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1 
Caros Alunos, O compromisso com a educação de todos que compõem a sociedade reflete a prática fiel e cotidiana do exercício da cidadania. Nós, que fazemos a Universidade de Pernambuco, buscamos, em nosso dia-a-dia, através da implantação de projetos e de outros procedimentos, honrar esses compromissos com vistas a inserir o homem em seu contexto social, celebrando a sua dignidade, promovendo ações que resultem na construção do homem pelo próprio homem. Respaldada nesses propósitos e fundamentos, a Universidade de Pernambuco, através do Instituto de Apoio à Universidade de Pernambuco – IAUPE, persiste numa caminhada crescente, voltada a ampliar conhecimentos, especificamente nas áreas de línguas estrangeiras e da informática, por estar ciente da relevância que essas assumem na contemporaneidade. Considerado atividade de extensão universitária, o Projeto Línguas e Informática – PROLINFO, em seu terceiro ano de existência, busca, através de seus objetivos e metas, perseverar nas vias da qualidade. A oferta de cursos nas áreas de Inglês, Espanhol e Informática comprova os princípios e a filosofia que permeiam o perfil de uma Universidade visivelmente comprometida com a excelência em todos os segmentos dos quais se julga partícipe. Boa Sorte! Prof. MS. Carlos Silva Coordenador-Geral PROLINFO 
 1 
Caros Alunos, O compromisso com a educação de todos que compõem a sociedade reflete a prática fiel e cotidiana do exercício da cidadania. Nós, que fazemos a Universidade de Pernambuco, buscamos, em nosso dia-a-dia, através da implantação de projetos e de outros procedimentos, honrar esses compromissos com vistas a inserir o homem em seu contexto social, celebrando a sua dignidade, promovendo ações que resultem na construção do homem pelo próprio homem. Respaldada nesses propósitos e fundamentos, a Universidade de Pernambuco, através do Instituto de Apoio à Universidade de Pernambuco – IAUPE, persiste numa caminhada crescente, voltada a ampliar conhecimentos, especificamente nas áreas de línguas estrangeiras e da informática, por estar ciente da relevância que essas assumem na contemporaneidade. Considerado atividade de extensão universitária, o Projeto Línguas e Informática – PROLINFO, em seu terceiro ano de existência, busca, através de seus objetivos e metas, perseverar nas vias da qualidade. A oferta de cursos nas áreas de Inglês, Espanhol e Informática comprova os princípios e a filosofia que permeiam o perfil de uma Universidade visivelmente comprometida com a excelência em todos os segmentos dos quais se julga partícipe. Boa Sorte! Prof. MS. Carlos Silva Coordenador-Geral PROLINFO 
 3 
 
SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA 
FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA ENGLISH FOR BRAZILIANS 4 
EDUPE 2012 
 5 
C O N T E N T S 
Lesson 1: William Shakespeare ................................................................................................. 7 Grammar: Infinitive/ Gerund .......................................................................................................... 8 
Lesson 2: New York .......................................................................................................................... 13 Grammar: Passive voice .................................................................................................................... 14 
Lesson 3: Scotland Yard ................................................................................................................. 18 Grammar: Present Perfect ................................................................................................................ 19 Numbers ............................................................................................................................... 22 
Lesson 4: The Red Cross ................................................................................................................ 25 Grammar: Past Perfect ....................................................................................................................... 26 
Lesson 5: The Moon Walk ............................................................................................................. 30 Grammar: Future Perfect .................................................................................................................. 31 Future Continuous ............................................................................................................ 31 Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................................................ 32 
Lesson 6: The White House .......................................................................................................... 33 Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns ........................................................................................................ 34 Relative Pronouns .............................................................................................................. 35 
Lesson 7: Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................................. 37 Grammar: Reported Speech ............................................................................................................. 38 
Lesson 8: Christmas ......................................................................................................................... 42 Grammar: Conditional Sentences .................................................................................................. 42 
Exercise Reinforcement ................................................................................................................. 46 Lesson 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 47 Lesson 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 50 Lesson 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 53 
Song: U2 – I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For ....................................................... 55 Lesson 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 56 Lesson 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 58 Lesson 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 60 
 5 
C O N T E N T S 
Lesson 1: William Shakespeare ................................................................................................. 7 Grammar: Infinitive/ Gerund .......................................................................................................... 8 
Lesson 2: New York .......................................................................................................................... 13 Grammar: Passive voice .................................................................................................................... 14 
Lesson 3: Scotland Yard .................................................................................................................18 Grammar: Present Perfect ................................................................................................................ 19 Numbers ............................................................................................................................... 22 
Lesson 4: The Red Cross ................................................................................................................ 25 Grammar: Past Perfect ....................................................................................................................... 26 
Lesson 5: The Moon Walk ............................................................................................................. 30 Grammar: Future Perfect .................................................................................................................. 31 Future Continuous ............................................................................................................ 31 Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................................................ 32 
Lesson 6: The White House .......................................................................................................... 33 Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns ........................................................................................................ 34 Relative Pronouns .............................................................................................................. 35 
Lesson 7: Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................................. 37 Grammar: Reported Speech ............................................................................................................. 38 
Lesson 8: Christmas ......................................................................................................................... 42 Grammar: Conditional Sentences .................................................................................................. 42 
Exercise Reinforcement ................................................................................................................. 46 Lesson 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 47 Lesson 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 50 Lesson 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 53 
Song: U2 – I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For ....................................................... 55 Lesson 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 56 Lesson 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 58 Lesson 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 60 
 7 
Unit 1 
 William Shakespeare Listen and practice. William Shakespeare was an English poet and dramatist born at Stratford-on-Avon. He lived at a time when new lands were being discovered, new ideas were rising, and people were anxious to learn all that was to learn. There are four periods in his career which covered about twenty years - from 1591 to 1611. In the beginning he adapted a lot of stories for plays such as Romeo and Juliet. Neither the plot nor all of the characters were his own, but he put into them such ardor and beauty that they became known as his own. The plays of the second period consist largely of comedies and history. England was eager to see her glorious and eventful history on stage so Shakespeare wrote a series of plays. In the third period Shakespeare begins to question life and death and his plays became sadder and deeply philosophic. Hamlet belongs to this period. The last period combines wisdom and a more cheerful outlook on life. 
1 - ORAL QUESTIONS 
 
o Who was William Shakespeare? 
o What was happening in the world when he lived? 
o How many periods are there in his career? 
o Describe the characteristics of each period. 
 
