm] long on the fillet weld 
break specimen as shown in Figure 8.2.
(2) Groove. The tack welder shall make a 3/16 in [5 mm] size weld approximately 3 in [75 mm] long on the flare 
bevel groove weld break specimen as shown in Figure 8.3.
8.6.3 Method of Testing Tack Weld Specimen.
(1) Fillet Weld. A force shall be applied to the specimen as shown in Figure 8.4 until rupture occurs. The force may 
be applied by any convenient means.
(2) Groove Weld. Prior to fracture the groove weld test specimen shall be cross sectioned for macro examination 
at approximately 1 in [25 mm] from one end of the tack weld. A force shall be applied to the remaining 
fracture specimen as shown in Figure 8.5 until rupture occurs. The force may be appliedby any convenient 
means.
 
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1/4[6] 2.00 [50]
Figure 8.2—Fillet Weld Break Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification
Figure 8.3—Groove Weld Break Specimen—Tack Welder
4.00
4.
00
4.
00
0.50
0.38
[3/16] 3.00
2.00
U.S. SI
3/16 in 5 mm
0.38 in 10 mm
.050 in 13 mm
2 in 50 mm
4 in 100 mm
Figure 8.4—Method for Rupturing Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification
 
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1 in [25 mm]
Load
Cross section
for macro
examination
Figure 8.5—Method of Evaluating Tack Welder Qualification for Grooves
8.6.4 Test Results Required
Fillets and Groove
(1) The tack weld shall present a reasonably uniform appearance and shall be free of cracks, undercut and shall 
have an acceptable profile per Figure 9.2. There shall be no porosity visible on the surface of the weld.
Fillets Only
(2) The fractured surface of the fillet tack weld shall show fusion to the root, but not necessarily beyond, and shall 
exhibit complete fusion to the base metal without any inclusions or porosity larger than 3/32 in [2 mm] in the great-
est dimension or the sum of the greatest dimensions shall not exceed 3/16 in [5 mm].
(3) A tack welder who passes the fillet weld break test shall be eligible to tack weld all types of fillet welds for the 
process and in the positions in which the tack welder has qualified.
Grooves Only
(4) The fractured surface of the groove tack weld shall show fusion through the full extent of the effective weld 
size of 3/16 in [5 mm], but not necessarily beyond, and shall exhibit complete fusion to the base metal without any 
inclusions or porosity larger than 3/32 in [2 mm] in the greatest dimension or the sum of the greatest dimensions 
shall not exceed 3/16 in [5 mm].
(5) The groove qualification cross section test specimens shall be prepared and etched with a suitable solution 
to give a clear definition of the weld and shall be visually examined for defects with the acceptance criteria of 
8.6.4(4).
(6) A tack welder who passes the groove weld break test and groove weld cross section shall be eligible to tack 
weld all groove and fillet types for the process and in the positions in which the tack welder has qualified.
8.6.5 Retests. The tack welder may make one retest without additional training in case of failure to pass the above 
test.
8.6.6 Period of Effectiveness. The tack welder qualification shall remain in effect indefinitely in the position and 
with the processes for which the tack welder is qualified unless there is some specific reason to question the tack welder’s 
ability. In such case, the tack welder shall be required to demonstrate the ability to make sound tack welds by again 
passing the prescribed tack welding test.
8.6.7 Records. Documentation of the test results shall be maintained by the Manufacturer as required by the contract.
 
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9. Workmanship and Welding Quality Requirements
9.1 Scope. This clause presents quality and workmanship levels which are expected to be normally attainable within this 
industry. General or specific applications and designs may allow levels different than those listed here. Such differences, 
when specified and documented, may be applied.
9.2 General Requirements
9.2.1 All requirements of this clause shall be satisfied in the production and inspection of welded assemblies covered 
under this specification.
9.2.2 Welding shall not be done when the temperature of the part to be welded is lower than that specified on the 
engineering drawing or WPS, nor shall welding be done when the weldment is exposed to high winds, drafts, or moisture. 
The temperature of the part, when not specified, shall not be lower than 50 °F [10 °C]. Winds or drafts must be limited to 
avoid affecting gas shielding with appropriate processes. In addition, winds and drafts shall also be limited to avoid 
excessive cooling rates which may affect properties of the weld and heat-affected zone.
9.2.3 Welding variables shall be in conformance with the requirements of the applicable written WPS that has been 
qualified to the requirements of Clause 7. All welders, welding operators, operators of automatic welding equipment, and 
tack welders shall be instructed in the proper use of the applicable WPS, and the applicable WPS shall be followed during 
the performance of welding.
9.2.4 All welders, welding operators, operators of automatic welding equipment, and tack welders employed to weld 
under the requirements of this specification shall have been qualified by the methods specified in Clause 8. Each welder, 
welding operator, operator of automatic welding equipment or tack welder shall only perform welding within the 
limitation of variables to which they are currently qualified.
9.3 Preparation of Materials
9.3.1 Joint edges shall be uniform and free from fins, notches, tears, cracks, and other irregularities that will adversely 
affect the quality or strength of the weld or member. The welding surface shall also be free from moisture, loose or thick 
scale, slag, heavy rust or oxidation, grease, or other foreign material that will adversely affect the quality or strength of 
the weld or produce objectionable fumes.
9.3.2 Surfaces within 1/2 in [13 mm] of any weld location shall be free from material that will prevent proper welding.
9.3.3 Mechanical or thermal processes may be used for weld joint preparation. The resulting surfaces shall be 
reasonably smooth for welding. As a guide for thermal cut surfaces, refer to AWS C4.1, Criteria for Describing Oxygen-
Cut Surfaces, or AWS C4.6M (ISO 9013), Thermal Cutting—Classifications of Thermal Cuts—Geometric Product 
Specification and Quality Tolerances. The removal of unacceptable work or material may be carried out by any appropriate 
means such as chipping, grinding, carbon arc, plasma arc, or oxyfuel gas gouging. Caution shall be taken when oxyfuel 
gas cutting or gouging is used on any structural weldment where stresses due to adverse heating conditions may be 
considered detrimental to the end-product. The gouged or cut surfaces may require grinding to remove a carburized layer 
resulting from these operations. Exercising care in the use of the gouging or cutting process may produce surfaces which 
are usable without subsequent preparation.
9.4 Assembly
9.4.1 Fillet Welds
9.4.1.1 The parts to be joined by fillet welds shall be brought into as close contact as practicable. The gap between 
parts shall not exceed 1/8 in [3 mm]. When the gap between members exceeds 1/8 in [3 mm], corrective action shall be 
taken such as building up the edges prior to making the final weld or other means, as determined by the Engineer.
9.4.1.2 The separation between faying surfaces of lap joints shall not exceed 1/16 in [2 mm].
9.4.1.3 Corrective action, such as increasing weld size to avoid loss of effective throat, shall be taken for gaps in 
excess of 1/16 in [2 mm] unless allowance for such gaps is permitted in the design criteria.
9.4.2 Groove Welds
9.4.2.1 Dimensions of the cross section of groove welds shall not vary from those shown on the design drawing by 
more than the workmanship tolerances listed in Annex A for prequalified joints or Figure 9.1 for all other joints, with the 
exception of 9.4.2.1(1) and 9.4.2.1(2).
 
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(1) Root openings wider than those permitted in Figure 9.1, but not greater than twice the thickness of the thin-
ner part or 3/4 in [20 mm], whichever is less, may be corrected by welding to acceptable dimensions priorby account: University of Michigan | Date: Fri Dec 4 03:55:24 2020 | IP address: 141.213.168.11
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Personnel
AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment
 J. E. Campbell, Chair Machinery & Welder Corp
 B. K. Banzhaf, 1st Vice Chair CNH Industrial America LLC
 R. Larsen, 2nd Vice Chair John Deere Des Moines Works
 J. R. Douglass, Secretary American Welding Society
 D. B. Ashley Hartford Steam Boiler
 J. S. Bailey Vermeer Corporation
 S. L. Blankman ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
 F. D. Borns Terex
 T. J. Bruno Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co
 T. F. Gary Worthington Industries
 R. K. Goyal John Deere India
 S. A. Harris Altec Industries Inc
 D. D. Jones Texas Hydraulics Inc
 D. J. Landon Vermeer Corporation
 R. Leemans John Deere & Co
 M. C. Lewis Liebherr Mining Equip Newport News Co
 T. McMurtrey Trinity Meyer Utilities
 D. K. Miller The Lincoln Electric Co
 D. W. Moers Keppel LeTourneau
 C. L. Rasmussen Brigham Young University-Idaho
 L. L. Schweinegruber Consultant
 J. D. Slipke Rosenboom
 P. T. Snyder The Raymond Corporation
 M. A. Stevenson Stevenson Fabrication Services Inc
 *E. G. Yevick Weld-Met International Group
Advisors to the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment
 P. Collins WeldCon Engineering
 T. J. Landon Chicago Bridge & Iron Co
 P. J. Palzkill Consultant
 J. L. Warren Chicago Bridge & Iron Co
AWS D14C Subcommittee on Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment
 J. E. Campbell, Chair Machinery & Welder Corp
 J. R. Douglass, Secretary American Welding Society
 J. S. Bailey Vermeer Corporation
 B. K. Banzhaf CNH Industrial America LLC
 S. L. Blankman ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
 F. D. Borns Terex
 T. J. Bruno Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co
 H. B. Craft Trinity Industries Inc
 G. D. Fairbanks Fairbanks Inspection & Testing LLC
 S. A. Harris Altec Industries Inc
 
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 D. J. Jones Texas Hydraulics Inc
 D. J. Landon Vermeer Corporation
 R. Larsen John Deere Des Moines Works
 R. Leemans John Deere & Co
 T. McMurtrey Trinity Meyer Utilities
 C. L. Rasmussen Brigham Young University-Idaho
 J. D. Slipke Rosenboom
 P. T. Snyder The Raymond Corporation
 A. J. Thomas Caterpillar Inc
 *E. G. Yevick Weld-Met International Group
Advisors to the AWS D14C Subcommittee on Earthmoving and Construction Equipment
 R. M. Gneiting John Deere & Co
 T. J. Landon Chicago Bridge & Iron Co
 L. L. Schweinegruber Consultant
 R. T. Taylor Caterpillar Inc
 J. L. Warren Chicago Bridge & Iron Co
*Deceased
 
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Foreword
This foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
AWS first published the Specification for Welding Earthmoving and Construction Equipment in 1977 to provide a weld-
ing specification where none previously existed. By definition, the types of equipment covered by the specification are 
numerous and varied. Every effort was made to reflect the best welding practices employed by manufacturers within the 
industry and to incorporate all the various methods which have proven successful by individual manufacturers. This edi-
tion builds on these foundations to improve interpretation and effect implementation. Text, tables, and figures have been 
updated or clarified to reflect more recent developments and promote standardization.
Underlined text or a vertical line in the margin indicates a revision of that item from the previous edition. Revisions to 
tables, figures, or annexes are marked with a vertical line in the margin.
Comments and inquiries concerning this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS D14 Committee 
on Machinery and Equipment, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130 Miami, FL 33166.
 
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Dedication
The AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment dedicates this 
edition of the D14.3/D14.3M, Specification for Welding Earthmoving, 
Construction, Agricultural, and Ground-Based Material Handling 
Equipment, to Edward G. Yevick for his significant contributions to the 
committee and his efforts to advance the science, technology and 
application of welding.
Ed joined AWS in 1963 and achieved the Life Membership Award with 
Gold Certificate for more than 51 years of service. He received the 
Samuel Wylie Miller Memorial Award in 2017 and the Honorary 
Membership Award in 2014. He served as technical representative for 
the AWS Pittsburgh Section for 15 years, and as chairman from 1980 to 
1981. Ed was an active member of D14 Committee on Machinery and 
Equipment; D14B Subcommittee on Design of Welded Joints; D14C 
Subcommittee on Earthmoving, Construction, and Agricultural Equipment; 
D14E Subcommittee on Cranes and Presses; D14G Subcommittee on 
Rotating Equipment; D14I Subcommittee on Hydraulic Cylinders; and 
served as chairman of D14H Subcommittee on Surfacing of Industrial Mill 
Rolls. In addition to the Machinery and Equipment committee and 
subcommittees, Ed also served as chairman of the AWS D11 Committee on 
Welding Iron Castings and was serving his third term on the AWS Technical 
Activity Committee.
 
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Table of Contents
Page No.
Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
 1. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1.3 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1.4 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
 2. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
 3. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
 4. Basic Weld Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
4.1 Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .to 
joining the parts by welding.
(2) Root openings wider than those correctable in accordance with 9.4.2.1(1) may be corrected by welding only 
with the approval of the Engineer.
9.4.2.2 When backgouging is specified for Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) welds, the backgouging shall remove 
the weld root side of the root pass to sound metal.
9.4.3 Use of Fillers. The use of fillers to correct a gap condition is prohibited, except when specified on the design 
drawing. See AWS D14.4/D14.4M for additional information on fillers.
Figure 9.1—Workmanship Tolerances in Assembly of Groove Welded Joints
(A) GROOVE WELD WITHOUT BACKING–
ROOT NOT BACKGOUGED
f + 1/8 in [3 mm], –1/16 in [2 mm]
R + 1/8 in [3 mm], –1/16 in [2 mm]
f + 1/8 in [3 mm], –1/16 in [2 mm]
R + 1/4 in [6 mm], –1/16 in [2 mm]
(B) GROOVE WELD WITH BACKING–
ROOT NOT BACKGOUGED
f NOT LIMITED
R ± 1/8 in [3 mm]
(C) GROOVE WELD WITHOUT BACKING–
ROOT BACKGOUGED
Root Not
Backgouged
Root
Backgougeda
in mm in mm
(1) f Root face +1/8, –1/16 +3, –2 Not limited
(2) R Root opening without backing +1/8, –1/16 +3, –2 ±1/8 ±3
R Root opening with backing +1/4, –1/16 +6, –2 Not applicable
(3) α Groove angle +10°, –5° +10°, –5°
 
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9.4.4 Each pass of deposited weld metal shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove slag or other oxide that may prevent 
fusion on subsequent passes or interfere with visual inspection. Any appropriate tools may be used provided they do not 
peen or distort the weld.
9.4.5 Preheat and Interpass. Preheat and Interpass temperatures shall be controlled such that the full thickness of the 
weld joint preparation and adjacent base metal for a distance at least equal to the thickness of the thickest welded part 
(but not less than 3 in [75 mm]) in all directions from the point of welding are within the temperature range specified by 
the WPS (see Section 7.2.5 for WPS preheat requirements).
9.5 Quality of Welds
9.5.1 General Requirements. The quality of welds shall be determined by visual inspection and Nondestructive 
Examination (NDE), if so specified. When nondestructive examination is required, it shall be performed according to 
methods developed by the Manufacturer or in accordance with provisions of AWS D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the 
Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment. All final welds shall be cleaned for inspection as detailed in 9.7.
9.5.1.1 All weld lengths and sizes shall conform to the requirements shown on the drawing.
9.5.1.2 All craters shall be filled to at least 85% of the full cross section of the welds and shall terminate where 
required by the drawing.
9.5.1.3 There shall be no cracks in the weld or adjacent base metal surfaces.
9.5.1.4 The sum of diameters of visual or surface porosity, including piping porosity, shall not exceed 3/8 in 
[10 mm] in any 4 in [100 mm] length of weld and shall not exceed 3/4 in [20 mm] in any 12 in [300 mm] length of weld, 
with no single void exceeding 3/32 in [2.4 mm] in diameter.
9.5.1.5 Weld overlap is not permitted. The reentrant angle (toe angle) at the toe of fillet welds shall not be less than 
90°. The reentrant angle (toe angle) at the toe of groove welds shall not be less than 110°. See Figure 9.2.
9.5.1.6 Undercut shall not exceed the following:
(1) In primary load bearing members, undercut shall be no more than 0.01 in [0.25 mm] deep when the weld is 
transverse to tensile stress. These welds shall be identified by the Engineer on the contract documents.
(2) In all other cases:
(a) For material thickness to and including 1/4 in [6 mm], undercut shall not exceed 10% of the material 
thickness.
(b) For material thicknesses greater than 1/4 in [6 mm], undercut shall not exceed 1/32 in [1 mm]. In 
addition, 1/16 in [2 mm] undercut depth up to 1 in [25 mm] continuous length in any 12 in [300 mm] weld 
length is permissible; the accumulative length is not to exceed 1.5 in [38 mm] in the same 12 in [300 mm] 
length.
9.5.1.7 The subsurface quality of the welds as determined by radiographic examination, ultrasonic examination, or 
destructive sectioning and testing shall meet the following minimum acceptance criteria:
(l) Underbead cracks are not permissible.
(2) Planar-type discontinuities (lack of fusion, slag inclusions, or fissures) are permissible to 25% of specified 
weld size, or less than 25% of joint penetration in height or width. The length of an individual discontinuity, or 
the sum of the discontinuities, shall not exceed 10% of the weld length for up to 7 in [180 mm] of weld.
(3) Three-dimensional-type discontinuities are permissible in discontinuous distribution, provided:
(a) The largest dimension of any single discontinuity does not exceed the following:
(i) 20% of the weld size or joint penetration for welds 3/8 in [10 mm] and below;
(ii) 15% of the weld size or joint penetration for welds over 3/8 in [10 mm].
(b) The sum total of the largest dimension of each discontinuity shall not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm] in any 
linear inch [25 mm] of weld, nor in 10% of the weld length. Discontinuities that are less than 3% of the 
material thickness or 1/32 in [1 mm] whichever is less, are considered irrelevant.
 
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(A) ACCEPTABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES (SEE 9.5.5)
(B) UNACCEPTABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES (SEE 9.5.1.5, 9.5.1.6, 9.5.1.7, and 9.5.5)
General note: weld reinforcement shall not exceed the values as specified in 9.5.6
(C) ACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES (SEE 9.5.1.6)
(D) UNACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES (SEE 9.5.1.5, 9.5.1.6, and 9.5.6)
SIZE
UNDERSIZE (THROAT) INSUFFICIENT TOE ANGLE
DUE TO CONVEXITY
INSUFFICIENT TOE ANGLE
DUE TO OVERLAP
EXCESSIVE
UNDERCUT
INCOMPLETE
FUSION
UNDERSIZE
WELD
SIZE
SIZE SIZE
CONVEXITY
CONVEXITY
TOE
ANGLE
TOE ANGLE
TOE ANGLE
TOE ANGLE
WELD RE-INFORCEMENT
WELD REINFORCEMENT WELD REINFORCEMENT
UNDERFILL EXCESSIVE
UNDERCUT
INSUFFICENT TOE AGNGLE
DUE TO WELD RE-INFORCEMTN
INSUFFICENT TOE AGNGLE
DUE TO OVERLAP
TOE
ANGLE
SIZE SIZE SIZESIZE
SIZE SIZESIZE SIZE
SIZE
SIZE
SIZE
SIZE
Figure 9.2—Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profiles
9.5.2 Radiographic and Ultrasonic Requirements. Test result requirements for radiographic and ultrasonic 
examination, when required, shall be those specified in 9.5.1.
9.5.3 Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Requirements. Test result requirements for magnetic particle and 
liquid penetrant testing, when required, shall be those specified in 9.5.1.
9.5.4 Tack Welds
9.5.4.1 Tack welds, regardless of whether they are incorporated into the final weldment or not, are subject to the 
same quality requirements as the final weld.
9.5.4.2 When the termination locations of tack welds are required, they shall be specified on the drawing.
9.5.4.3 The passes of a multiple pass tack weld shall be made in a block sequence to allow appropriate room for 
the tack welds to be incorporated into the final weld. (See Figure B.23 (B) of AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Welding Terms and 
Definitions.)
9.5.5 Fillet Welds
9.5.5.1 All fillet welds shall be of desirable or acceptable profiles as shown in Figure 9.2(A). Unacceptable fillet 
weld profiles shall be as seen in Figure 9.2(B).
 
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9.5.5.2 Fillet weld leg size shall conform to the following tolerances based on a measurement of fused leg 
length:
(l) weld sizes under 3/8 in [10 mm]:
+1/8 in [3 mm]
–1/32 in [1 mm]
(2) weld sizes 3/8 in [10 mm] and over:
+1/8 in [3 mm]
–1/16 in [2 mm]
The average weld size of a given length of weld shall not be less than the weld size specified on the engineering drawing. 
The average weld size is determined by the average of leg length measurementsobtained at 3 in [75 mm] intervals along 
the weld length. For welds less than 3 in [75 mm] in length, the above-mentioned tolerances are applied directly. For 
welds exceeding these tolerances, see 9.6.6 and 9.6.7.
9.5.5.3 The fillet weld throat shall not be undersized as checked with a fillet weld throat gage (see Figure 9.2(B) 
Undersize Throat). Fillet weld size is verified by checking the leg size and throat size.
9.5.6 Groove Welds. Groove welds in butt joints shall be made at least flush with the surface of the base metal or with 
slight weld reinforcement. Acceptable reinforcement (as those shown in Figure 9.2(C)) shall not exceed 1/8 in [3 mm] for 
weld sizes up to and including 2 in [50 mm]. The weld reinforcement of weld size over 2 in [50 mm] shall not exceed 
3/16 in [5 mm]. Unacceptable groove weld profiles are shown in Figure 9.2(D).
9.6 Repair of Weld Defects
9.6.1 All repair welding shall be performed in conformance to the welding requirements of this specification and the 
WPS for the welded joint involved.
9.6.2 Underfilled Craters. Underfilled craters shall be re-welded and filled to at least 85% of the full cross-section 
of the weld size.
9.6.3 Cracks, Porosity, and Planar Discontinuities. Cracks, porosity, and planar-type discontinuities deemed to be 
unacceptable in accordance with the established acceptance criteria (see 9.5.1.3, 9.5.1.4 and 9.5.1.7 (2)) shall be 
completely removed by appropriate means. The areas from which these discontinuities are removed shall be inspected by 
an approved NDE method, such as magnetic particle or penetrant testing, to ensure complete removal of the discontinuity 
prior to repair welding.
9.6.4 Undercut. Undercut may be repaired by grinding and blending or by welding. All grinding marks should be 
transverse to the length of the weld and have a 250 RMS [6.4Ra] finish or better. Blending shall be done with a slope not 
to exceed 1 in 2.5. On plates of 1/2 in (13 mm) thickness and above, an up to 7% reduction of base metal thickness is 
permitted. In no cases shall this exceed the undercut limits of 9.5.1.6
9.6.5 Overlap or Insufficient Reentrant Angle. The toes of the weld should be blended in with the base metal. 
Additional weld metal may be added after removal of the overlap condition in order to restore the specified weld and base 
metal size and shape.3
9.6.6 Undersize Welds. Undersize welds shall be repaired to size by depositing additional weld metal as required.
9.6.7 Oversize Welds. Oversize welds shall be reduced to specified size by appropriate means only when they will 
cause interference with other parts, or will otherwise produce an adverse effect upon the weldment.
9.6.8 The area of repaired work shall be re-inspected.
9.7 Cleaning. All welds shall be cleaned prior to inspection. Cleaned is defined as the removal of soot, spatter, arc 
strikes, slag (including silica) or any other foreign material that will interfere with inspection.
3 The objection to overlap or insufficient reentrant angle is not the height of the center of the weld bead but the stress concentration 
resulting from the angle at the toes of the weld. For this reason, simply grinding off the excessive crown height of the weld is 
insufficient.
 
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9.8 Dimensional Tolerance. The dimensions of welded structural members shall be within the tolerance of the general 
specifications governing the work.
10. Inspection
10.1 Qualified Personnel. The Manufacturer shall provide a CWI or a Qualified Person to ensure that all fabrication by 
welding is performed in accordance with this specification.
10.2 Nondestructive Examination. When Nondestructive Examination (NDE) is required, it shall be performed 
according to methods developed by the Manufacturer or in accordance with provisions of AWS D14.4/D14.4M, 
Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment. Inspection practices and controlling methods 
shall be used which ensure the following:
10.2.1 Welding Procedures comply with Clause 7.
10.2.2 Welding personnel are qualified in accordance with Clause 8, and they are observed at specified intervals to 
make certain that the workmanship requirements of Clause 9, are maintained.
10.3 Weld Quality Levels. Inspection procedures and personnel involved in NDE and evaluation (including visual 
examination) shall be qualified to determine weld quality levels in compliance with Clause 9.
10.4 Conformance. Weld quality shall comply with or be corrected to conform to the provisions of Clause 9.
10.5 Requalification. When the quality performance of welding personnel is found to be consistently below the 
requirements of this specification, that person shall be requalified to the requirements of Clause 8.
11. Field Repair and Modification
11.1 General. This specification recognizes eventual need for field repairs as a result of normal wear and tear or accident. 
Each repair and any related modification shall be the responsibility of the equipment owner and the person or agency 
performing the work. The original manufacturer shall be contacted, if possible, to ensure that any repair or modification 
maintains the original design requirement. Modifications that change the designed intent of the equipment without 
documented consent from the original manufacturer shall be the responsibility of the owner and the person or agency 
performing the work.
A modification or repair can also be a change or correction by the Manufacturer to a new or existing model after ship-
ment. In this case, the Manufacturer shall furnish drawings, procedures, or instructions necessary for the modification or 
repair.
The Owner, Manufacturer, or Manufacturer’s representative should appoint an Engineer or other Qualified Person (see 
definitions in Clause 3) who is responsible for the field execution of the repair or modification.
11.2 Specific Instructions. Specific instruction provided shall indicate (by outline diagrams or other means) those areas 
and materials which require specific welding procedures and techniques necessary to ensure weldability (e.g., preheat, 
postheat, filler metals, etc.).
11.3 Preheat. Recommended practices for preheat to supplement generalized welding instructions are listed in Table 7.4.
11.4 Qualified Personnel. All field repair welding shall be performed by personnel qualified to perform welding in the 
basic welding positions as may be necessary.
11.5 Resources. A recommended resource for understanding weldability for repair on existing structures is AWS D1.7, 
Guide for Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures.
 
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Annex A (Normative)
Prequalified Weld Joints
This annex is part of this standard and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard.
Legend for Annex A
Symbols for Joint Types
Symbol Joint Type
B Butt
C Corner
T T-joint
BC Butt or Corner
TC T or Corner
BTC Butt, T, or Corner
Symbols for Base Metal Thickness and Penetration
L Limited Thickness—Complete Joint Penetration
U Unlimited Thickness—Complete Joint Penetration
P Partial Joint Penetration
Symbols for Weld Types
1 Square-Groove
2 Single-V-Groove
3 Double-V-Groove
4 Single-Bevel-Groove
5 Double-Bevel-Groove
6 Single-U-Groove
7 Double-U-Groove
8 Single-J-Groove
9 Double-J-Groove
Symbols for Welding Processes if not SMAW
S Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
G Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
F Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Note: Small or lower-case letters (e.g., a, b, c, etc.) are used as symbols to dif-
ferentiate between variations from a basic joint geometry with root opening 
closing to zero for joints that are designated by the same weld symbol. 
Alphabetical progression is confined within each joint penetration category, 
complete (L & U) andpartial (P), for each welding process.
 