Discussion 
 
o Why does the story of Romeo and Juliet interest people even nowadays? 
 8 
2 - GRAMMAR 
 
 
GERUND A gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a gerund (often known as an -
ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. 
THE GERUND IS… Example 
 1 used when it’s the subject of a sentence Smoking costs a lot of money. Painting is a very good activity. 2 used after prepositions She is tired of working. 3 used after the verb go when it indicates common activities. Let’s go shopping. Last week I went swimming. 4 used when you talk about someone doing something They watched the students crossing the road. 
3 – EXERCISES 
 
 Complete the sentences using the gerund of the verbs. 
 
a) She is very fond of ______________________________________ (swim). 
b) _____________________________________ (paint) is a terrific past time. 
c) I’m tired of _______________________________________(use) my PDA. 
d) He finally succeeds in ________________________________ (take) her out for dinner. 
e) They are going _________________________________ (chat) later on. 
f) _____________________________________ (walk) is pretty good for everyone. 
g) Thank you for _______________________________ (love) me. 
h) He saw me __________________________________ (call) you. 
Make up mottos using the first rule of the gerund. Follow the example. 
 
o Trying is something you should never stop doing. 
 8 
2 - GRAMMAR 
 
 
GERUND A gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a gerund (often known as an -
ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. 
THE GERUND IS… Example 
 1 used when it’s the subject of a sentence Smoking costs a lot of money. Painting is a very good activity. 2 used after prepositions She is tired of working. 3 used after the verb go when it indicates common activities. Let’s go shopping. Last week I went swimming. 4 used when you talk about someone doing something They watched the students crossing the road. 
3 – EXERCISES 
 
 Complete the sentences using the gerund of the verbs. 
 
a) She is very fond of ______________________________________ (swim). 
b) _____________________________________ (paint) is a terrific past time. 
c) I’m tired of _______________________________________(use) my PDA. 
d) He finally succeeds in ________________________________ (take) her out for dinner. 
e) They are going _________________________________ (chat) later on. 
f) _____________________________________ (walk) is pretty good for everyone. 
g) Thank you for _______________________________ (love) me. 
h) He saw me __________________________________ (call) you. 
Make up mottos using the first rule of the gerund. Follow the example. 
 
o Trying is something you should never stop doing. 
 9 
INFINITIVE 
 
Infinitive is the original form of the verb and can be used with or without to. 
 
 
WITHOUT TO Example 
1 After auxiliaries and modals I can swim. / She will cook. 
2 After the verbs make and let Let me go. 
3 After the conjunctions but and except I will do nothing but cry. 
5 with an object to talk about a completed action I heard him play the guitar 
 
4 - EXERCISE 
 Use the infinitive with or without to. 
 a) Let’s ___________________________________(to dance), shall we? b) It’s hard___________________________________ (to live) without electronics. c) I’ll do anything but _______________________________ (to lend) my iPhone. d) She’s too shy ___________________________ (to sing) before such a large audience. e) I can never remember how ________________________________ (to spell) her name. f) I can’t __________________________________(to agree) to do that. It is not my function. g) Patty made him ____________________________________ (to buy) a cheap laptop. h) We didn’t know how ________________________________ (to use) a PDA. i) You should do nothing except_____________________________(to study) for the test. j) Pamela makes me________________________________ (to feel) comfortable. 
WITH TO Example 
1 After the verbs of saying and thinking agree, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, plan, promise Bernardo agreed to go to the park with me. 
2 After the words: too, enough, the first, the second, the next, the last, the only She is the next to get her passport. 
3 After adjectives This exercise is difficult to do. 
4 We can use verb + question word + infinitive with to with some verbs: ask, explain, learn, understand, decide, forget, know, remember 
I don’t know what to do. We can’t decide what to eat. 
5 After the verbs advise, tell, ask, remind, order and expect we use object + infinitive with to My girlfriend advised me to buy new clothes 
 10 
5- Complete the information. Use the verbs below in the gerund. 
 
 impress - take (2) - add – have 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answer about the texts above. 
 
o What couldn’t George live without? Why? 
o Does George only use his digital camera for taking photographs? 
o What can Ronda say about her cell phone? 
o What’s Liam’s favorite possession? Why? 
o What can Liam do with the software he uses? 
 
Ask your partner: 
 
o What’s your favorite possession? What do you use it for? 
o Could you live without it? Why (not)? 
 
My name is George, and I’m a 
photographer. My specialty is 
____________ pictures for fashion 
magazines. Not surprisingly, the 
possession I couldn’t live without is my 
brand new digital camera. Obviously, I 
use it for ______________ photographs, 
but it also has a video component. 
Sometimes I use it to make short films – 
just for fun. 
Hi, my name is Ronda and I work for a 
local radio station. I couldn’t live without 
my new cell phone. The sound quality is 
excellent, so I can use it to call the station 
and report live on air. It’s also useful for 
_______________conversations with my 
boyfriend. And, since it’s an expensive 
phone, it’s also good for ______________ 
people! 
I’m Liam, and I’m a musician and a 
songwriter. I guess my favorite possession 
is my computer. Well, to be exact, it’s 
Cakewalk - the software I use to write 
music. It’s also great for ______________ 
instruments that I can’t play, like the 
trumpet. I just play the trumpet part on my 
keyboard. It makes life a lot easier! 
 10 
5- Complete the information. Use the verbs below in the gerund. 
 
 impress - take (2) - add – have 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answer about the texts above. 
 
o What couldn’t George live without? Why? 
o Does George only use his digital camera for taking photographs? 
o What can Ronda say about her cell phone? 
o What’s Liam’s favorite possession? Why? 
o What can Liam do with the software he uses? 
 
Ask your partner: 
 
o What’s your favorite possession? What do you use it for? 
o Could you live without it? Why (not)? 
 
My name is George, and I’m a 
photographer. My specialty is 
____________ pictures for fashion 
magazines. Not surprisingly, the 
possession I couldn’t live without is my 
brand new digital camera. Obviously, I 
use it for ______________ photographs, 
but it also has a video component. 
Sometimes I use it to make short films – 
just for fun. 
Hi, my name is Ronda and I work for a 
local radio station. I couldn’t live without 
my new cell phone. The sound quality is 
excellent, so I can use it to call the station 
and report live on air. It’s also useful for 
_______________conversations with my 
boyfriend. And, since it’s an expensive 
phone, it’s also good for ______________ 
people! 
I’m Liam, and I’m a musician and a 
songwriter. I guess my favorite possession 
is my computer. Well, to be exact, it’s 
Cakewalk - the software I use to write 
music. It’s also great for ______________ 
instruments that I can’t play, like the 
trumpet. I just play the trumpet part on my 
keyboard. It makes life a lot easier! 
 11 
 
Complete the sentences. Use to or for and the correct form of the verbs in 
parentheses. 
 
 a. She went on line ________________________________________ (improve) her Spanish. b. This program is perfect _____________________________________ (protect) against viruses. c. I don’t need a spell checker ______________________________ (correct) my spelling online! d. This smart phone is good ____________________________ (check) e-mail when you travel. e. They love using their cell ____________________________________ (talk) to their parents. f. There’s some new software available ______________________________ (learn) languages. 
Rewrite the conversations using gerunds. 
 
 Student 1: What do you use your cell phone for? Student 2: I use my cell to send text messages. _________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: How do you use your iPhone? Student 2: I use my iPhone to listen to music. _________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: What do you need an electronic translator for? Student 2: I need an electronic translator to look up words. ________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: What technology do you use everyday? Student 2: I use my smart phone to organize my schedule. ________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
 12 
 
Match the information to make complete sentences. 
 
 1. I use my hands-free phone _______ a. to share them with friends and family 2. He uses an electronic dictionary ______ b. to avoid getting lost. 3. Our satellite radio is great _______ c. to watch movies and sports. 4. They bought a huge plasma TV _______ d. for listening to traffic reports. 5. I put pictures on a photo website _______ e. for checking his homework. 6. She uses a navigation system _______ f. to make calls when I’m driving. 
 