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T1 T1
R RT2
Butt Joint (B)
Corner Joint (C)
Limited (L)
Square-Groove Weld (1)
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening
Tolerances, in [mm]
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW
B-L1a 1/4 [6] max – R = T1 +1/16 [2], –0 +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2] All – N
C-L1a 1/4 [6] max U R = T1 +1/16 [2], –0 +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2] All – –
GMAW 
FCAW
B-L1a-GF 3/8 [10] max – R = T1 +1/16 [2], –0 +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2] All
Not 
required
N
(A)
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
Figure A.1—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
 
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T1
R
BACKGOUGE
(EXCEPT B-L1-S)
Butt Joint (B)
Limited (L)
Square-Groove Weld (1)
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
in [mm] Tolerances, in [mm]
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-L 1b 1/4 [6] max — R = T1/2 +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3] All — C, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-L1b-GF 3/8 [10] max — R = 0 to 1/8 [3] +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3] All
Not 
required
C, N
SAW B-L1-S 3/8 [10] max — R = 0 ±0 +1/16 [2], –0 F — N
SAW B-L1a-S 5/8 [16] max — R = 0 ±0 +1/16 [2], –0 F — C, N
(B)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
T1
R
T2
BACKGOUGE
NOTE J
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
in [mm]
Tolerances, in [mm]
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW TC-L1b 1/4 [6] max U R = T1/2 +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3] All — C, J
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-L1a-GF 3/8 [10] max U R = 0 to 1/8 [3] +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3] All
Not 
required
C, J
SAW TC-L1-S 3/8 [10] max U R = 0 ±0 +1/16 [2], –0 F — C, J
(C)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
T- or Corner joint (TC)
Limited (L)
Square-Groove Weld (1)
 
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T1
R
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U) or
Limited (L)
Single V-Groove Weld (2)
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R = +1/16 [2], –0 +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2]
α = +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding for 
FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW B-U2a U —
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° All —
NR = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F, V, OH —
R = 1/2 [13] α = 20° F, V, OH —
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U2a-GF U —
R = 3/16 [5] α = 30° F, V, OH Required
NR = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F, V, OH Not Req.
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° F, V, OH Not Req.
SAW
B-L2a-S 2 [50] max — R = 1/4 [6] α = 30° F —
N
B-U2-S U — R = 5/8 [16] α = 20° F —
(D)
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening, in 
[mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW C-U2a U U
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° All —
QR = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F, V, OH —
R = 1/2 [13] α = 20° F, V, OH —
GMAW 
FCAW
C-U2a-GF U U
R = 3/16 [5] α = 30° F, V, OH Required
QR = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F, V, OH Not Req.
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° F, V, OH Not Req.
SAW
C-L2a-S 2 [50] max U R = 1/4 [6] α = 30° F —
Q
C-U2-S U U R = 5/8 [16] α = 20° F —
(E)
Note Q: For corner and T-joints, the member orientation may be changed provided the groove angle is maintained as specified.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Corner Joint (C)
Unlimited (U) or Limited (L)
Single V-Groove Weld (2)
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R = +1/16 [2], –0 +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2]
α = +10°, –0 ° +10°, –5 °
T1
R
T2
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening Root 
Face in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; º for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-U2 U —
R = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
f = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
α = 60° R = +1/16 [2], –0 
f = +1/16 [2], –0 
α = +10°, –0 °
R = +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3] 
f = Not Limited 
α = +10°, –5°
All — C, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U2-GF U —
R = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
f = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
α = 60 °
All
Not 
required
C, N
SAW B-L2c-S
Over 1/2 [13] 
to 1 [25]
—
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] max 
α = 60°
R = ±0 
f = +0, –f 
α = +10°, –0°
R =+1/16 [2], –0 
f = ±1/16 [2] 
α = +10°, –5°
F — C, N
Over 1 [25] to 
1 1/2 [40]
—
R = 0 
f = 1/2 [13] max 
α = 60°
Over 1 1/2 [40] 
to 2 [50]
—
R = 0 
f = 5/8 [16] max 
α = 60°
(F)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
f
T1
R
BACKGOUGE
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U) or Limited (L)
Single V-Groove Weld (2)
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
Root Face in 
[mm] Groove 
Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW C-U2 U U
R = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
f = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
α = 60°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+1/16 [2], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2],–1/8 [3] 
Not Limited 
+10°, –5°
All — C, J, R
GMAW 
FCAW
C-U2-GF U U
R = 0 to 1/8 [3] 
f = 0to 1/8 [3] 
α = 60°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+1/16 [2], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –1/8 [3] 
Not Limited 
+10°, –5°
All
Not 
required
C, J, R
SAW C-U2b-S U U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] max 
α = 60°
± 0 
+0, –1/4 [6] 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F — C, J, R
(G)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
f
T1
T2
R
BACKGOUGE
NOTE J
Corner Joint (C)
Unlimited (U)
Single V-Groove Weld (2)
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening 
(R) in [mm]
Root Face 
(f) in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW B-U3a
U 
Spacer = 1/8R
—
1/4 [6] 0 to 1/8 [3] α = 45° All —
C, M, N3/8 [10] 0 to 1/8 [3] α = 30° F, V, OH —
1/2 [13] 0 to 1/8 [3] α = 20° F, V, OH —
SAW B-U3a-S
U 
Spacer = 1/4R
— 5/8 [16] 0 to 1/4 [6] a = 20° F — C, M, N
(H)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Double V-Groove Weld (3)
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R, f, or Spacer; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R = ±0 +1/4 [6], –0
f = ±0 +1/16 [2], –0
α = +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
SAW Spacer = ±0 +1/16 [2], –0
SMAW Spacer = ±0 +1/8 [3], –0
T1
R
BACKGOUGE
f
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
Root Face in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-U3b
U —
R = 0 to 1/8 [3]
f = 0 to 1/8 [3]
α = β = 60°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
Not Limited
+10°, –5°
All — C, M, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U3-GF All
Not 
Required
C, M, N
SAW B-U3c-S U —
R = 0
f = 1/4 [6] min
α = β = 60°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/4 [6], –0
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/4 [6], –0
+10°, –5° F — C, M, N
To find S1 see table above; S2 = T1 – (S1+ f)
(I)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Double V-Groove Weld (3)
For B-U3c-S only in [mm]
T1 S1
>2 [50] to ≤ 2 1/2 [60] 1 3/8 [35]
>2 1/2 [60] to ≤ 3 [75] 1 3/4 [45]
>3 [75] to ≤ 3 5/8 [90] 2 1/8 [55]
>3 5/8 [90] to ≤ 4 [100] 2 3/8 [60]
>4 [100] to ≤ 4 3/4 [120] 2 3/4 [70]
>4 3/4 [120] to ≤ 5 1/2 [140] 3 1/4 [80]
>5 1/2 [140] to ≤ 6 1/4 [160] 3 3/4 [95]
For T1 >6 1/4 [160], or T1 ≤ 2 [50] 
S1 = 2/3(T1 –1/4 [6])
T1
S2
S1
f
R
BACKGOUGE
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
in [mm] Groove AngleT1 T2
SMAW B-U4a U —
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° All —
Br, N
R = 3/8 [10] α = 30° All —
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U4a-GF U —
R = 3/16 [5] α = 30° All Required
Br, NR = 1/4 [6] α = 45° All Not Req.
R = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F Not Req.
(J)
Note Br: Cyclic load application limits these joints to the horizontal welding position.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Single-Bevel-Groove Weld (4)
Tolerances, in [mm] for R; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R = +1/16 [2], –0 [0] +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2]
α = +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
T1
R
 
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T1
R
NOTE J
NOTE V
T2
Tolerances in [mm] for R; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R = +1/16 [2], –0 +1/4 [6], –1/16 [2]
α = +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Unlimited (U)
Single-Bevel-Groove Weld (4)
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
in [mm] Groove AngleT1 T2
SMAW TC-U4a U U
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° All —
J, Q, V
R = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F, V, OH —
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-U4a-GF U U
R = 3/16 [5] α = 30° All Required
J, Q, VR = 3/8 [10] α = 30° F Not Req.
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45° All Not Req.
SAW TC-U4a-S U U
R = 3/8 [10] α = 30°
F — J, Q, V
R = 1/4 [6] α = 45°
(K)
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note Q: For corner and T-joints, the member orientation may be changed provided the groove angle is maintained as specified.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
 
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T1
f
R
BACKGOUGE
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Single-Bevel-Groove Weld (4)
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
Root Face in[mm] Groove 
Angle
Tolerances, in [mm] 
for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-U4b U — R = 0 to 1/8 [3]
f = 0 to 1/8 [3]
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
Not Limited
+10°, –5°
All — Br, C, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U4b-GF U — All
Not 
required
Br, C, N
(L)
Note Br: Cyclic load application limits these joints to the horizontal welding position.
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening Root 
Face (f), in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW TC-U4b U U R = 0 to 1/8 [3]
f = 0 to 1/8 [3]
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
Not Limited
+10°, –5°
All — C, J, R, V
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-U4b-GF U U All
Not 
required
C, J, R, V
SAW TC-U4b-S U U
R = 0
f = 1/4 [6] max
α = 60°
±0
+0, –1/8 [3]
+10°, –0°
+1/4 [6], –0
±1/16 [2]
+10°, –5°
F — C, J, R, V
(M)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Unlimited (U)
Single-Bevel-Groove Weld (4)
f
T1
BACKGOUGE
R
T2
NOTE V
NOTE J
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] Groove 
Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α & β
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-U5a U —
R = 0 to 1/8 [3]
f = 0 to 1/8 [3]
α = 45°
β = 0° to 15°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
α + β: +10°,
–0°
+1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
Not Limited
α + β: +10°,
–5°
All — Br, C, M, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U5-GF U —
R = 0 to 1/8 [3]
f = 0 to 1/8 [3]
α = 45°
β = 0° to 15°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
α + β: +10°,
–0°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
α + β: +10°,
–5°
All
Not 
required
Br, C, M, N
(N)
Note Br: Cyclic load application limits these joints to the horizontal welding position.
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Double-Bevel-Groove Weld (5)
T1
R
f
BACKGOUGE
 
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T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Unlimited (U)
Double-Bevel-Groove Weld (5)
f
T1
R
T2
BACKGOUGE
NOTE V
NOTE J
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW TC-U5b U U R = 0 to 1/8 [3]
f = 0 to 1/8 [3]
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0
+1/16 [2], –0
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
Not Limited
+10°, –5°
All —
C, J, M, 
R, V
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-U5-GF U U All
Not 
required
C, J, M, 
R, V
SAW TC-U5-S U U
R = 0
f = 3/16 [5] max
α = 60°
±0
+ 0, –3/16 [5]
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0
±1/16 [2]
+10°, –5°
F —
C, J, M, 
R, V
(O)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
 
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Butt Joint (B),
T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Unlimited (U)
Double-Bevel-Groove Weld (5)
T1
BACKGOUGE
f f
R T2
NOTE J NOTE V
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & Spacer; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R: ±0 +1/4 [6], –0
f: +1/16 [2], –0 ±1/16 [2]
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
Spacer: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/8 [3], –0
Spacer same steel as base metal.
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
(R), in [mm]
Root Face 
(f), in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW
B-U5b
U
Spacer = 1/8 × R
— 1/4 [6] 0 to 1/8 [3] α = 45° All — Br, C, M, N
TC-U5a
U
Spacer = 1/4 × R
U
1/4 [6] 0 to 1/8 [3] α = 45° All — C, J, M, R, V
3/8 [10] 0 to 1/8 [3] α = 30° F, OH — C, J, M, R, V
(P)
Note Br: Cyclic load application limits these joints to the horizontal welding position.
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note M: Double-groovewelds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
 
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Butt Joint (B),
Corner Joint (C)
Unlimited (U)
Single U-Groove Weld (6)
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & r; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
f: ±1/16 [2] Not Limited
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
r: +1/8 [3], –0 +1/8 [3], –0
ff
R R
rr
BACK-
GOUGE
BACK-
GOUGE
T2
T1 T1
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening (R), 
in [mm]
Root Face 
(f), in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW
B-U6 U U
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All —
C, N
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 20° F, OH —
C-U6 U U
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All —
C, J, R
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 20° F, OH —
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U6-GF U U 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 20° All Not Req. C, N
C-U6-GF U U 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 20° All Not Req. C, J, R
(Q)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Groove Radius (r) = 1/4 in [6 mm] for all
 
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Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Double U-Groove Weld (7)
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & r; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
For B-U7 and B-U7-GF
R: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
f: ±1/16 [2] Not Limited
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
r: +1/4 [6], –0 ±1/16 [2]
For B-U7-S
R: ±0 +1/16 [2], –0
f: +0, –1/4 [6] ±1/16 [2]
Groove Radius (r) = 1/4 in [6 mm] for all
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal Thickness, 
in [mm] (U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening 
(R), in [mm]
Root Face 
(f), in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW B-U7 U
— 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All — C, M, N
— 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 20° F, OH — C, M, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U7-GF U — 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 20° All
Not 
Required
C, M, N
SAW B-U7-S U — 0 1/4 [6] max. α = 20° F — C, M, N
(R)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
T1
R
r
r
BACKGOUGE
f
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening (R), 
in [mm]
Root Face 
(f), in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW B-U8 U — 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All — Br, C, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U8-GF U — 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 30° All Not Req. Br, C, N
(S)
Note Br: Cyclic load application limits these joints to the horizontal welding position.
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Single J-Groove Weld (8)
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & r; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
f: +1/16 [2], –0 Not Limited
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
r: +1/4 [6], –0 ±1/16 [2]
Groove Radius (r) = 3/8 in [10 mm] for all
T1
r
f
R
BACKGOUGE
 
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T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Unlimited (U)
Single J-Groove Weld (8)
Groove Radius (r) = 3/8 in [10 mm] for all
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & r; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
f: +1/16 [2], –0 Not Limited
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
r: +1/4 [6], –0 ±1/16 [2]
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening 
(R), in [mm]
Root Face 
(f), in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW TC-U8a U U
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All —
C, J, R, V
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 30° F, OH —
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-U8a-GF U U 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 30° All
Not 
Required
C, J, R, V
(T)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
T1
r
f
BACKGOUGE
R
T2
NOTE V
NOTE J
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root 
Opening (R), 
in [mm]
Root Face 
(f), in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW B-U9
U
— 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All — Br, C, M, N
GMAW 
FCAW
B-U9-GF — 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 30° All
Not 
Required
Br, C, M, N
(U)
Note Br: Cyclic load application limits these joints to the horizontal welding position.
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note N: The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180° provided that the basic joint configuration (groove 
angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is maintained.
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Unlimited (U)
Double J-Groove Weld (9)
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & r; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
f: +1/16 [2], –0 Not Limited
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
r: +1/8 [3], –0 ±1/16 [2]
T1
S2
S1
R
rr
f
BACKGOUGE
Groove Radius (r) = 3/8 in [10 mm] for all
 
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T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Unlimited (U)
Double J-Groove Weld (9)
Tolerances, in [mm] for R, f, & r; ° for α
As Detailed As Fit-Up
R: +1/16 [2], –0 +1/16 [2], –1/8 [3]
f: +1/16 [2], –0 Not Limited
α: +10°, –0° +10°, –5°
r: +1/8 [3], –0 ±1/16 [2]
f
T1
R r
r
T2
BACKGOUGE
NOTE V
NOTE J
Groove Radius (r) = 3/8 in [10 mm] for all
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Gas 
Shielding 
for FCAW Notes
Root Opening 
(R), in [mm]
Root Face (f), 
in [mm]
Groove 
AngleT1 T2
SMAW TC-U9a U U
0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 45° All — C, J, M, 
R, V0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 30° F, OH —
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-U9a-GF U U 0 to 1/8 [3] 1/8 [3] α = 30° All
Not 
Required
C, J, M, 
R, V
(V)
Note C: Backgouge root to sound metal before welding second side.
Note J: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm]. Groove welds in corner and T-joints of cyclically loaded structures shall be reinforced with 
fillet welds equal to 1/4T1, but need not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note M: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less than one-fourth 
of the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Note R: The orientation of two members in the joints may vary from 45° to 135° for corner joints and from 45° to 90° for T-joints, provided 
that the basic joint configuration (grove angle, root face, root opening) remain the same and that the design weld size is 
maintained.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.1 (Continued)—Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded 
Joint Details
 
Accessed by account: University of Michigan | Date: Fri Dec 4 03:55:24 2020 | IP address: 141.213.168.11
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Butt Joint (B)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Square-Groove Weld (1)
REINFORCEMENT 1/32 in [1 mm]
TO 1/8 in [3 mm]. NO TOLERANCE
T1
R
(S) R
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, 
in [mm]
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Weld 
Size (S), 
in [mm] Notes
Root 
Opening, 
in [mm]
Tolerances, in [mm]
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW
B-P1a 1/8 [3] — R = 0 to 1/16 [2] +1/16 [2], –0 ±1/16 [2] All T1 –1/32 [1] B
B-P1c 1/4 [6] max — R = T1/2 minimum +1/16 [2], –0 ±1/16 [2] All T1/2 B
(A)
Note B: Joint is welded from one side only.
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm]
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions
Total 
Weld Size 
(S1 + S2), 
in [mm] Notes
Root Opening, 
in [mm]
Tolerances, in [mm]
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-P1b 1/4 [6] max —
R = T1/2 
minimum
+1/16 [2], –0 ±1/16 [2] All 3T1/4 C2
(B)
Note C2: Root need not be gouged before welding other side.
Figure A.2—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Square-Groove Weld (1) S1 + S2 MUST NOT EXCEED 3T1/4
R
R(S1)
T1
(S2)
 
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Butt or Corner Joint (BC)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Single-V-Groove Weld (2)
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in 
[mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in [mm] Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW BC-P2 1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 60°
±0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D B, E, Q2
GMAW 
FCAW
BC-P2-GF 1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 60°
±0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D B, E, Q2
SAW BC-P2-S
7/16 [11] 
min
U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
α = 60°
±0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D B, E, Q2
(C)
Note B: Joint is welded from one side only.
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
D(S)
D
f
R
R
T1
T2
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, 
in [mm]
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld Size 
(S), in 
[mm] Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-P3 1/2 [13] min —
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 60°
+1/16 [2], –0 
–0 
+10°, –0°
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D1 + D2 E, Mp, Q2
GMAW 
FCAW
B-P3-GF 1/2 [13] min —
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 60°
+1/16 [2], –0 
–0 
+10°, –0°
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D1 + D2 E, Mp, Q2
SAW B-P3-S 3/4 [20] min —
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
α = 60°
±0 
–0 
+10°, –0°
+3/16 [5], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D1 + D2 E, Mp, Q2
(D)
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note Mp: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, provided these conform to Note E. Also, the weld size (S), less any 
reduction, applies individually to each groove.
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Double-V-Groove Weld (3)
R
f
D2
D1
D1(S1)
D2(S2)
T1
 
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R
f
D
T1
T2
D(S)
NOTE V
Butt, T-, or CornerJoint (BTC)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Single-Bevel-Groove Weld (4)
U = Unlimited
Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in [mm] Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW BTC-P4 U U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
–0** 
+10°, –0°
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D
B, E, J2, 
Q2, V,
GMAW 
FCAW
BTC-P4-GF 1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
–0** 
+10°, –0°
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F, H D
B, E, J2, 
Q2, V,V, OH D – 1/8 [3]
SAW BTC-P4-S 7/16 [11] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
α = 60°
±0 
+U, –0 
+10°, –0°
+3/16 [5], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D
B, E, J2, 
Q2, V,
(E)
Note B: Joint is welded from one side only.
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note J2: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical, H = Horizontal
** For flat and horizontal positions, f = +U, –0
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in (mm) Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R & f; ° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW BTC-P5 5/16 [8] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
U** 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All
(D1 + D2) 
–1/4 [6]
E, J2, L, 
Mp, Q2, V
GMAW 
FCAW
BTC-P5-GF 1/2 [13] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
U** 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F, H D1 + D2 E, J2, L, 
Mp,Q2, VV, OH
(D1 + D2) 
–1/4 [6]
SAW BTC-P5-S 3/4 [20] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
α = 60°
±0 
+U, –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D1 + D2
E, J2, L, 
Mp, Q2, V
(F)
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note J2: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note L: Butt and T-joints are not prequalified for cyclically loaded structures.
Note Mp: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, provided these conform to Note E. Also, the weld size (S), less any 
reduction, applies individually to each groove.
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
*F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical, H = Horizontal
** For flat and horizontal positions, f = +U, –0
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt, T-, or Corner Joint (BTC)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Double-Bevel-Groove Weld (5)
U = Unlimited
R
T1
T2
D2(S2)
D2
f
D1
D1(S1)
NOTE V
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in [mm] Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in [mm] 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in [mm] for R, f & r;° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW BC-P6 1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/32 [1] min 
r = 1/4 [6] 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D B, E, Q2
GMAW 
FCAW
BC-P6-GF 1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 1/4 [6] 
α = 20°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D B, E, Q2
SAW BC-P6-S 7/16 [11] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/4 [6] 
α = 20°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D B, E, Q2
(G)
Note B: Joint is welded from one side only.
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt or Corner Joint (BC)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Single-U-Groove Weld (6)
U = Unlimited
r
R
D
D(S)
T1
T2
f
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in (mm) Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in (mm) 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in (mm) for R, f, & r;° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW B-P7
1/2 [13] min 
(5/8 [16] min 
for cyclically 
loaded 
applications)
—
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 1/4 [6] 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D1 + D2
E, Mp, 
Q2
GMAW 
FCAW
B-P7-GF
1/2 [13] min 
(5/8 [16] min 
for cyclically 
loaded 
applications)
—
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 1/4 [6] 
α = 20°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D1 + D2
E, Mp, 
Q2
SAW B-P7-S
3/4 [20] min 
(7/8 [22] min 
for cyclically 
loaded 
applications)
—
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/4 [6] 
α = 20°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D1 + D2
E, Mp, 
Q2
(H)
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note Mp: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, provided these conform to Note E. Also, the weld size (S), less any 
reduction, applies individually to each groove.
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt Joint (B)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Double-U-Groove Weld (7)
U = Unlimited r
r
R
T1
D1
D2
f
D2(S2)
R
D1(S1)
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in (mm) Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in (mm) 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in (mm) for R, f, & r;° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW
TC-P8 
(T and 
Inside 
Corner 
Joints)
1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 3/8 [10] 
α = 45°
+1/16[2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D
E, J2, 
Q2, V,BC-P8 
(Butt and 
Outside 
Corner 
Joints)
1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 3/8 [10] 
α = 30°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D
GMAW 
FCAW
TC-P8-GF 
(T and 
Inside 
Corner 
Joints)
1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 3/8 [10] 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D
E, J2, 
Q2, VBC-P8-GF 
(Butt and 
Outside 
Corner 
Joints)
1/4 [6] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 3/8 [10] 
α = 30°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D
SAW
TC-P8-S 
(T- and 
inside 
corner)
7/16 [11] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/2 [13] 
α = 45°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D
E, J2, 
Q2, V
C-P8-S 
(Outside 
corner)
7/16 [11] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/2 [13] 
α = 20°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D
(I)
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note J2: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt or Corner Joint (BC)
T- or Corner Joint (TC)
Corner Joint (C)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Single-J-Groove Weld (8)
U = Unlimited
r
RT2
T1
D
D(S)
NOTE V
R
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal 
Thickness, in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S), 
in (mm) Notes
Root Opening, 
Root Face (f), 
in (mm) 
Groove Angle
Tolerances, 
in (mm) for R, f, & r;° for α
T1 T2 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW
BTC-P9 (butt, 
T-, & inside 
corner joints)
1/2 [13] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 3/8 [10] 
α = 45°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D1 + D2
E, J2, 
Mp, 
Q2, V
GMAW 
FCAW
BTC-P9-GF 
(butt, T-, & 
outside 
corner joints)
1/2 [13] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/8 [3] min 
r = 3/8 [10] 
α = 30°
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
All D1 + D2
E, J2, 
Mp, 
Q2, V
SAW
C-P9-S 
(inside corner 
joints)
3/4 [20] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/2 [13] 
α = 45°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D1 + D2
E, J2, 
Mp, 
Q2, VC-P9-S 
(outside 
corner joints)
3/4 [20] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/2 [13] 
α = 20°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D1 + D2
T-P9-S 3/4 [20] min U
R = 0 
f = 1/4 [6] min 
r = 1/2 [13] 
α = 45°
±0 
+U, –0 
+1/4 [6], –0 
+10°, –0°
+1/16 [2], –0 
±1/16 [2] 
±1/16 [2] 
+10°, –5°
F D1 + D2
E, J2, 
Mp, 
Q2
(J)
Note E: Minimum weld size (S) as shown in Table 7.10; D as specified on drawings.
Note J2: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note Mp: Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, provided these conform to Note E. Also, the weld size (S), less any 
reduction, applies individually to each groove.
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
Note V: For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is 
not changed and adequate edge distance is maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt, T-, or Corner Joint (BTC)
Corner Joint (C)
T-Joint (T)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Double-J-Groove Weld (9)
U = Unlimited r
r
D2 (S2)
D2
D1
D1 (S1)
R
T1
T2
R
NOTE J2
NOTE V
 
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Welding 
Process
Joint 
Designation
Base Metal Thickness, 
in [mm] 
(U = Unlimited)
Groove Preparation
Permitted 
Welding 
Positions*
Weld 
Size (S) 
in (mm) Notes
Root Opening 
Root Face (f), 
in (mm) 
Bend Radius (***)
Tolerances 
In (mm) for R, f, & r;° for α
T1 T2 T3 As Detailed As Fit-Up
SMAW BTC-P10
3/16 
[5] min
U
T1 
min
R = 0 
f = 3/16 [5] min 
C = 3T1/2 min
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+U, –0
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
+U, –1/16 [2] 
+U, –0
All 5T1/8
J2, 
Q2, Z
GMAW 
FCAW
BTC-P10-GF
3/16 
[5] min
U
T1 
min
R = 0 
f = 3/16 [5] min 
C = 3T1/2 min
+1/16 [2], –0 
+U, –0 
+U, –0
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
+U, –1/16 [2] 
+U, –0
All 5T1/8
J2, 
Q2, Z
SAW T-P10-S
1/2 
[13] 
min
1/2 
[13] 
min
NA
R = 0 
f = 1/2 [13] min 
C = 3T1/2 min
±0 
+U, –0 
+U, –0
+1/8 [3], –1/16 [2] 
+U, –1/16 [2] 
+U, –0
F 5T1/8
J2, 
Q2, Z
(K)
Note J2: If fillet welds are used in statically loaded structures to reinforce groove welds in corner and T-joints, they shall be equal to 1/4T1, 
but not exceed 3/8 in [10 mm].
Note Q2: The member orientation may be changed provided that the groove dimensions are maintained as specified.
Note Z: Weld size (S) is based on joints welded flush.
* F = Flat, OH = Overhead, V = Vertical
*** For cold formed (A500) rectangular tubes, C dimension is not limited.
Figure A.2 (Continued)—Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joint Details
Butt, T-, or Corner Joint (BTC)
T-Joint (T)
Partial Joint Penetration (P)
Flare-Bevel-Groove Weld (10)
U = Unlimited T1
T2
T3
(S)
C
f
R
 
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Notes:
1. Not prequalified for gas metal arc welding using the short-circuiting transfer mode or the pulsed arc welding mode when the average 
current and voltage are insufficient to promote the spray or globular metal transfer modes.
2. Maximum detailed size along edges shall be equal to the base metal thickness when it is less than 1/4 in [6 mm]; see sketch (A). For 
base metals 1/4 in [6 mm] and over, the maximum size shall be 1/16 in [2 mm] less than the base metal thickness; see sketch (B).
3. The minimum weld size that can be specified shall be 3/16 in [5 mm] for T up to and including 1/2 in [13 mm], and 1/4 in [6 mm] for 
T over 1/2 in [13 mm] up to and including 3/4 in [20 mm], where T is the thickness of the thinner member being joined.
4. The root opening (R or Rn1) shall not exceed 1/16 in [2 mm].
5. (E1), (E2), (E'1), and (E'2), which are the effective throats, are dependent on the magnitude of the root opening (R or Rn1). For qualification 
of joints with root opening greater than 1/16 in [2 mm], see 9.4.1.3.
Figure A.3 Details for Prequalified Fillet Welds of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), 
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), and Flux Cored Arc 
Welding (FCAW)
S
S
SS1 S1 S2
S2SS; Rn1
Rn2
[6 mm] 
in [2 mm] 
[6 mm]
[2 mm] 
 
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Figure A.4—Prequalified Joint Details for PJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections (see 7.5.11.4)
 
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MIN L FOR
E = 0.7t E = t E = 1.07t
HEEL 120°
t 
BEVEL
1.4t 
BEVEL
FULL BEVEL 
60–90° GROOVE
Figure A.5—Fillet Welded Prequalified Tubular Joints Connections Made by SMAW, 
GMAW, and FCAW (see 7.5.8)
 
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FIGURE A.8
FIGURE A.8
FIGURE A.8
FIGURE A.8
FIGURE A.8
FIGURE A.8
TABLE 7.6
TABLE 7.6
Notes:
1. Details A, B, C, D as shown in Figure A.8 and all notes from Table 7.6 apply.
2. Joint preparation for corner welds shall provide a smooth transition from one detail to another. Welding shall be carried continuously 
around corners, with corners fully built up and all arc starts and stops within flat faces.
3. References to Figure A.8 include Figures A.9 and A.10 as appropriate to thickness.
Figure A.6—Prequalified Joint Details for CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections 
(see 7.5.12.5)
 