 
 
 
 Ask your partner the questions below. 
 
o What do you use a PDA for? 
o How do you use your cell phone? 
o What do you use your computer for? 
o What technology do you use the most? 
o What’s the best digital camera nowadays? 
 
 
 
 
 
6 - CONVERSATION 
MATH CLASS 
Listen and practice. 
 
Diana: I’m afraid of doing this math test. 
Bill: Take it easy and stop shaking. 
Diana: But I heard the teacher saying it just would be very difficult. 
Bill: Well, she loves being a strict teacher, but her tests are generally easy. 
Diana: All I know is that she advised us to study hard. Anyway, did you study for the test, Bill? 
Bill: Unfortunately, I haven’t studied. 
Diana: Sorry for you and me. 
 12 
 
Match the information to make complete sentences. 
 
 1. I use my hands-free phone _______ a. to share them with friends and family 2. He uses an electronic dictionary ______ b. to avoid getting lost. 3. Our satellite radio is great _______ c. to watch movies and sports. 4. They bought a huge plasma TV _______ d. for listening to traffic reports. 5. I put pictures on a photo website _______ e. for checking his homework. 6. She uses a navigation system _______ f. to make calls when I’mdriving. 
 
 
 
 
 Ask your partner the questions below. 
 
o What do you use a PDA for? 
o How do you use your cell phone? 
o What do you use your computer for? 
o What technology do you use the most? 
o What’s the best digital camera nowadays? 
 
 
 
 
 
6 - CONVERSATION 
MATH CLASS 
Listen and practice. 
 
Diana: I’m afraid of doing this math test. 
Bill: Take it easy and stop shaking. 
Diana: But I heard the teacher saying it just would be very difficult. 
Bill: Well, she loves being a strict teacher, but her tests are generally easy. 
Diana: All I know is that she advised us to study hard. Anyway, did you study for the test, Bill? 
Bill: Unfortunately, I haven’t studied. 
Diana: Sorry for you and me. 
 13 
Unit 2 
 
 
 
New York 
Listen and practice. 
 In 1524 an Italian navigator, called Giovanni da Verrazzano, was the first European to arrive at the region that today is called New York. In fact, the first name of this city was given by another navigator that worked for the Dutch East Company. In 1666, during a war between the English and the Dutch, New Amsterdam was captured by the English and the king Charles II of England gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York. Both the city and the province were renamed New York, in honor of the Duke. Today New York is one of the biggest cities in the world and receives millions of tourists each year. You would like to visit New York, wouldn’t you? 
 
1 - ORAL QUESTIONS 
 
o When was New York discovered? 
o What was the first name given to this city? 
o Would you like to visit New York? Why? 
o Even if you haven’t gone to New York yet, describe it. 
 
 
Discussion: City x Country 
o Did you grow up in the city or in the country? 
o What are some of the advantages of living in a city? 
o What are some of the disadvantages of living in a city? 
o What are some differences between living in the city and living in the country? 
o How can we make our cities safer places to live? 
 14 
2- GRAMMAR 
PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 
 
Compare active and passive: Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) → A letter is written by Jane (passive) Ex; Jane wrote a letter (active) → A letter was written by Jane (passive) 
 Active Passive Present continuous Is writing Is being written Past continuous Was writing Was being written Going to Is going to write Is going to be written Future Will write Will be written Future continuous Will be writing Will be being written Simple present Writes Is written Simple past Wrote Was written Present perfect Has written Has been written Past perfect Had written Had been written Can Can write Can be written 
 
 
3 - EXERCISE 
 Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice. a) He writes many letters every day. Many letters _________________________________________ by him every day. b) The boys have finished the report. The report ____________________________________ by the boys. c) The dog ate the cake. The cake ________________________________________by the dog. d) She will read the message. The message __________________________________________by her. 
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Passive verbs are formed from the verb to be (in the adequate time) and the past participle of the verb. Example: 
o My wallet was stolen. 
 If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by: Example: 
o My brother was bitten by a dog last week. 
 
 14 
2- GRAMMAR 
PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 
 
Compare active and passive: Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) → A letter is written by Jane (passive) Ex; Jane wrote a letter (active) → A letter was written by Jane (passive) 
 Active Passive Present continuous Is writing Is being written Past continuous Was writing Was being written Going to Is going to write Is going to be written Future Will write Will be written Future continuous Will be writing Will be being written Simple present Writes Is written Simple past Wrote Was written Present perfect Has written Has been written Past perfect Had written Had been written Can Can write Can be written 
 
 
3 - EXERCISE 
 Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice. a) He writes many letters every day. Many letters _________________________________________ by him every day. b) The boys have finished the report. The report ____________________________________ by the boys. c) The dog ate the cake. The cake ________________________________________by the dog. d) She will read the message. The message __________________________________________by her. 
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Passive verbs are formed from the verb to be (in the adequate time) and the past participle of the verb. Example: 
o My wallet was stolen. 
 If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by: Example: 
o My brother was bitten by a dog last week. 
 
 15 
e) They had opened the box. The box ______________________________________________by them. f) We would invite her. She _________________________________________ by us. g) Bruno rescued three cats. Three cats __________________________________________by him. 
4 – EXERCISE 
Complete the conversation in the passive. 
 
 
hit - see - broken – hurt - delay - close - find – steal 
 
 Ann: Anything new in the paper? Tim: Well, not much. Let’s see… Uh, $10,000 ____________ _____________ in a bag on a city bus. Ann: $10,000? I should ride on buses more often! Tim: Yeah, and listen to this. Two large bears _______________ _______________ last night in someone’s yard. Ann: Huh. That’s scary. Tim: Oh, and a jewelry store _____________ _______________into, and some diamonds ____________ _______________Um, what else? The city airport _____________ ________________ yesterday because of strong winds. Ann: Really? Well, it was pretty windy. Tim: Yeah. All the flights ______________ _______________. Oh, and a bus _____________ ______________ by a falling tree. Fortunately, the passengers _____________ ______________. Ann: Is that all? Nothing exciting, I guess. 
 
 
5 – EXERCISE 
Change the sentences from the active to the passive. a) They publish The Times newspaper in London. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ b) They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c) They are destroying the forests in Indonesia. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ d) The shark ate the man. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ e) They've treated him very well. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 16 
6-Rewrite the conversation using passive sentences. Then practice it with a 
partner. 
 Student 1: What’s your favorite museum? Student 2: The Guggenheim. People visit it from all over. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: Can you tell me who designed it? Student 2: I think Frank Lloyd Wright designed it. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: What’s your favorite work of art? Student 2: It’s called the Poet. Pablo Picasso painted it. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
READING & DISCUSSION 
 
o Read the text below and try to match the traditions to the countries. 
o Highlightthe passive, and rewrite these sentences in active voice. 
o Discuss the traditions, and compare them with Christmas or another popular celebration in your own culture. 
 
Christmas around the world 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Belgium St. Nicholas visits on December 4th to find out which children have been good and bad. When he visits again on December 6th good children are given presents and bad children are left twigs in their shoes. French-speaking children are visited by Pere Noel. He and his friend Pere Fouettard give sweets to good children and a handful of sticks to bad children. A sweet bread called cougnou or cougnolle is sometimes eaten on Christmas morning. 
 