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BRANCH MEMBER
MAIN MEMBER
AREA FOR
DETAIL A OR B
AREA FOR
DETAIL C OR DAREA FOR DETAIL B
Figure A.7—Definitions and Detailed Selections for Prequalified CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular 
Connections (see 7.5.12.5 and Table 7.6)
 
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Notes:
1. See Table 7.6 for dimensions tw, L, R, W, ω, φ.
2. Minimum standard flat weld profile shall be as shown by solid line.
3. A concave profile, as shown by dashed lines, shall also be applicable.
4. Convexity, overlap, etc. shall be subject to the limitations of Clause 9.
Figure A.8—Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and 
K-Connections—Standard Flat Profiles for Limited Thickness (see 7.5.12.5)
 
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Notes:
1. Sketches illustrate alternate standard profiles with toe fillet.
2. Minimum fillet weld size, F = tb/2, shall also be subject to limits of Table 7.9.
3. See Table 7.6 for dimensions tw, L, R, W, ω, φ.
4. Convexity and overlap shall be subject to the limitations of Clause 9.
5. Concave profiles, as shown by dashed lines shall also be acceptable.
Figure A.9—Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and 
K-Connections—Profile with Toe Fillet for Intermediate Thickness (see 7.5.12.5)
 
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Notes:
1. Illustrating improved weld profiles, as welded and fully ground.
2. For heavy sections or fatigue critical applications.
3. See Table 7.6 for dimensions tb, L, R, W, ω, φ.
Figure A.10—Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and 
K-Connections—Concave Improved Profile for Heavy Sections or Fatigue (see 7.5.12.5)
 
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a Detail (D). Apply Z loss dimension of Table 4.1 to determine effective throat.
b Detail (D) shall not be prequalified for under 30°. For welder qualifications, see Clause 8.
Notes:
1. (En), (E’n) = Effective throats dependent on magnitude of root opening (Rn). (n) represents 1 through 5.
2. t = thickness of thinner part
3. Not prequalified for GMAW-S or GTAW.
Figure A.11—Prequalified Skewed T-Joint Details (Nontubular) (see 7.5.8)
 
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Annex B (Informative)
Suggested Welding Procedure Specification and 
Qualification Test Record Forms
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
See AWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Performance and Procedure Qualification for welding procedure and 
welder performance qualification forms.
It is suggested that this information be recorded on these forms or similar forms prepared by the user. Variations of these 
forms to meet the user’s needs are permissible. Downloadable forms can be found at www.aws.org
 
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Annex C (Informative)
Recommended Practices for Storage and 
Treatment of Electrodes and Fluxes
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
NOTE: When available, the consumable manufacturer’s specific requirements for storage, atmospheric exposure and 
reconditioning should be applied. When the consumable manufacturer’s specifications are not available, the following 
guidelines may be used.
C1. SMAW Electrodes
C1.1 Storage Conditions
C1.1.1. Low Hydrogen Electrodes. All electrodes having low hydrogen coverings conforming to AWS A5.1/A5.1M 
and AWS A5.5/A5.5M should be purchased in hermetically sealed containers or should be baked by the user in accord-
ance with C1.3 prior to use. Immediately after opening the hermetically sealed container, electrodes should be stored in 
ovens held at a temperature of at least 250 °F [120 °C]. Electrodes should be rebaked no more than once. Electrodes that 
have been wet should not be used.
C1.1.2. Non-Low Hydrogen Electrodes. Electrodes in unopened cans or cartons retain the proper moisture content 
indefinitely when stored in good condition. If exposed to humid air for long periods of time, electrodes from opened con-
tainer may pick up enough moisture to affect operating characteristics or weld quality. If moisture appears to be a problem, 
discard the affected electrodes. Store electrodes from freshly opened containers in a dry environment. Cellulosic coverings 
for E6010 and E6011 electrodes need moisture levels of 3% to 7% for proper operation; therefore, storage or conditioning 
above ambient temperature may dry them too much and adversely affect their operation.
C1.2 Approved Low Hydrogen Electrode Atmospheric Time Periods. After hermetically sealed containers are 
opened or after electrodes are removed from baking or storage ovens, the electrode exposure to the atmosphere should 
not exceed the values shown for the specific electrode classification (see Tables C.1 and C.2) with optional supplemental 
designators, where applicable. Electrodes exposed to the atmosphere for periods less than those shown may be returned 
to a holding oven maintained at 250 °F [120 °C] min; after a minimum hold period of four hours at the specified minimum 
temperature, the electrodes may be reissued.
C1.3 Reconditioning of Low Hydrogen Electrodes. Electrodes exposed to the atmosphere for periods, greater than 
those permitted above should be reconditioned as follows:
(1) All electrodes having low-hydrogen coverings conforming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
4.2 Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
4.3 Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
4.4 Combinations of Groove and Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
4.5 Intermittent Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
4.6 Weld Size Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
 5. Base Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
5.1 Structural Steels and Nonferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
5.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
5.3 Weldability and Welding Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
 6. Welding Processes and Consumables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
6.1 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
6.2 Consumables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
 7. Welding Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
7.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
7.2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
7.3 Method I—Prototype Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
7.4 Method II—Welding Procedure Qualification by Standard Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
7.5 Method III—Prequalified Welding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
 8. Welding Personnel Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
8.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
8.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
8.3 Welder Performance Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
8.4 Welding Operator Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
8.5 Operators of Automatic Welding Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
8.6 Qualification of Tack Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
 9. Workmanship and Welding Quality Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
9.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
 
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9.2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
9.3 Preparation of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
9.4 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
9.5 Quality of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
9.6 Repair of Weld Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
9.7 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
9.8 Dimensional Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
10. Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
10.1 Qualified Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
10.2 Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
10.3 Weld Quality Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
10.4 Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
10.5 Requalification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
11. Field Repair and Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
11.2 Specific Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
11.3 Preheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
11.4 Qualified Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
11.5 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Annex A (Normative)—Prequalified Weld Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Annex B (Informative)—Suggested Welding Procedure Specification and Qualification Test Record Forms . . . . . .95
Annex C (Informative)—Recommended Practices for Storage and Treatment of Electrodes and Fluxes . . . . . . . . . .97
Annex D (Informative)—Roadmap for Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Annex E (Informative)—Weld Break Test Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .to AWS A5.1/A5.1M should be baked for at least one 
hour at temperatures between 500 °F [260 °C] and 800 °F [430 °C], or
(2) All electrodes having low-hydrogen coverings conforming to AWS A5.5/A5.5M should be baked for at least one 
hour at temperatures between 700 °F [370 °C] and 800 °F [430 °C].
C1.4 Reconditioning of Non-Low Hydrogen Electrodes. Non-low hydrogen electrodes should be reconditioned 
according to the consumable manufacturer’s specifications or discarded.
 
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Table C.1 
Electrodes Covered by AWS A5.1/A5.1M, Specification for 
Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Electrode Designation Maximum Exposure
Time (hours)A5.1 A5.1M
E70XX
E70XXRa
E70XXHZRa
E7018M
E49XX
E49XXRa
E49XXHZRa
E4918M
4
9
9
9
a The optional supplemental designator, R, designates a low hydrogen electrode which has been 
tested for covering moisture content after exposure to a moist environment for 9 hours and has 
met the maximum level permitted in AWS A5.1/A5.1M
Table C.2 
Electrodes Covered by AWS A5.5/A5.5M, Specification for 
Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Electrode Designation Maximum Exposure
Time (hours)A5.1 A5.1M
E70XX-X
E70XX-X-Ra
E70XX-X-HZRa
E80XX-X
E80XX-X-Ra
E80XX-X-HZRa
E90XX-X
E90XX-X-Ra
E90XX-X-HZRa
E100XX-X
E100XX-X-Ra
E100XX-X-HZRa
E110XX-X
E110XX-X-Ra
E110XX-X-HZRa
E49XX-X
E49XX-X-Ra
E49XX-X-HZRa
E55XX-X
E55XX-X-Ra
E55XX-X-HZRa
E62XX-X
E52XX-X-Ra
E52XX-X-HZRa
E69XX-X
E69XX-X-Ra
E69XX-X-HZRa
E76XX-X
E76XX-X-Ra
E76XX-X-HZRa
4
9
9
2
9
9
1
9
9
½
9
9
½
9
9
a The optional supplemental designator, R, designates a low hydrogen electrode which has been 
tested for covering moisture content after exposure to a moist environment for 9 hours and has met 
the maximum level permitted in AWS A5.5/A5.5M, Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes 
for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.
C2. FCAW and Metal Core Electrodes
C2.1 Electrode Packaging. Electrodes for FCAW and Metal Core welding should be received in moisture-resistant 
packages that are undamaged. They should be protected against contamination and injury during shipment and storage. 
Electrode packages should remain effectively sealed against moisture until the electrode is required for use. When 
removed from protective packaging and installed on machines, care should be taken to protect the electrodes and coat-
ings, if present, from deterioration or damage. No one should modify or lubricate an electrode after manufacture for any 
reason except that drying may be permitted when recommended by the consumable manufacturer.
C2.2 Electrode Storage. When welding is to be suspended for more than 24 hours, electrode spools or coils should be 
removed from the machines and stored in airtight coverings or placed in a storage or drying oven maintained at a tem-
perature of 250 °F [120 °C] to 300 °F [150 °C] or as recommended by the consumable manufacturer. Electrodes on spools 
or coils not consumed within 48 hours of accumulated exposure outside sealed or heated storage should be redried as 
described in C2.3. Electrodes should be identified to facilitate monitoring of total atmospheric exposure time.
 
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C2.3 Drying Temperatures. Only when approved by the consumable manufacturer, FCAW and Metal Core electrodes 
on metal supports may be baked once as specified by the consumable manufacturer to restore their condition. If the 
electrode or the electrode support is damaged by baking, the electrode should not be used. For electrodes in bulk storage 
packaging, follow the consumable manufacturer’s recommendations for exposure and storage.
C3. Solid Wire Electrodes
C3.1 Electrode Care and Storage. Wire should be kept clean and care should be taken to keep wire from being con-
taminated with rust, oil, moisture, grinding dust, or other materials present in the work environment. When idle, the wire 
should be kept in its original plastic wrapping and/or shipping container. When a spool of wire is in place on a wire feeder, 
it should be covered with a protective covering when not used for prolonged periods of time.
C4. Submerged Arc Welding Flux
C4.1 Condition of Flux. Flux used for SAW should be dry and free of contamination from dirt, mill scale, or other for-
eign material. All flux should be purchased in packages that can be stored, under normal conditions, for at least six 
months without such storage affecting its welding characteristics or weld properties. Flux from damaged packages should 
be reconditioned according to consumable manufacturer’s specifications or discarded. Flux should be placed in the dis-
pensing system immediately upon opening a package, or if used from an opened package, the top 1 in [25 mm] should be 
discarded. Flux that has been wet should not be used.
C4.2 Flux Reclamation. SAW flux that has not been melted during the welding operation may be reused after recovery 
by vacuuming, catch pans, sweeping, or other means. The welding fabricator should have a system for collecting unmelted 
flux, adding new flux, and welding with the mixture of these two, such that the flux composition and particle size distri-
bution at the weld puddle are relatively constant.
 
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Annex D1 (Informative)
Roadmap for Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) 
Development
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
Table D.1 provides a guide to the user for decisions required in the preparation of a Welding Procedure Specification 
(WPS) and the applicable AWS Standard references describing each of the variables or options. Use of this Annex does not 
remove the responsibility of the Manufacturer to assure that the WPS meets all the requirements of Specification D14.3.
1 Paragraph references are to the dated reference of the standard at the time of publication. The user is encouraged to use the most 
current revision of the reference even if the paragraph number has changed.
Table D.1 
Roadmap for Development of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs)
WPS Variable or Optiona AWS Standard Location
1. Qualification Method
a. Prototype Qualification D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.3
b. Procedure Qualification Tests D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.4
c. Prequalified Welding Procedures D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.5
2. Base Material
a. Specification and Grade D14.3/D14.3M:2019 Clause 5b
b. Class D14.3/D14.3M:2019 Table 7.3
c. M-No. and Group No. D14.3/D14.3M:2019 5.1
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.2(1)
d. Thickness B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 Table 4.3
e. Diameter B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.2(3)
3. Welding Process
a. Process D14.3/D14.3M:2019 6.1b
b. Technique B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.9(11)
4. Welding Consumables
a. Specification Number D14.3/D14.3M:2019 6.2b
b. F-No. and A-No. B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.3(1)
c. Classification D14.3/D14.3M:2019 6.2.2b
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.3(1)
d. Size/Diameter B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.3(3)
e. Shielding Gas Composition and Flow B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.7
f. Trailing Gas Composition and Flow D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.1.2.3(2)
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.14.7(9)
g. Root (Backing) Gas Composition and Flow D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.1.2.3(1)
D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.1.2.3(4)
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.7(2)
h. Flux B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.3(4)
 
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WPS Variable or Optiona AWS Standard Location
5. JointDesign
a. Joint Type D14.3/D14.3M:2019 Clause 4b
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.1(1)
b. Joint Preparation B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.1(2)
c. Cleaning B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.9(5)
6. Welding Conditions
a. Current Type B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.8(1)
b. Amperage B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.8(1)
c. Voltage B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.8(2)
d. Travel Speed B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.9(12)
e. Heat Input D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.2.4
f. Preheat D14.3/D14.3M:2019 Table 7.4b
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.5(1)
g. Interpass Temperature D14.3/D14.3M:2019 Table 7.4b
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.5(2)
h. Post Heat and PWHT B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.6
i. Backgouging B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.1(2)
j. Contact Tube to Work B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.9(4)
k. Single or Multiple Arc B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.9(2)
l. Other General Welding Variables D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.1.2.5
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.9
7. Position
a. Position D14.3/D14.3M:2019 7.2.2b
B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.4(1)
b. Progression B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1 4.13.4(2)
a Record the information on form F.2 (see B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1, Annex F) or equivalent form.
b Refer to B2.1/B2.1M:2014-AMD1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, Subclause 4.13, for WPS data.
 
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Annex E (Informative)
Weld Break Test Samples
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
This annex is provided as guidance on adapting the Weld Break Test to additional weld configurations (see 8.3.2.1), and 
to identify the basic steps for consistently producing and testing welded samples. The complete test assembly is designed 
to include key elements (weld start, weld stop and restart, integrated tack-weld, final weld stop, fusion at each side of the 
weld) that, if not properly completed, will identify areas of risk for the application to perform its intended purpose while 
in service. Details include additional features for the fillet weld test and the approach for adapting the test to a variety of 
PJP Groove welds. The primary purpose of this test is to fracture the weld along the axis (typically through the center) to 
confirm proper fusion and the absence of rejectable volumetric defects. It is advisable to use a minimum of 3/8 in 
[10 mm]. thick material with a minimum acceptable weld size (for the application) to obtain the most from the test. 
Thinner sections have been used successfully, especially where formed sections are involved. Care should be taken if 
thinner sections are used, since the intent is to get the weld to fail rather than just bend the base metal.
E.1 Method of Testing Weld Break Test Specimens.
Each test sample should be configured similar to Figure E.1 or Figure E.2. Other configurations are acceptable, provided 
they represent the configuration of the production weld connection.
Each test sample should be fit-up to allow for safe and simple loading after welding, i.e., offset position of the web mem-
ber in a simple fillet welded T connection allows for easily loading the fillet weld root in tension.
After placing small tack welds at each end of the weld joint, apply a normal size production tack weld in the weld joint 
at 75% of the distance from the weld start end location. Weld 50% of the length as shown in Figure E.3. Stop, clean and 
re-start; welding over the tack weld to the end of the joint.
Prior to loading, cross section the weld test specimen for macro examination at approximately 1 in [25 mm] from one end 
of the weld as shown in Figure E.4.
Apply a force to the remaining test specimen as shown in Figures E.5, E.6, and E.7 until rupture occurs or the adjacent 
base material bends at a minimum of 75°. The force may be applied by any convenient means.
Figure E.1—Fillet Weld Break Test Specimen
 
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Figure E.2—PJP Flare Groove Weld Break Test Specimen
Figure E.3—Weld Break Test Specimen Welding Steps
Cut Line
Figure E.4—Weld Break Test Specimen Macro-Section
Figure E.5—Method for Testing Fillet Weld Break Test Specimen
 
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E.2 Acceptance Criteria
E.2.1 As Welded Visual Acceptance Criteria. Evaluate the as welded sample using the acceptance criteria of 9.5.1.
E.2.2 Macro Acceptance Criteria. Prepare a macro and etch with a suitable solution to give a clear definition of the 
weld and visually examine for defects with the acceptance criteria of 9.5.1.7.
E2.3 Fractured Surface Acceptance Criteria. Evaluate the Fractured surface as follows:
Fillet Welds
The fractured surface of the fillet weld should show fusion to the root, but not necessarily beyond, and should exhibit 
complete fusion to the base metal without any inclusions or porosity larger than 3/32 in [2 mm] in the greatest dimension 
and the sum of the greatest dimensions of all porosity should not exceed 3/16 in [5 mm].
PJP Groove Welds
The fractured surface of the groove weld should show fusion through the full extent of the effective weld, but not neces-
sarily beyond, and should exhibit complete fusion to the base metal without any inclusions or porosity larger than 3/32 in 
[2 mm] in the greatest dimension and the sum of the greatest dimensions of all porosity should not exceed 3/16 in [5 mm].
Figure E.6—Method for Testing Flare Groove Weld Break Test Specimen
Figure E.7—Method for Testing Flare Bevel Weld Break Test Specimen
 
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Annex F (Informative)
Requesting an Official Interpretation on 
an AWS Standard
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
F1. Introduction
The following procedures are here to assist standard users in submitting successful requests for official interpretations to 
AWS standards. Requests from the general public submitted to AWS staff or committee members that do not follow these 
rules may be returned to the sender unanswered. AWS reserves the right to decline answering specific requests; if AWS 
declines a request, AWS will provide the reason to the individual why the request was declined.
F2. Limitations
The activities of AWS technical committees regarding interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of provi-
sions of standards prepared by the committees. Neither AWS staff nor the committees are in a position to offer interpre-
tive or consulting services on (1) specific engineering problems, (2) requirements of standards applied to fabrications 
outside the scope of the document, or (3) points not specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer 
should seek assistance from a competent engineer experienced in the particular field of interest.
F3. General Procedure for all Requests
F3.1 Submission. All requests shall be sent to the Managing Director, AWS Standards Development. For efficient han-
dling, it is preferred that all requests should be submitted electronically through standards@aws.org. Alternatively, 
requests may be mailed to:
Managing Director
Standards Development
American Welding Society
8669 NW 36 St, # 130
Miami, FL 33166
F3.2 Contact Information. All inquiries shall contain the name, address, email, phone number, and employer of the 
inquirer.
F3.3 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single provision of the standard unless the issue in question involves two or 
more interrelated provisions. The provision(s) shall be identified in the scope of the requestalong with the edition of the 
standard (e.g., D1.1:2006) that contains the provision(s) the inquirer is addressing.
F3.4 Question(s). All requests shall be stated in the form of a question that can be answered “yes” or “no”. The request 
shall be concise, yet complete enough to enable the committee to understand the point of the issue in question. When the 
point is not clearly defined, the request will be returned for clarification. Sketches should be used whenever appropriate, 
and all paragraphs, figures, and tables (or annexes) that bear on the issue in question shall be cited.
 
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F3.5 Proposed Answer(s). The inquirer shall provide proposed answer(s) to their own question(s).
F3.6 Background. Additional information on the topic may be provided but is not necessary. The question(s) and pro-
posed answer(s) above shall stand on their own without the need for additional background information.
F4. AWS Policy on Interpretations
The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official interpretations of 
AWS standards are handled in a formal manner. Under this policy, all official interpretations are approved by the techni-
cal committee that is responsible for the standard. Communication concerning an official interpretation is directed through 
the AWS staff member who works with that technical committee. The policy requires that all requests for an official 
interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to the proce-
dures that must be followed, some requests for an official interpretation may take considerable time to complete.
F5. AWS Response to Requests
Upon approval by the committee, the interpretation is an official interpretation of the Society, and AWS shall transmit the 
response to the inquirer, publish it in the Welding Journal, and post it on the AWS website.
F6. Telephone Inquiries
Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning AWS standards should be limited to questions of a general nature 
or to matters directly related to the use of the standard. The AWS Board Policy Manual requires that all AWS staff mem-
bers respond to a telephone request for an official interpretation of any AWS standard with the information that such an 
interpretation can be obtained only through a written request. Headquarters staff cannot provide consulting services. 
However, the staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose names are on file at AWS Headquarters.
 
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Annex G (Informative)
Informative References
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
AWS Documents1
AWS A1.1, Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry
AWS A5.01M/A5.01 (ISO 14344 MOD)—Welding Consumables-Procurement of Filler Metals and Fluxes
AWS A5.1/A5.1M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
AWS A5.5/A5.5M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
AWS A5.17/A5.17M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
AWS A5.18/A5.18M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
AWS A5.20/A5.20M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
AWS A5.23/A5.23M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
AWS A5.28/A5.28M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding
AWS A5.29/A5.29M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
AWS A5.32M/5.32 (ISO 14175 MOD) Welding Consumables-Gases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Welding and Allied 
Processes
AWS A5.36/A5.36M:2012, Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Flux Cored Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc 
Welding and Metal Cored Electrodes for Gas Metal Arc Welding
AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors
AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Fabricators
AWS C4.1, Criteria for Describing Oxygen-Cut Surfaces
AWS C4.6M (ISO 9013), Thermal Cutting—Classification of Thermal Cuts—Geometric Product Specification and 
Quality Tolerances
AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code—Steel
AWS D1.7/D1.7M, Guide for Strengthening and Repairing Existing Structures
AWS F4.1, Safe Practices for the Preparation of Containers and Piping for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes
AWS QC1, Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors
AWS QC4, Standard for Accreditation of Test Facilities for AWS Certified Welder Program
AWS QC7, Standard for the Certification of Welders
AWS QC17, Standard for AWS Accreditation of Certified Welding Fabricators
ANSI Documents2
ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding and Cutting and Allied Processes
ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection
ASME Standards3
ASME Section IX, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
1 Published by the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 Street, Miami, FL 33166.
2 Published by the American National Standards Institute, 11 W 42nd St, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
3 ASME standards are published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017.
 
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ISO Standards4
ISO 3471, Earth-moving machinery—Roll-over protective structures—Laboratory tests and performance requirements
ISO 3449, Earth-moving machinery—Falling-object protective structures—Laboratory tests and performance requirements
SAE Documents5
SAE-J1116, Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines
SAE J1040, Performance Criteria for Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Construction, Earthmoving, Forestry, 
and Mining Machines
4 ISO standards are published by the International Organization for Standardization, 1, rue de Varembe, Case postale 56, CH-1211 
Geneva 20, Switzerland.
5 Published by the Society of Automotive Engineers International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096–0001.
 
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List of AWS Documents on Machinery and Equipment
Document Code Document Title
D14.1/D141.M Specification for Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Overhead Material 
Handling Equipment.
D14.3/D14.3M Specification for Welding Earthmoving Construction and Agricultural Equipment
D14.4/D14.4M Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
D14.5/D14.5M Specification for Welding of Presses and Press Components
D14.6/D14.6M Specification for Welding of Rotating Elements of Equipment
D14.7/D14.7M Recommended Practices for Surfacing and Reconditioning of Industrial Mill Rolls
D14.8M (ISO/TR 
17844:2004 IDT)
Standard Methods for the Avoidance of Cold Cracks
D14.9/D14.9M Specification for the Welding of Hydraulic Cylinders
 
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Annex F (Informative)—Requesting an Official Interpretation on an AWS Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Annex G (Informative)—Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
List of AWS Documents on Machinery and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
 
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List of Tables
Table Page No.
4.1 Z-Loss Dimensions (Nontubular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
4.2 Z-Loss Dimensions for Calculating Prequalified PJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connection 
Minimum Weld Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
7.1 Weldability Classification—Typical Steel Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
7.2 Base Metal/Filler Metal Strength Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
7.3 Weldability Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
7.4 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
7.5 Filler Metal Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
7.5M Filler Metal Requirements for Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
7.6 Prequalified Joint Dimensions and Groove Angles for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and 
K-Connections Made by SMAW, GMAW-S, and FCAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
7.7 Prequalified WPS Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
7.8 Prequalified WPS Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
7.9 Minimum Single Pass Fillet Weld Size for Heat Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
7.10 Minimum Weld Size for Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
8.1 Welding Personnel Qualification—Type and Position Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
C.1 Electrodes Covered by AWS A5.1/A5.1M, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for 
Shielded Metal Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
C.2 Electrodes Covered by AWS A5.5/A5.5M, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for 
Shielded Metal Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
D.1 Roadmap for Development of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
List of Figures
Figure Page No.
4.1 Skewed Groove Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4.2 Concave Fillet Weld Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4.3 Convex Fillet Weld Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4.4 Skewed T-Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
4.5 Combination of Bevel-Groove and Fillet Weld Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
7.1 Positions of Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
7.2 Positions of Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
7.3 Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
7.4 Positions of Test Plates for Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
7.5 Typical Micro Hardness Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
7.6 Weld Bead in which Depth and Width Exceed the Width of the Weld Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
8.1 Examples of Workmanship Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
8.2 Fillet Weld Break Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
8.3 Groove Weld Break Specimen—Tack Welder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
8.4 Method of Rupturing Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
8.5 Method of Evaluating Tack Welder Qualification for Grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
 
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9.1 Workmanship Tolerances in Assembly of Groove Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
9.2 Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
A.1 Prequalified Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joints Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
A.2 Prequalified Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joints Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
A.3 Details for Prequalified Fillet Welds of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc 
Welding (GMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), and Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) . . . . . . . . . .85
A.4 Prequalified Joint Details for PJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
A.5 Fillet Welded Prequalified Tubular Joints Connections Made by SMAW, GMAW, and FCAW . . . . . . . . .87
A.6 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
A.7 Definitions and Detailed Selections for Prequalified CJP, T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections . . . . . . . . .89
A.8 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y- and K-Connections-Standard 
Flat Profiles for Limited Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
A.9 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y- and K-Connections-Profile 
with Toe Fillet for Intermediate Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
A.10 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections-Concave 
Improved Profile for Heavy Sections or Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
A.11 Prequalified Skewed T-Joint Details (Nontubular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .93
E.1 Fillet Weld Break Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
E.2 PJP Flare Groove Weld Break Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
E.3 Weld Break Test Specimen Welding Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
E.4 Weld Break Test Specimen Macro-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
E.5 Method for Testing Fillet Weld Break Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
E.6 Method for Testing Flare Groove Weld Break Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
E.7 Method for Testing Flare Bevel Weld Break Test Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
 
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Specification for Welding Earthmoving, 
Construction, Agricultural, and Ground-Based 
Material Handling Equipment
1. General Requirements
1.1 Scope. This specification applies to all structural welds used in the manufacture and repair of earthmoving, 
construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment.1 It reflects the welding practices employed by 
manufacturers within the industry and incorporates various methods which have been proven successful by individual 
manufacturers. No restrictions are placed on the use of any welding process or procedure, provided the weld produced 
meets the qualification requirements of this specification. No attempt is made to limit or restrict the progression of 
welding technology for earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and/or ground-based material handling equipment 
manufacturing and repair, nor should any such limitation be inferred. Design criteria for allowable stresses for the base 
and weld metal and the fatigue analysis for welded joints are not published in the specification. The user shall utilize AWS 
D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment, or appropriate engineering 
practices and principles for design criteria.
1.1.1 The Manufacturer’s adherence to this specification shall include responsibility for the following:
(1) welding, as defined in 1.1.1, in accordance with this specification;
(2) producing welds as designated on drawings by appropriate symbols and notes, with sufficient detail to show 
joint preparation compatible with applied processes;
(3) providing and using written Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs);
(4) ensuring that qualified welders are used to make welds;
(5) recording and maintaining results of all welder performance and procedure qualification tests;
(6) controlling use of designated base metals and consumables;
(7) inspecting the welds to the requirements of this specification;
(8) having a quality system in place. The requirements of AWS B5.17, Specification for the Qualification of 
Welding Fabricators may be used as a guide in establishing this quality program. Accreditation of quality systems 
of welding fabricators may be obtained through the AWS Certified Welding Fabricator (CWF) or equivalent 
programs.
(9) determining the responsible technical authority when the term “Engineer” is used. If the Owner wants to 
assume engineering responsibility, it shall be specified in the contract documents.
1 For purposes of this specification, earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment are 
described as on- and off-highway machinery and associated implements, as well as support equipment such as conveyors. Products that 
this specification covers include, but are not limited to, crawlers, tractors, graders, loaders, off-highway trucks, power shovels, 
backhoes, mobile cranes, draglines, forklifts, power trucks, and similar equipment. Products such as gantry and jib cranes are not 
within the scope of this specification.
 