Hungary Fresh fish with rice or potatoes is usually eaten on Christmas Eve. Children are visited by Santa Claus on December 6th. Their shoes are left outside the door or window before they go to bed. In the morning they find red bags in them filled with sweets and toys. After this, the Christmas tree is seen for the first time by the children. Christmas songs are sung and gifts from under the tree are shared. 
 
Venezuela An early morning church service called Misa de Aguinaldo is attended daily between December 16th and 24th. In the capital city, it is customary to roller-skate to the church! A piece of string is tied to children's toes before they go to bed. The other end is hung out the window. The next morning, the pieces of string are pulled by the rollerskaters! 
 
Syria On Christmas eve, candles are carried to an unlit bonfire. The Christmas story is read by a family member and then the bonfire is lit. At mass on Christmas day another bonfire is lit and hymns are sung. Chicken, oranges, nuts and pastries are eaten for dinner. 
 
 16 
6-Rewrite the conversation using passive sentences. Then practice it with a 
partner. 
 Student 1: What’s your favorite museum? Student 2: The Guggenheim. People visit it from all over. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: Can you tell me who designed it? Student 2: I think Frank Lloyd Wright designed it. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: What’s your favorite work of art? Student 2: It’s called the Poet. Pablo Picasso painted it. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
READING & DISCUSSION 
 
o Read the text below and try to match the traditions to the countries. 
o Highlight the passive, and rewrite these sentences in active voice. 
o Discuss the traditions, and compare them with Christmas or another popular celebration in your own culture. 
 
Christmas around the world 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Belgium St. Nicholas visits on December 4th to find out which children have been good and bad. When he visits again on December 6th good children are given presents and bad children are left twigs in their shoes. French-speaking children are visited by Pere Noel. He and his friend Pere Fouettard give sweets to good children and a handful of sticks to bad children. A sweet bread called cougnou or cougnolle is sometimes eaten on Christmas morning. 
 
Hungary Fresh fish with rice or potatoes is usually eaten on Christmas Eve. Children are visited by Santa Claus on December 6th. Their shoes are left outside the door or window before they go to bed. In the morning they find red bags in them filled with sweets and toys. After this, the Christmas tree is seen for the first time by the children. Christmas songs are sung and gifts from under the tree are shared. 
 
Venezuela An early morning church service called Misa de Aguinaldo is attended daily between December 16th and 24th. In the capital city, it is customary to roller-skate to the church! A piece of string is tied to children's toes before they go to bed. The other end is hung out the window. The next morning, the pieces of string are pulled by the rollerskaters! 
 
Syria On Christmas eve, candles are carried to an unlit bonfire. The Christmas story is read by a family member and then the bonfire is lit. At mass on Christmas day another bonfire is lit and hymns are sung. Chicken, oranges, nuts and pastries are eaten for dinner. 
 
 17 
 
7- CONVERSATION 
Listen and practice. 
 
 
Robert: Would you know that New York was made by people from all over the world? 
Anna: Yes, I would, and it’s really interesting, isn’t it? 
Robert: Yes, it is. A book was written by a famous author telling about the beginning of this city. That’s because I know everything about New York’s history. 
Anna: And this author was born in New York, wasn’t he? 
Robert: Yes, he was born in New York. And he also tells us in his book the lives of the first navigators to arrive at New York harbor. 
Anna: Great! I think I’m going to read this book. 
 
 
8 – PUZZLE 
 
 
Across 2. The police were_________________________(give) the information. 3. Have you ever been __________________________(bite) by a dog? 5. The room will be ___________________________(clean) later. 6. Something must be _______________________(do) before it's too late. 
 
 
Down 1. The concert has been_______________________________(cancel). 3. This house was _____________________________(build) in 1985. 4. I remember being __________________________(take) to the zoo when I was a child. 
 18 
Unit 3 
 
 
Scotland Yard 
Listen and practice. 
 
 The name Scotland Yard came from a 13th century palace which kings and queens of Scotland used during their state visit to England. This building was situated near Whitehall and was the first head-quarters of the Metropolitan Police of London. In 1890 Scotland Yard moved to a red brick building on the Thames. Scotland Yard soon became famous for the difficult cases that it managed to solve. In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers such as Sir Arthur Conan, who as the author of Sherlock Holmes stories, found inspiration for their novels in the reports of cases solved by the Yard men. Their writings have helped materially in the development of the cult of the modern detective story, which in Britain frequently has a Scotland Yard central character. 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS 
o What’s the origin of the name Scotland Yard? 
o Where was it first situated? 
o Where did it move to? 
o Why did it become famous? 
o Who was Sherlock Holmes? 
Discussion: Books & Reading 
o What is your favorite story? 
o Who is your favorite author? 
o Do you have any ideas for a story for you to write? 
o What are some of the books that were recommended to you? 
o Do you watch the movie that came from a book? 
o Most people say the book is better than the movie. Is this true for you? 
 18 
Unit 3 
 
 
Scotland Yard 
Listen and practice. 
 
 The name Scotland Yard came from a 13th century palace which kings and queens of Scotland used during their state visit to England. This building was situated near Whitehall and was the first head-quarters of the Metropolitan Police of London. In 1890 Scotland Yard moved to a red brick building on the Thames. Scotland Yard soon became famous for the difficult cases that it managed to solve. In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers such as Sir Arthur Conan, who as the author of Sherlock Holmes stories, found inspiration for their novels in the reports of cases solved by the Yard men. Their writings have helped materially in the development of the cult of the modern detective story, which in Britain frequently has a Scotland Yard central character. 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS 
o What’s the origin of the name Scotland Yard? 
o Where was it first situated? 
o Where did it move to? 
o Why did it become famous? 
o Who was Sherlock Holmes? 
Discussion: Books & Reading 
o What is your favorite story? 
o Who is your favorite author? 
o Do you haveany ideas for a story for you to write? 
o What are some of the books that were recommended to you? 
o Do you watch the movie that came from a book? 
o Most people say the book is better than the movie. Is this true for you? 
 19 
2- GRAMMAR 
PRESENT PERFECT 
The present perfect is used to describe Example 
1 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Recife since 1998 (= and I still do.) 
2 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Miami several times. 
3 An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just'). I have just finished my homework. 
4 An action when the time is not important. Daniel has read 'War and Peace'. Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: Daniel read 'War and Peace' last week. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as just, yet, 
never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for. 
 
STRUCTURE 
 
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE 
 I have gone to Paris. You have gone to Paris. He has gone to Paris. She has gone to Paris. It has gone to Paris. We have gone to Paris. You have gone to Paris. They have gone to Paris. 
 I haven’t gone to Paris. You haven’t gone to Paris. He hasn’t gone to Paris. She hasn’t gone to Paris. It hasn’t gone to Paris. We haven’t gone to Paris. You haven’t gone to Paris. They haven’t gone to Paris. 
 Have I gone to Paris. Have you gone to Paris. Has he gone to Paris. Has she gone to Paris. Has it gone to Paris. Have we gone to Paris. Have you gone to Paris. Have they gone to Paris. 
 