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1.1.2 The “Engineer” in this document shall have specific technical expertise, such as but not limited to welding 
engineering or design engineering.
1.1.2.1 Welding Engineer. The Manufacturer’s technical authority is typically responsible for developing 
Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS), Procedure Qualification Records (PQR), and Performance Qualification 
Test Records (PQTR). The Welding Engineer may also have expertise in weld process selection; weld metallurgy and 
weld filler metal selection; weld joint design and weld sizing; weld fixture design and weld robot programing; weld 
inspection and weld defect/failure root cause analysis. Qualifications for a welding engineer shall meet one of the 
following criteria:
(1) An AWS Certified Welding Engineer in conformance with the provisions of AWS B5.17 (Specification for 
the Qualification of Welding Engineers) or,
(2) IIW International Welding Engineer (IWE),
(3) Professional Engineer—Welding,
(4) An individual who by degree, training, or experience is qualified in welding engineering disciplines.
1.1.2.2 Design Engineer. The Manufacturer’s technical authority is typically responsible for developing equipment 
configuration; analyzing stress levels, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and strain gage data to mitigate stress hot spots; 
choosing steel material type and thickness; determining weld joint type and weld size; and evaluating cyclic loading and 
fatigue life. The Design Engineer may also provide judgments on weld defect criticality and weld inspection requirements. 
See AWS D14.4 Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment for design criteria for 
allowable stresses for the base and weld metal and the fatigue analysis for welded joints. Qualification for a design 
engineer shall meet one of the following criteria:
(1) Professional or Chartered Engineer—Mechanical, Civil, Structural, Agricultural, or
(2) An individual who by degree, training, or experience is qualified in design of structures.
1.2 Units of Measure. This standard makes use of both the U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units 
(SI). The latter are shown within brackets ([ ]) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may 
not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently.
1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard, and therefore are not fully 
addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from the following sources:
American Welding Society:
(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes
(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets
(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS website
Material or Equipment Manufacturers:
(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers
(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers
Applicable Regulatory Agencies
Work performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous, and 
may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety 
and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program to 
address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when devel-
oping the safety program.
1.4 Symbols. Welding symbols shown on drawings shall be compatible with those shown in AWS A2.4, Standard 
Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination. In addition, welding symbols not conforming to the 
requirements of AWS A2.4, but conformingto the requirements of this specification may be allowed on drawings. Special 
conditions or deviations shall be fully explained by added notes, details, or definitions on the drawings.
 
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2. Normative References
The documents listed below are referenced within this publication and are mandatory to the extent specified herein. For 
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments 
to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.
American Welding Society (AWS) standards:
AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, 
Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.
AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO 14175 MOD) Welding Consumables—Gases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion Welding and 
Allied Processes
AWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification
AWS B2.1/B2.1M-BMG, Base Metal Grouping for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification
AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards:
ASTM E 140, Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals
ASTM E384, Standard Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards:
ISO 9015-1, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials—Hardness testing—Part 1: Hardness test on arc welded 
joints
ISO 9016, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials—Impact tests—Test specimen location, notch orientation 
and examination
ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders—Fusion welding—Part 1: Steels
3. Terms and Definitions
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. 
However, the following terms and definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this document.
consumables. Filler metals, fluxes, and shielding gases used in the welding process.
contract documents. Purchase orders, contracts, technical documents, or drawings.
data variable (D). A welding variable that is required to be listed on a WPS whose change beyond the tolerance listed 
on the WPS requires a revision in the WPS but not requalification of the WPQR (formerly known as non-essential 
variable).
effective weld areas
groove welds. The effective area is the effective weld length multiplied by the weld size. (See 4.1 for additional 
details.)
fillet welds. The effective area is the effective weld length multiplied by the effective throat. (See 4.2 for additional 
details.)
plug and slot welds. The effective area shall be the nominal area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying surface.
Engineer. Manufacturer’s technical authority. See 1.1.2 for additional information on Engineer responsibilities and 
qualifications.
 
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equipment modification. An alteration to machinery or equipment that changes the original design.
fracture toughness. The ability of a material to resist fracture when a flaw is present. It is typically measured by Charpy 
V-notch, dynamic tear, plane-strain fracture toughness, or drop-weight nil-ductility transition temperature tests.
fracture toughness variable (T). A qualification variable that is required when fracture toughness is specified by the 
Engineer. When fracture toughness is not required, these variables shall be considered data variables (formerly known 
as Supplementary Essential Variable).
Manufacturer. The organization responsible for the design and fabrication of the end product created utilizing this 
specification.
operator of automatic welding equipment. Welding personnel who operate equipment that requires only occasional or 
no observation and no manual adjustment of the controls.
Owner. The person, company, or agency purchasing the equipment.
procedure qualification variable. One of a set of elements that define the qualification limits of a Welding Procedure 
Specification (WPS).
performance qualification variable. One of a set of requirements that define the qualification limits of welders and 
welding operators.
qualified person. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by 
extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems 
relating to the subject matter and work.
qualification variable (Q). See performance qualification variable and procedure qualification variable (formerly 
known as Essential Variable).
repair. The restoration of machinery or equipment to meet its intended performance without changing the original design.
structural welds. Welds which carry the primary working loads during normal operations.
welding variable. Any controllable detail of a welding procedure which is required to be addressed on the Welding 
Procedure Specification (WPS)
4. Basic Weld Detail
4.1 Groove Welds
4.1.1 A complete joint penetration (CJP) weld is a groove weld in which weld metal extends through the entire joint 
thickness. The size of a CJP groove weld shall be the thickness of the thinner part joined.
4.1.2 A partial joint penetration (PJP) weld may be welded from one or both sides and has incomplete joint penetration. 
The size of a PJP groove weld shall be the joint penetration obtained. Welds in skewed T-Joints having dihedral (ψ) angles 
less than 60° shall be designed as PJP groove welds (see 4.2.4).
4.1.3 The effective length for any groove weld, square or skewed, shall be the width of the part joined (see Figure 4.1).
4.1.4 The effective weld area shall be the effective weld length multiplied by the weld size.
4.2 Fillet Welds
4.2.1 The effective throat for a fillet weld shall be the minimum distance, minus any convexity, between the weld root 
and the face of a fillet weld (see Figures 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4). When approved by the Engineer, design values based on 
increased effective throat, as a result of increased joint penetration beyond the joint root, may be used. Welding shall be 
performed using a WPS qualified in accordance with 7.4.3 Fillet Weld Qualification for Deep Joint Penetration.
4.2.2 The length of a fillet weld shall be the overall length of the full-size fillet, including boxing.
4.2.3 The effective area shall be the effective weld length multiplied by the effective throat. Stress in a fillet weld shall 
be considered as applied to this effective area for any direction of applied load.
 
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Figure 4.1—Skewed Groove Weld
TYPICAL PENETRATIONACCEPTABLE PENETRATION DEEP PENETRATION
Figure 4.2—Concave Fillet Weld Profiles
TYPICAL PENETRATION DEEP PENETRATIONACCEPTABLE PENETRATION
Figure 4.3—Convex Fillet Weld Profiles
 
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Nontubular Nontubular and Tubular
(A) (B)
Figure 4.4—Skewed T-Joint
4.2.4 Fillet welds may be used in skewed T-joints having a dihedral angle of not less than 60° nor greater than 135° 
[see Figure 4.4(A)]. Angles less than 60° may be used; however, such welds are considered to be PJP groove welds [see 
Figure 4.4(B)] (see 4.1.2 regarding PJP weld joints).
4.2.5 When welding is required in an acute angle that is less than 60° but equal to or greater than 30° [Figure 4.4(B)], 
the effective throat shall be increased bythe Z-loss allowance (Table 4.1 and Table 4.2). The shop drawings shall 
show the required leg dimensions to satisfy the required effective throat, increased by the Z-loss allowance in Tables 4.1 
and 4.2.
4.3 Plug and Slot Welds. The effective area shall be the nominal area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying 
surface.
4.4 Combinations of Groove and Fillet Welds. The effective throat for combinations of groove and fillet welds is the 
shortest distance from the weld root to the face of the fillet, less any convexity (see Figure 4.5).
4.5 Intermittent Welds
4.5.1 The length of any segment of an intermittent fillet weld shall not be less than four times the weld size, nor less 
than 1 in [25 mm] in length, whichever is greater.
Table 4.1
Z-Loss Dimensions (Nontubular)
Position of Welding—V or OH Position of Welding—H or F
Dihedral Angle ψ Process Z(in) Z(mm) Process Z(in) Z(mm)
SMAW 1/8 3 SMAW 1/8 3
FCAW-S 1/8 3 FCAW-S 0 0
60° > ψ ≥ 45° FCAW-G 1/8 3 FCAW-G 0 0
GMAW N/A N/A GMAW 0 0
SMAW 1/4 6 SMAW 1/4 6
FCAW-S 1/4 6 FCAW-S 1/8 3
45° > ψ ≥ 30° FCAW-G 3/8 10 FCAW-G 1/4 6
GMAW N/A N/A GMAW 1/4 6
 
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4.5.2 If intermittent fillet welds are used, welds should be located at each end of the joint.
4.6 Weld Size Considerations. Individual weld pass sizes considerably less than plate thickness may result in inadequate 
heat input which can lead to cracking, loss of fracture toughness (degradation of impact properties), and lack of fusion. 
When final weld sizes (individual or multiple pass) smaller than 30% of plate thickness are to be used, the Engineer shall 
determine whether testing needs to be performed to ensure that the resulting welded joint properties are consistent with 
design and quality requirements.
5. Base Metals
5.1 Structural Steels and Nonferrous Metals. Structural steel, steel castings and forgings, and nonferrous metals used 
in the weldments of earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling equipment shall be 
identified by a specification. Specifications developed by the Manufacturer or commonly used industry-wide specifications 
developed by organizations such as ASTM International (ASTM), American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), Society of 
Automotive Engineers (SAE), and American Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) may be used. A list of commonly used 
Table 4.2
Z Loss Dimensions for Calculating PJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connection 
Minimum Weld Sizes
Position of Welding: V or OH Position of Welding: H or F
Joint Included Angle φ Process Z (in) Z [mm] Process Z (in) Z [mm]
SMAW 0 0 SMAW 0 0
FCAW-S 0 0 FCAW-S 0 0
φ ≥ 60° FCAW-G 0 0 FCAW-G 0 0
GMAW N/A N/A GMAW 0 0
GMAW-S 0 0 GMAW-S 0 0
SMAW 1/8 3 SMAW 1/8 3
FCAW-S 1/8 3 FCAW-S 0 0
60° > φ ≥ 45° FCAW-G 1/8 3 FCAW-G 0 0
GMAW N/A N/A GMAW 0 0
GMAW-S 1/8 3 GMAW-S 1/8 3
SMAW 1/4 6 SMAW 1/4 6
FCAW-S 1/4 6 FCAW-S 1/8 3
45°> φ ≥30° FCAW-G 3/8 10 FCAW-G 1/4 6
GMAW N/A N/A GMAW 1/4 6
GMAW-S 3/8 10 GMAW-S 1/4 6
t = effective throat 
t t
t
Figure 4.5—Combination of Bevel-Groove and Fillet Weld Profile
 
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structural steels, steel castings, forgings, and non-ferrous metals can be found in AWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for 
Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, and AWS B2.1/B2.1M-BMG, Base Metal Grouping for Welding 
Procedure and Performance Qualification. If a base metal has the same UNS number designation as a base metal listed 
in AWS B2.1/B2.1M, that base metal is also assigned that M-number or M-number plus Group Number.
5.2 Properties. Base metal specifications shall designate the chemical composition of the material to be used and shall 
include the mechanical properties and/or heat treatment of the material when required for proper identification. Base 
metals are expected to be compatible with the welding process and consumables recommended in this specification.
It is not the intent of this specification to restrict base metal selection, but to ensure weldability factors have been 
considered.
5.3 Weldability and Welding Procedure Qualification. The weldability and procedure for welding base metals shall 
be established by qualification in accordance with the requirements of Clause 7.
6. Welding Processes and Consumables
6.1 Processes
6.1.1 All welding processes and methods recognized by AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, 
Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying may be used in the 
construction, fabrication, and repair of earthmoving, construction, agricultural, and ground-based material handling 
equipment.
6.1.2 Processes which are not classified or recognized by AWS may be used, provided the Manufacturer can show 
evidence that the process used produces welds which meet the requirements of Clause 7.
6.2 Consumables
6.2.1 Consumables that meet the requirements of AWS filler metal specifications need not be tested by the user.
6.2.2 Consumables which are not classified in accordance with AWS A5 requirements may be used, provided the 
Manufacturer can show evidence that the consumables used will consistently produce welds which meet the requirements 
of Clause 7.
6.2.3 Consumables shall be protected and stored so that their characteristics or welding properties are not adversely 
affected. Consumable manufacturer’s recommendations shall be applied. Annex C contains general practices for storage 
and the use of SMAW, FCAW, GMAW, and SAW consumables employed for application within the scope of this 
specification.
6.2.4 When a gas or gas mixture is used for shielding in any gas-shielded process, it shall meet the requirements 
of AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO 14175 MOD) Welding Consumables-Gases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion and Allied 
Processes.
7. Welding Procedure Qualification
7.1 Scope. A written qualified Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) shall be followed for each weld made in 
accordance with this specification. For WPS forms see AWS B2.1/B2.1M. Variations of these forms are permissible, 
provided all the required variables of 7.1.2 are documented. The qualification method shall be as addressed in 7.1.1 and 
the welding variables shall be per 7.1.2.
7.1.1 Qualification Method. Each Manufacturer shall be responsible for the choice of qualification method as listed 
in 7.1.1.1 and 7.1.1.2:
7.1.1.1 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications (SWPSs), as published by the AWS B2 Committee on 
Procedure and Performance Qualification, are accepted as qualified in accordance with this specification, within the 
limits of 7.1.4.
7.1.1.2 Methods of Qualification:
 
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(1) Method I – Prototype Testing (see 7.3)
(2) Method II – Procedure Qualification by Standard Testing Methods (see 7.4)
(3) Method III – Prequalified Welding Procedure (see 7.5)
7.1.2 Welding Variables The following matrix lists the welding variables that are in addition to those listed in the 
variable tables of AWS B2.1/B2.1M, and are required to be addressed on both the Welding Procedure Qualification 
Record (WPQR) and Welding Procedure Specification (WPS).
The types of welding variables found in this matrix are qualification (Q), data (D), and fracture toughness (T), as defined 
in Clause 3. A change in a qualification variable beyond that allowed in this document and those specified in AWS B2.1/
B2.1M requires requalification of the WPS. If fracture toughness is required, a change in a fracture toughness variable 
(T) beyond that allowed in this document and those specified in AWS B2.1/B2.1M requires requalification of the WPS. 
If fracture toughness is not required, all variables noted as fracturetoughness variables (T) shall be treated as a data 
variable (D).
Where there are conflicting requirements, the requirements of this specification take precedence over AWS B2.1/B2.1M. 
A change in a data variable (D) may be made without requalification, but a revised WPS or new WPS shall be prepared. 
For welding processes not specifically addressed in the following matrix, the Engineer shall determine the welding vari-
ables and data variable (D) limits. When using Method III, use Table 7.8 for welding variables.
 
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WELDING PROCESSES
GMAW FCAW GTAW SAW SMAW
Joint Design
7.1.2.1 (1) A change in Groove type (e.g., single-V to double-
V) except qualification of any CJP groove weld 
qualifies any groove welded joint design conforming to 
the requirements of Figures A.1 and A.2. Qualification 
of any PJP groove weld qualifies any groove welded 
joint design conforming to the requirements of A.2
Q Q Q Q Q
(2) For joints other than those shown in Annex A, a 
change involving:
a) A decrease in the groove angle
b) A decrease in the root opening
c) For CJPs only, an increase in the root face
Q Q Q Q Q
Filler Metal
7.1.2.2 (1) A change from one of the following filler metal 
product forms to another:
(a) flux cored
(b) bare (solid) or metal cored
(c) flux covered or coated electrode
(d) any filler metal product form not mentioned above 
in (a), (b), or (c)
Q Q Q Q
(2) A change in the number of electrodes Q Q Q Q
Shielding
7.1.2.3 (1) A change in the specified nominal backing (purge) 
gas composition Q Q Q
(2) The deletion of a trailing gas Q Q Q
(3) A change in shielding as a result of an addition or 
deletion of flux or a change in the flux type Q Q Q
(4) Deletion of backing (purge) gas Q Q Q
Electrical Characteristics
7.1.2.4 (1) The addition or deletion of pulsing current Q Q Q Q
(2) Any change in pulsing parameters range D D D D
(3) A change in the current range greater than ±10% 
from that qualified D D D D D
(4) A change in the wire feed speed range greater than 
±10% from that qualified D D D D
(5) A change exceeding ±7% in the voltage from that 
qualified D D D D
(6) A change in the mode of metal transfer Q Q
Other Variables
7.1.2.5 (1) A change in the cup size or nozzle size D D D D
(2) A change exceeding ±10% in travel speed for 
mechanized or automatic welding D D D D
(3) A change in vertical progression Q Q D Q
(4) A change in electrode extension D D D
(5) A change from stringer to weave or vice versa T T T T
(6) For mechanized or automated circumferential 
welding in a singular plane a change in range of the 
torch angle and/or work angle
D D D D
Note: Adapted from AWS D14.9/D14.9M:2013, Specification for the Welding of Hydraulic Cylinders
 
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7.1.3 Test Weld Inspection. Qualification test weldments shall be visually examined on all surfaces. Workmanship 
and quality requirements shall be in accordance with Clause 9.
7.1.4 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications (SWPSs)
7.1.4.1 The Manufacturer may use AWS Standard Welding Procedure Specifications (SWPSs) without any further 
qualification by the Manufacturer.
7.1.4.2 The Manufacturer may use an SWPS without modification, if it provides sufficient direction for use in 
production. The Manufacturer may supplement the SWPS with additional information or requirements, provided the 
welding variables remain within the range shown on the SWPS.
7.1.4.3 Prior to use of an SWPS, the Manufacturer shall signify acceptance of responsibility for the production 
application of the procedure by signing and dating the SWPS. SWPSs published under the current and previous editions 
of AWS B2.1/B2.1M are acceptable for use.
7.1.4.4 Welding variables shall not be changed beyond the ranges specified in the SWPS.
7.1.4.5 Multiple SWPSs shall not be combined to perform a single production weld.
7.1.4.6 SWPSs shall not be combined with or used to supplement the Manufacturer’s qualified WPS.
7.1.4.7 The Manufacturer’s Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPQR) shall not be used to modify an SWPS.
7.2 General Requirements
7.2.1 Base Metal and Its Preparation. Test specimen base metal and its preparation for welding, shall comply with 
the WPS. The test specimen required for all types of welded joints shall be such that the length of the weld and the 
dimensions of the base metal are sufficient for testing.
7.2.2 Position of Test Welds. All welds that will be encountered in actual construction shall be classified as being (1) 
flat, (2) horizontal, (3) vertical, or (4) overhead, in accordance with the definitions of welding positions given in Figures 
7.1 and 7.2.
7.2.2.1 Groove Welds
(1) Position 1G (flat)—The test plates shall be placed in an approximately horizontal plane and the weld metal 
deposited from the upper side, as illustrated in Figure 7.3(A).
(2) Position 2G (horizontal)—The test plates shall be placed in an approximately vertical plane with the weld-
ing groove approximately horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 7.3(B).
(3) Position 3G (vertical)—The test plates shall be placed in an approximately vertical plane with the welding 
groove, approximately vertical, as illustrated in Figure 7.3(C).
(4) Position 4G (overhead)—The test plates shall be placed in an approximately horizontal plane and the weld 
metal deposited from the underside, as illustrated in Figure 7.3(D).
7.2.2.2 Fillet Welds
(1) Position 1F (flat)—The test plates shall be placed so that each fillet weld is deposited with its axis approxi-
mately horizontal and its throat approximately vertical, as illustrated in Figure 7.4(A).
(2) Position 2F (horizontal)—The test plates shall be placed so that each fillet weld is deposited on the upper 
side of the horizontal surface and against the vertical surface, as illustrated in Figure 7.4(B).
(3) Position 3F (vertical)—Each fillet weld shall be made vertically, as illustrated in Figure 7.4(C).
(4) Position 4F (overhead)—The test plates shall be placed so that each fillet weld is deposited on the underside 
of the horizontal surface and against the vertical surface, as illustrated in Figure 7.4(D).
7.2.3 Impact Requirements
7.2.3.1 The Engineer is responsible for determining if fracture toughness requirements are applicable for any 
portion of the product design.
 
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7.2.3.2 If fracture toughness requirements exist, the Manufacturer shall qualify a CJP groove weld by Method II 
(standard test) using AWS B2.1/B2.1M within the limits of 7.1.2 and 7.2.
7.2.3.3 Method I—Prototype Testing, except as allowed by ISO 3471, is not permitted for qualifying welding 
procedures to be used on products or components having fracture toughness requirements.
7.2.3.4 Welding Procedure Qualification Tests performed in accordance with 7.4.2 Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) 
Groove Welds, 7.4.3 Fillet Weld Qualification for Deep Joint Penetration and 7.5 Method III—Prequalified Welding 
Procedures are not permitted for qualifying welding procedures to be used on products or components having fracture 
toughness requirements.
7.2.3.5 AWS Standard Welding Procedure Specifications may be used for production of products and components 
that require fracture toughness if the SWPSs meets the fracture toughness requirements specified by the Engineer.
7.2.3.6 Users of D14.3 should refer to AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds for specific 
requirements regarding fracture toughness testing for welding procedure qualifications.
7.2.3.7 Users of D14.3M should refer to ISO 9016, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials—Impact 
tests—Test specimenlocation, notch orientation and examination for specific requirements regarding fracture toughness 
testing for welding procedure qualifications.
NOTE: Use of ISO 9016 may provide results that differ from the methods used in AWS B4.0.
7.2.4 Heat Input Limitations. Where heat input is determined to be critical to maintain mechanical properties, the 
heat input limitation is to be specified in the WPS. The limitation shall be determined by (a), (b), or (c) for nonwaveform 
controlled welding, or by (b) or (c) for waveform controlled welding. The formulas for calculating heat input from 
welding are as follows:
(a) Heat input (J/in [J/mm])
 Voltage × Amperage × 60
= —————–——–—————
 Travel Speed (in/min [mm/min]
(b) Volume of weld metal measured by
(1) an increase in bead size (width × thickness), or
(2) a decrease in length of weld bead per unit length of electrode.
(c) Heat input determined using instantaneous energy or power by
(1) for instantaneous energy measurements in joules (J) Heat input (J/in [J/mm])
 Energy (J)
= —————–——————
 Weld Bead Length (in [mm])
(2) for instantaneous power measurements in joules per second (J/s) or watts (W)
Heat input (J/in [J/mm])
 Power (J/s or W) × arc time (s)
= —————–——–—–———
 Weld Bead Length (in [mm])
 
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Tabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0° to 15° 150° to 210°
Horizontal B 0° to 15° 80° to 150°
210° to 280°
Overhead C 0° to 80° 0° to 80°
280° to 360°
Vertical D
E
15° to 80°
80° to 90°
80° to 280°
0° to 360°
Notes:
1. The horizontal references plane is always taken to lie below the weld under consideration.
2. The inclination of axis is measured from the horizontal reference plane toward the vertical reference plane.
3. The angle of rotation of the face is determined by a line perpendicular to the theoretical face of the weld which passes through the axis 
of the weld. The reference position (0°) of rotation of the face invariably points in the direction opposite to that in which the axis angle 
increases. When looking at point P the angle of rotation of the face of the weld is measured in a clockwise direction from the reference 
position (0°).
Figure 7.1—Positions of Groove Welds
 
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Tabulation of Positions of Fillet Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0° to 15° 150° to 210°
Horizontal B 0° to 15° 125° to 150°
210° to 235°
Overhead C 0° to 80° 0° to 125°
235° to 360°
Vertical D
E
15° to 80°
80° to 90°
125° to 235°
0° to 360°
Figure 7.2—Positions of Fillet Welds
 
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7.2.5 Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements.
7.2.5.1 For qualified welding procedures the Engineer shall determine if preheat and interpass temperature controls 
are required to prevent crack formation, fusion defects or adverse brittle microstructure.
7.2.5.2 For prequalified welding procedures see 7.5.4 for preheat and interpass temperature requirements.
7.2.5.3 For SWPS the preheat and interpass temperatures shall be as detailed in the SWPS
7.2.6 Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) Hardness Testing Requirements.
7.2.6.1 When qualifying to Method II, with one or more of the base materials being joined having a carbon content 
that exceeds 0.30% or a Carbon Equivalence (CE) that exceeds 0.48, the Engineer shall determine if HAZ hardness 
testing is required.
7.2.6.2 The International Institute of Welding (IIW) formula shown below shall be used for calculating CE:
CE = %C + %Mn/6 + (%Cu + % Ni)/15 + (%Cr + %Mo + %V)/5
7.2.6.3 Cross-Section Methodology. When hardness testing is required, a minimum of three cross-sections of the weld, 
HAZ and base metal shall be prepared and etched with a suitable solution to give a clear definition of the weld and HAZ.
7.2.6.4 HAZ Hardness Testing Procedure. Micro-hardness testing procedures shall meet the requirements of 
AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, ISO 9015–1, Destructive tests on welds in metallic 
Figure 7.3—Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds
 
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materials—Hardness testing—Part 1: Hardness test on arc welded joints, or other standards as approved by the 
Engineer.
7.2.6.5 Location of Hardness Testing. At a minimum, HAZ hardness measurements shall be taken in the area of 
the root pass and final pass as illustrated in Figure 7.5. The number and exact location of hardness tests indentations shall 
be determined by the Engineer.
7.2.6.6 HAZ Hardness Acceptance Criteria. Acceptability of brittle phases in the HAZ shall be evaluated on the 
basis of their effect on appropriate mechanical properties of the design. Acceptable HAZ hardness values shall be as 
follows:
(1) Heat affected zone hardness values that are less than 410 Vickers (HV) (42 HRC converted) shall be 
acceptable.
(2) With the Engineer’s approval, the hardness of the HAZ may exceed 410 HV (42 HRC converted).
7.2.7 There may be instances where additional factors such as hydrogen content of the weld metal, joint restraint, 
plate thickness and joint geometry need to be evaluated in addition to the weld heat affected zone hardness. In such 
instances, it is recommended that the Engineer consult and adopt one of the methods to avoid cold cracking as described 
in AWS D14.8M (ISO/TR 17844 IDT), Standard Methods for the Avoidance of Cold Cracks.
7.2.8 Production welding shall comply in all respects to the assigned Welding Procedure Specification (WPS).
Figure 7.4—Positions of Test Plates for Fillet Welds
 
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7.3 Method I—Prototype Testing
7.3.1 Scope. Welding procedure specifications may be qualified by testing weldments under simulated service tests 
or actual field tests. WPSs qualified by Prototype Testing shall demonstrate compliance with all the requirements of 7.3.
7.3.2 Service Tests. Service tests shall consist of tests that replicate service loading. Service tests shall be conducted 
in an environment that represents service conditions.
7.3.2.1 Simulated Service Tests. Simulated service tests shall apply loads to the weldment that represent the most 
demanding conditions that the weldment is expected to endure under normal operation. Examples of service tests include 
required specification performance tests such as SAE or ISO criteria for Rollover Protection System (ROPS) and Falling 
Object Protection System (FOPS) structures, tests of lift arm safety devices, steering frame locks, industrial power mower 
housings, etc. Service testing may include impact loading, loading in bending, static loading, or fatigue testing to duplicate 
the type of loading the weld joint will be subjected to in service.
7.3.2.2. Actual Service Tests. An actual services test is a test of the welded assembly on a machine that is loaded 
and performing the work for which it was designed.
7.3.3 For Method I WPS qualification testing, the following shall be documented and recorded:
(1) The WPS or WPSs that are to be qualified by the service test.
(2) The weldment drawing number to which the test part or assembly was made.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x