 
3-EXERCISE 
 
Complete the conversations with the present perfect. Then practice with a 
partner. 
 Student 1: I _________________________ _____________________ (not do) anything fun lately. Student 2: Me neither. I ______________________ _____________________ (not have) any time. 
HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE 
 20 
Student 1: _________________________ you ever ______________________ (be) to Europe? Student 2: No, I __________________________ ___________________________ (be) there. 
 
 
READING & DISCUSSION – What’s your dream? 
Read what people say their dreams are then discuss the questions below. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discuss the questions below with a partner or in a group. 
 
o What’s something you’ve always wanted to buy? 
o What’s a city that you’ve never been to but would like to visit? 
o What’s something you’ve always wanted to learn how to do? 
o What’s something else you’ve always wanted to do? 
 
 
 
PRESENT PERFECT X PAST SIMPLE 
 
 
 
4 - EXERCISE 
 
Complete the conversations with the present perfect or simple past. Then 
practice with a partner. Student 1: ____________________ your family __________________ (have) a vacation last year? Student 2: Yes, we ____________________. We _______________________ (go) to London in May. 
 PRESENT PERFECT We use this tense when time is not relevant. We do not mention it. 
 
 SIMPLE PAST We use this tense when time is mentioned. We want to focus on it. 
 
“Actually, I’ve always wanted 
to be an actor. I haven’t had 
any formal training, but I’ve 
been in a couple of college 
plays. So my dream is to study 
acting.” 
-Megg McDonald 
Paris, France. 
“Well, Tom and I have gone 
sailing a few times with friends, 
and we’ve had a lot of fun. So 
our dream is to buy our own 
sailboat. But we haven’t saved 
enough money!” 
 
-Chris and Tom Warren 
Sydney, Australia. 
“My parents have never 
traveled outside of Brazil, so I 
want to take them to Europe. 
I’ve been there many times, so 
I know the best places to go!” 
 
-Daniel Oliver 
Recife, Brazil 
 20 
Student 1: _________________________ you ever ______________________ (be) to Europe? Student 2: No, I __________________________ ___________________________ (be) there. 
 
 
READING & DISCUSSION – What’s your dream? 
Read what people say their dreams are then discuss the questions below. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Discuss the questions below with a partner or in a group. 
 
o What’s something you’ve always wanted to buy? 
o What’s a city that you’ve never been to but would like to visit? 
o What’s something you’ve always wanted to learn how to do? 
o What’s something else you’ve always wanted to do? 
 
 
 
PRESENT PERFECT X PAST SIMPLE 
 
 
 
4 - EXERCISE 
 
Complete the conversations with the present perfect or simple past. Then 
practice with a partner. Student 1: ____________________ your family __________________ (have) a vacation last year? Student 2: Yes, we ____________________. We _______________________ (go) to London in May. 
 PRESENT PERFECT We use this tense when time is not relevant. We do not mention it. 
 
 SIMPLE PAST We use this tense when time is mentioned. We want to focus on it. 
 
“Actually, I’ve always wanted 
to be an actor. I haven’t had 
any formal training, but I’ve 
been in a couple of college 
plays. So my dream is to study 
acting.” 
-Megg McDonald 
Paris, France. 
“Well, Tom and I have gone 
sailing a few times with friends, 
and we’ve had a lot of fun. So 
our dream is to buy our own 
sailboat. But we haven’t saved 
enough money!” 
 
-Chris and Tom Warren 
Sydney, Australia. 
“My parents have never 
traveled outside of Brazil, so I 
want to take them to Europe. 
I’ve been there many times, so 
I know the best places to go!” 
 
-Daniel Oliver 
Recife, Brazil 
 21 
Student 1: ____________________ you ever _______________________ (see) the Pyramids? Student 2: No, I _____________________. I ______________________ always ______________________ (want) to go to Egypt. 
5 – EXERCISE 
Supply since or for: a) We have lived there______________________________two years. b) The bell has rung___________________________half an hour. c) We haven’t spoken Spanish ____________________________.last Christmas. d) I haven’t eaten any meat _____________________________ I was a boy. 
 
 
 
 
6- EXERCISE 
 Supply yet or already: 
a) I’ve______________________________done my exercises. 
b) Have you_______________________________invited her? 
c) Has she left_______________________________? 
d) We haven’t finished our homework___________________________ . 
FOR AND SINCE WITH PRESENT PERFECT 
 We often use for and since with the present perfect tense. 
 We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. 
 We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. 
 
Examples: 
o I have been here for 30 minutes. 
o Greg hasn’t called me since May. 
 
 
YET AND ALREADY WITH PRESENT PERFECT 
 
Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb. 
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence. 
 
Examples: 
o We’ve already had our lunch. 
o Has the pack arrived yet? - No, it hasn’t arrived yet. 
 
 
 22 
NUMBERS 
Listen and repeat. CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS 1- One First 2- Two Second 3- Three Third 4- Four Fourth 5- Five Fifth 6- Six Sixth 7- Seven Seventh 8- Eight Eighth 9- Nine Ninth 10- Ten Tenth 11- Eleven Eleventh 12- TwelveTwelfth 13- Thirteen Thirteenth 20- Twenty Twentieth 30- Thirty Thirtieth 40- Forty Fortieth 50- Fifty Fiftieth 60- Sixty Sixtieth 70- Seventy Seventieth 80- Eighty Eightieth 90- Ninety Ninetieth 100- One hundred One hundredth 1,000- One thousand One thousandth 1,000,000- One million One millionth 
 
 
 
Imagine a perfect holiday. Tell your partner at least five things that 
would make it perfect. Don’t forget to use the ordinal numbers. 
 
o “First… 
 
 
Separation between hundreds and tens Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not necessary). 110 - one hundred and ten 1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty 2,001 - two thousand and one 
 
 22 
NUMBERS 
Listen and repeat. CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS 1- One First 2- Two Second 3- Three Third 4- Four Fourth 5- Five Fifth 6- Six Sixth 7- Seven Seventh 8- Eight Eighth 9- Nine Ninth 10- Ten Tenth 11- Eleven Eleventh 12- Twelve Twelfth 13- Thirteen Thirteenth 20- Twenty Twentieth 30- Thirty Thirtieth 40- Forty Fortieth 50- Fifty Fiftieth 60- Sixty Sixtieth 70- Seventy Seventieth 80- Eighty Eightieth 90- Ninety Ninetieth 100- One hundred One hundredth 1,000- One thousand One thousandth 1,000,000- One million One millionth 
 
 
 
Imagine a perfect holiday. Tell your partner at least five things that 
would make it perfect. Don’t forget to use the ordinal numbers. 
 
o “First… 
 
 
Separation between hundreds and tens Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not necessary). 110 - one hundred and ten 1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty 2,001 - two thousand and one 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DATES When writing dates and numbers, the British and American English differ. To write the date 7th of September 2007 a Brit would write dd/mm/yy (07/09/07) and an American would write mm/dd/yy (09/07/07). This often causes great confusion. It's better to write the date in full (7th September 2007 or September 7th 2007). It also looks nicer. 
 
 
 
7- EXERCISE 
 Write the dates below. a) 22/2 ____________________________________________________________ b) 3/12 ____________________________________________________________ c) 8/11 ____________________________________________________________ d) 23/7 ____________________________________________________________ e) 19/1 ____________________________________________________________ 
Ask your partner the birthdays of 5 people he/she knows. 
Hundreds Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'. 100 - a hundred / one hundred 'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number. 100 - a hundred / one hundred 2,100 - two thousand, one hundred 
 
Thousands and Millions Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'. 1,000 - a thousand / one thousand 201,000 - two hundred and one thousand Use commas as a separator. 57,458,302 
 
THE ORDINAL NUMBER + OF + THE MONTH 
15/1 = the 15th of January 
 24 
8- READING 
TALKING ABOUT THE CLASS 
 
 Listen and practice. 
Brandon: I didn’t like the class today. 
Louise: Of course not. You slept all the time. 
Brandon:: These last days, the teacher has only taught boring subjects. 
Louise: Boring, but important for our lives. Imagine how life would be if men hadn’t discovered the micro-organisms. 
Brandon: I’m seeing that you’re very interested in Biology. Would you help me giving extra classes? 
Louise: Yes, I would. But first you’re going to promise me that you’re going to study hard. 
Brandon: Ok, teacher. I wait you at 7.00pm in my house. 
9. Interview your classmates. Take notes if they answer yes or no. 
Follow the example. 
HAVE YOU EVER… 
 NAME ANSWER 
Read a book in one day? Danielle Yes, she has. Seen a celebrity? Won an award? Written a poem? Stayed up all night? Climbed a mountain? Taken dance lessons? Been abroad? Studied German? Found a lot of money? Had the flu? Won a contest or competition? Lost something important? Taken an exciting trip? Fallen and hurt yourself? Broken something valuable? 
 24 
8- READING 
TALKING ABOUT THE CLASS 
 
 Listen and practice. 
Brandon: I didn’t like the class today. 
Louise: Of course not. You slept all the time. 
Brandon:: These last days, the teacher has only taught boring subjects. 
Louise: Boring, but important for our lives. Imagine how life would be if men hadn’t discovered the micro-organisms. 
Brandon: I’m seeing that you’re very interested in Biology. Would you help me giving extra classes? 
Louise: Yes, I would. But first you’re going to promise me that you’re going to study hard. 
Brandon: Ok, teacher. I wait you at 7.00pm in my house. 
9. Interview your classmates. Take notes if they answer yes or no. 
Follow the example. 
HAVE YOU EVER… 
 NAME ANSWER 
Read a book in one day? Danielle Yes, she has. Seen a celebrity? Won an award? Written a poem? Stayed up all night? Climbed a mountain? Taken dance lessons? Been abroad? Studied German? Found a lot of money? Had the flu? Won a contest or competition? Lost something important? Taken an exciting trip? Fallen and hurt yourself? Broken something valuable? 
 25 
 Unit 4 
 
 
The Red Cross 
Listen and practice. The International Red Cross was founded by a Swiss, Henri Dunant, who invested all of his fortune in it. In his honor, the symbol adopted by the movement is a red cross on a white background – the reverse of the Swiss flag. He had two inspirations to found the Red Cross: the brilliant example of the English Nurse Florence Nightingale that helped the war-wounded, and his own experience in the battlefield. Dunant offered the war-wounded medical help and established an emergency hospital in the village of Castiglione. Nowadays the Red Cross operates in several countries and although they work independently, there is an international committee in Switzerland composed by 25 Swiss citizens which can act as a neutral intermediary between conflicting nations. 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o Why the name red cross? 
o Which inspirations did Henri Dunant have? 
o Tell us about the Red Cross nowadays. 
Discussion: Health care 
 
o How is the health care in your country? 
o Is the health care in your country getting better or worse? 
o Is health care in your country free for some people? 
o Do you ever think about health care for when you are old? 
o What is health care like for old and poor people in your country? 
o Is your country’s health care system in need of reform? 
 26 
2 - GRAMMAR 
THE PAST PERFECT 
 
 
 
 
 The past perfect tense is used to express an action that happened before the other one in the past. She lost the key she had bought last year. . 
EXERCISE 
 
 Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense: 
a) I dressed after I_________________________________________(wash). 
b) They_______________________________(do) nothing before they met me. 
c) We were sorry that we________________________________(hurt) him. 
d) They ______________________________(clean) the room before I called them. 
e) The boys______________________________(leave) before I arrived. 
PAST SIMPLE X PAST PERFECT We use Past Simple if we give past events in the order in which they occurred. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect. 
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE 
 26 
2 - GRAMMAR 
THE PAST PERFECT 
 
 
 
 
 The past perfect tense is used to express an action that happened before the other one in the past. She lost the key she had bought last year. . 
EXERCISE 
 
 Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense: 
a) I dressed after I_________________________________________(wash). 
b) They_______________________________(do)nothing before they met me. 
c) We were sorry that we________________________________(hurt) him. 
d) They ______________________________(clean) the room before I called them. 
e) The boys______________________________(leave) before I arrived. 
PAST SIMPLE X PAST PERFECT We use Past Simple if we give past events in the order in which they occurred. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect. 
HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE 
 27 
 
 Now complete with the simple past or the past perfect tense: 
a) She __________________________ (lose) the book he_______________________ (give) her. 
b) After they _______________________ (have) lunch, I ______________________(wash) the dishes. 
c) I_________________________(see) the film before you _______________________ (talk) about it. 
d) He _________________________ (tell) me that he ________________________ (fall) from the tree. 
e) I ________________________ (be) very tired because I_______________________(study) too much. 
3- READING 
Complete the letters with the past perfect. 
 
 
 leave(2) – be (4) - spend 
 
 
 
 
 
The trip to Brazil was fine except that our flight 
arrived late. By the time we landed in Rio, our 
connecting flight to São Paulo __________ 
__________. Luckily I have a friend who lives in 
Rio, and we were able to stay there overnight. The 
city is absolutely amazing! My travel companions 
___________ ___________ there before, so they 
knew what to expect, but I was just stunned by the 
beauty of the place. 
 
I’m in France. It’s been an exciting trip! We flew 
into Paris about a week ago and stayed in a youth 
hostel. After we ____________ ____________ 
two nights there, we decided to catch a TGV to the 
south of France. Unfortunately we overslept, and 
when we got to the station, the train __________ 
already ___________. But I’m kind of glad. Paris 
is very cool! 
I’m really enjoying studying Chinese in Beijing. I 
still can’t believe I’m here! When our Chinese 
teacher first recommended the exchange program, I 
said “Yes” immediately. Until last week, I 
___________ never ___________ to another 
country and ____________ never even 
___________ on an airplane. In fact, I 
____________ only __________ away from home 
two times. I’m going to have fun but I’m also 
taking my studies seriously. 
 28 
4- READING 
MY LAST DREAM 
 
Listen and practice. Generally I don’t remember my dreams. As soon as I wake up, my mind comes to the reality and I forget that I had just finished to sleep for hours. Sometimes, I remember perfectly what I dreamed. The last time I dreamed, I was eaten by an alligator and before someone helped me, this wild animal had chewed all my bones. All this happened because I had entered in a big forest full of lions, tigers, and alligators. But when I was fighting against this animal, suddenly I woke up and breathed smoothly: My God, I was saved! 
Do you remember your last dream? Share part of the story with a 
classmate. (Use some sentences in the past perfect). 
 
 
 
5- Match the information to make complete sentences. 
 1. After our plane had landed, _______ a. we learned they had lost our reservation. 2. We found out the train had left, ______ b. until I decided to study abroad. 3. When we got to the hotel, ______ c. before I had finished eating my meal. 4. I had never really traveled, ______ d. we waited an hour for our luggage. 5. The waiter took my plate, _______ e. I noticed I had left my pass at home. 6. As I stepped onto the bus, _______ f. ten minutes before we got to the station. 
6- Complete the conversation with information about you. Student 1: Where did you go on your last vacation? Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. Student 1: Was it your first time there? Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. Student 1: Where did you stay? Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. Student 1: Had you stayed there before? Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. 
 28 
4- READING 
MY LAST DREAM 
 
Listen and practice. Generally I don’t remember my dreams. As soon as I wake up, my mind comes to the reality and I forget that I had just finished to sleep for hours. Sometimes, I remember perfectly what I dreamed. The last time I dreamed, I was eaten by an alligator and before someone helped me, this wild animal had chewed all my bones. All this happened because I had entered in a big forest full of lions, tigers, and alligators. But when I was fighting against this animal, suddenly I woke up and breathed smoothly: My God, I was saved! 
Do you remember your last dream? Share part of the story with a 
classmate. (Use some sentences in the past perfect). 
 
 
 
5- Match the information to make complete sentences. 
 1. After our plane had landed, _______ a. we learned they had lost our reservation. 2. We found out the train had left, ______ b. until I decided to study abroad. 3. When we got to the hotel, ______ c. before I had finished eating my meal. 4. I had never really traveled, ______ d. we waited an hour for our luggage. 5. The waiter took my plate, _______ e. I noticed I had left my pass at home. 6. As I stepped onto the bus, _______ f. ten minutes before we got to the station. 
6- Complete the conversation with information about you. Student 1: Where did you go on your last vacation? Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. Student 1: Was it your first time there? Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. Student 1: Where did you stay? Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. Student 1: Had you stayed there before? Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. 
 29 
Complete the sentences… 
 
o When I arrived at the movies… 
o By the time I woke up… 
o When I turned on my TV… 
o I had never travelled… 
o I didn’t get good grades because… 
7-READING 
Read the first part of this short story. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answer the questions according to the story above. 
o Was Matt expecting a visitor? 
o Did he know the woman? 
o Did she know him? 
In pairs or small groups discuss what happens next. Include the 
information below: 
 
o They go somewhere to talk. 
o Toni explains why Matt didn’t know about her. 
o Matt finds out some strange family secrets. 
 
 
In pairs or small groups make up the end of the story answering the 
questions: 
 
o How long did Toni stay? 
o Did they arrange to meet again? 
o Did Matt ever visit her in Canada? 
 
Matt had just finished watching the late news when there was a knock at the door. “That’s strange,” he said to himself. “Who can it be at this time of night?” He opened the door. A young girl was staring at him. “Matt Warren?” she asked. “Yes?” he said. “Great!” she said. “I’m Toni. Can I come in?” “Come in?” repeated Matt. “Who are you?” “I’m your cousin from Canada. I wrote you a letter. Didn’t you get it?” Matt hadn’t received any letter. Actually, he had never received a letter from Canada in his life. Before he said anything, she had walked past him into the apartment. “Just a second.” Matt said “What are you doing?” 
 
 30 
Unit 5 
 
 
 
The Moon Walk 
Listen and practice. After a four-day journey, the three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins reached the Moon on July 20th, 1969. While Michael Collins piloted the command module round the Moon, Neil Armstrong andEdwin Aldrin landed in a lunar module at a place called the Sea of Tranquility. Neil Armstrong was the first to leave the module and when his left foot stepped on the surface of the Moon said: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. After nineteen minutes Aldrin joined Armstrong outside the module. Because of the weaker gravity of the Moon they could jump easily and everything weighted about one-sixth of its normal weight. The surface of the Moon is empty, almost flat, with a lot of craters, gray and white, yet Armstrong described it as having a beauty of its own. After 2 hours and 21 minutes they entered the lunar module and started their journey back to Earth. 
1 – ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o When did the astronauts reach the Moon? 
o Which of them piloted the module while the others were landing? 
o What’s the famous sentence of Neil Armstrong? 
o What happened because of the gravity? 
 
Discussion: Moon 
o What images spring to mind when you hear the word ‘moon’? 
 
 30 
Unit 5 
 
 
 
The Moon Walk 
Listen and practice. After a four-day journey, the three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins reached the Moon on July 20th, 1969. While Michael Collins piloted the command module round the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed in a lunar module at a place called the Sea of Tranquility. Neil Armstrong was the first to leave the module and when his left foot stepped on the surface of the Moon said: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. After nineteen minutes Aldrin joined Armstrong outside the module. Because of the weaker gravity of the Moon they could jump easily and everything weighted about one-sixth of its normal weight. The surface of the Moon is empty, almost flat, with a lot of craters, gray and white, yet Armstrong described it as having a beauty of its own. After 2 hours and 21 minutes they entered the lunar module and started their journey back to Earth. 
1 – ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o When did the astronauts reach the Moon? 
o Which of them piloted the module while the others were landing? 
o What’s the famous sentence of Neil Armstrong? 
o What happened because of the gravity? 
 
Discussion: Moon 
o What images spring to mind when you hear the word ‘moon’? 
 
 31 
2 - GRAMMAR 
FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 
 
 The future perfect expresses an action that will be concluded in the future, but before a point in the future. We also use this tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. The last use is to express certainty that an action was completed. 
Before they come, we will have cleaned 
up the room. 
By the next year, I will have known 
Barbara for 30 years. 
 
3 - EXERCISE 
 Complete these sentences with the future perfect. a) The plane _____________________________________________(land) by 4 o’clock. b) They _________________________________________(meet) her tomorrow at this time. c) She_______________________________________(be) in this town for two years next June. d) We ___________________________________________(learn) our lessons by tomorrow. 
FUTURE CONTINUOUS 
 
 
 
 
 We mainly use it to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future. In an hour, I will be sitting in front of my TV. 
4 - EXERCISE 
Complete these sentences with the future continuous. a)William ___________________________________________ (not/come) soon. He is at the school. b) ________________________ you ______________________ (come) home before or after 10 p.m.? c) We _________________________________________ (have) lunch this time tomorrow. 
WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE 
WILL + BE + VERB+ING 
 32 
Imagine that you're a businessman with a busy day tomorrow. Write 4 things that you will be doing tomorrow. Start with 8a.m. Example.: "I will be going to a conference tomorrow at 10 a.m." 1._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS We use it to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation. 
 
Before my parents come, we will have 
been cleaning the apartment for 5 hours. 
5 - EXERCISE 
Change the verb into the future perfect continuous: a) By midnight, you ______________________________________________(dance) for 4 hours. b) By dinner, she ______________________________________(cook) the whole afternoon. c) He __________________________________________(work) there for 10 years by 2015. d) By next year, I ________________________________________(study) English for 7 years. 
6 -READING WHEN I’LL GROW UP 
 
Listen and practice. 
Cindy: Joe, what will you do when you grow up? 
Joe: I will be an astronaut, and I’ll probably work at another planet. 
Cindy: Another planet! Are you getting crazy? 
Joe: No, I’m not Cindy. I’ve read in magazines and newspapers that soon the men will reach other planets. For example, at 2050 the men will have gone many times to Mars. 
Cindy: That’s great! But at this time I will have gotten some rankles on my face. 
Joe: Too bad! I think I still will be a handsome guy! 
Cindy: Oh, Joe! 
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB+ING 
 32 
Imagine that you're a businessman with a busy day tomorrow. Write 4 things that you will be doing tomorrow. Start with 8a.m. Example.: "I will be going to a conference tomorrow at 10 a.m." 1._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS We use it to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation. 
 
Before my parents come, we will have 
been cleaning the apartment for 5 hours. 
5 - EXERCISE 
Change the verb into the future perfect continuous: a) By midnight, you ______________________________________________(dance) for 4 hours. b) By dinner, she ______________________________________(cook) the whole afternoon. c) He __________________________________________(work) there for 10 years by 2015. d) By next year, I ________________________________________(study) English for 7 years. 
6 -READING WHEN I’LL GROW UP 
 
Listen and practice. 
Cindy: Joe, what will you do when you grow up? 
Joe: I will be an astronaut, and I’ll probably work at another planet. 
Cindy: Another planet! Are you getting crazy? 
Joe: No, I’m not Cindy. I’ve read in magazines and newspapers that soon the men will reach other planets. For example, at 2050 the men will have gone many times to Mars. 
Cindy: That’s great! But at this time I will have gotten some rankles on my face. 
Joe: Too bad! I think I still will be a handsome guy! 
Cindy: Oh, Joe! 
WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB+ING 
 33 
 Unit 6 
 
 
 
The White House 
Listen and practice. 
 
 Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer, who was the author of the plans for the city of Washington, D.C.,knew this city would become the capital of an important country. So he designed the buildings in a Greek style giving an impression of greatness. During the war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812 the British burned the president’s house leaving only walls standing. The house was then painted white, giving the mansion its name. The White House has two floors. Most of the furniture on the first floor, which is used for receptions, is of French 18th century influence. The second floor is the president’s private residence. The room where Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Act – by which all slaves became free – is still as it used to be. 
1- ORAL QUESTIONS: 
 
o Who was Pierre L’Efant and what did he do? 
o What happened during the war between the United States and Great Britain? 
o Describe the White House. 
Discussion: USA 
 
o What are the good things and bad things about the USA? 
o What are the differences between the USA and your country? 
o Would you like to visit the USA, or live there? 
 34 
2- GRAMMAR 
 
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 
 
 
 We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). 
I saw myself in the mirror. We blame ourselves. 
 
 By + Reflexive Pronouns Idiomatically, meaning ALONE/WITHOUT HELP 
o I live by myself. = I live alone. The Reflexive Pronouns can be used to give emphasis 
o She talked to the President herself (emphasis in the subject) 
o She talked to the President himself (emphasis in the object) 
 
 
3- EXERCISE 
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. a) He ________________________________________ prefers to cook lunch. b) The boys cut __________________________________in the garden. c) I hurt __________________________________during the game. d) The old woman likes to live by _________________________________ e) Behave _______________________________children. f) She ________________________________ is responsible for the children. g) We saw the king _______________________________ in the park. 
 
Let’s suppose you’re in a “monologue”. What would you say to yourself? 
MYSELF 
YOURSELF 
HIMSELF 
HERSELF 
ITSELF 
 
OURSELVES 
YOURSELVES 
THEMSELVES 
 34 
2- GRAMMAR 
 
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 
 
 
 We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). 
I saw myself in the mirror. We blame ourselves. 
 
 By + Reflexive Pronouns Idiomatically, meaning ALONE/WITHOUT HELP 
o I live by myself. = I live alone. The Reflexive Pronouns can be used to give emphasis 
o She talked to the President herself (emphasis in the subject) 
o She talked to the President himself (emphasis in the object) 
 
 
3- EXERCISE 
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. a) He ________________________________________ prefers to cook lunch. b) The boys cut __________________________________in the garden. c) I hurt __________________________________during the game. d) The old woman likes to live by _________________________________ e) Behave _______________________________children. f) She ________________________________ is responsible for the children. g) We saw the king _______________________________ in the park. 
 
Let’s suppose you’re in a “monologue”. What would you say to yourself? 
MYSELF 
YOURSELF 
HIMSELF 
HERSELF 
ITSELF 
 
OURSELVES 
YOURSELVES 
THEMSELVES 
 35 
RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
 A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. 
More Examples: 
 
The place where I live is far from here. 
A thief is a person who steals things. 
An airplane is a machine that flies. 
The car which hit me was yellow. 
The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend. 
The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. 
4-Supply all possible relative pronouns. a) He was speaking about the books and the writes ______________________he likes. b) The man to ________________________you gave the money has died. c) The table on ________________________ you put your shoes cost 300 dollars. d) My mother knows everything ________________________is written in this book. e) All ______________________ glitter is not gold. f) There is the lady ________________________car has been stolen. g) Porto de Galinhas is the kind of beach _______________________ many tourists go to. h) I broke the vase in ________________________ you had put the flowers. 
5-Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it 
into a relative pronoun. He invented the telephone they were on the wall It cannot be explained they stole my car a) The Police have caught the man ________________________________________________ b) Alexander Bell was the man ________________________________________________ c) A mystery is something ________________________________________________ d) What happened to the pictures ________________________________________________ 
WHO WHERE 
WHOM WHOSE 
WHICH THAT 
 36 
6-Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative 
pronoun is an object, it can be omitted. a) That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday. _________________________________________________________________________________________ b) What's the name of the book? You want me to read it. ________________________________________________________________________________________ c) We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive. _________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
Ask your partner the questions below. 
 
o Who’s your closest friend? How did you meet? 
o Do you have any friends that you met through other friends? 
o Do you keep in touch with any of the friends you grew up with? 
o Do you have any friends who have exciting lives? Explain why. 
o Do you have friends you chat with online? Where do they live? 
o Do you have any friends who are very different from you? How are they different? 
7- READING 
 
WHAT A BEAUTIFUL DAY 
Listen and practice. When the sun rises in the mountains I open my window And let him come in I see the beauty of the flowers Like I have never seen I prepare myself some coffee The children wake up themselves Toast, milk and honey The family around the table It values more than money We go out through the gardens We can see the butterflies The heat warms our hearts And the peace passes by 
 36 
6-Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative 
pronoun is an object, it can be omitted. a) That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday. _________________________________________________________________________________________ b) What's the name of the book? You want me to read it. ________________________________________________________________________________________ c) We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive. _________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
Ask your partner the questions below. 
 
o Who’s your closest friend? How did you meet? 
o Do you have any friends that you met through other friends? 
o Do you keep in touch with any of the friends you grew up with? 
o Do you have any friends who have exciting lives? Explain why. 
o Do you have friends you chat with online? Where do they live? 
o Do you have any friends who are very different from you? How are they different?

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