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Stages of Bone Development
Exercise and Bone Tissue
Bone Tissue and the Effects of Aging 
Bone Development
Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development
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The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Secondary ossification occurs after birth and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones.
After initial bone development, bones are remodeled throughout life to regulate calcium homeostasis and repair micro-damaged bones (from everyday stress), but also to shape and sculpt the skeleton during growth.
Stages of Bone Development
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Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts
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Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development
Bone mass is lost if unused because it is metabolically costly to maintain it.
Gender differences in sex hormones contribute to larger, stronger bones in men since testosterone stimulates muscle mass which increases bone density.
As a result of declines in estrogen, aging women suffer from decreased responsiveness to exercise and therefore have difficulty maintaining skeletal strength.
To maintain skeletal strength, older women need to increase their exercise levels by walking more.
Exercise and Bone Tissue
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NASA Shuttle Astronaut
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Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development
Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone to blood.
Bone resorption is highly regulated. It can be stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body, depending on the demand for calcium.
As people age, the rate of bone resorption far exceeds the rate of bone formation. Thus, bones can weaken, leading to conditions like osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis can be prevented with lifestyle changes such as proper nutrition and exercise.
The risks of osteoporosis can also be reduced through the prevention of falls. Fall-prevention advice includes exercise to tone deambulatory muscles, proprioception-improvement exercises, and equilibrium therapies.
Bone Tissue and the Effects of Aging
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Osteoclast
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Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development
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Appendix
Key terms
diaphysis The central shaft of any long bone.
epiphyses Epiphyses are the rounded ends of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s).
muscle forces Increased muscle mass results in increased muscle forces that produce increases in bone dimension and strength.
osteon Any of the central canals, and surrounding bony layers, found in compact bone.
periosteum A membrane surrounding a bone.
skeletal strength Skeletal strength is determined by the relationship of trabecular bone to cortical bone.
Wolff's law Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under.
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Skeletal Tissue
Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.
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Wikipedia. "Bonemetabolism." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonemetabolism.svg View on Boundless.com
Skeletal Tissue
NASA Shuttle Astronaut
Astronauts who spend a long time in space will often return to earth with weaker bones, since gravity hasn't been exerting a load on their bones. Their bodies have reabsorbed much of the mineral that was previously in their bones.
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Skeletal Tissue
Tim Henman performs a backhand volley at the Wimbledon tournament in 2004.
The racquet-holding arm bones of tennis players become much stronger than those of the other arm. Their bodies have strengthened the bones in their racquet-holding arm since it is routinely placed under higher than normal stresses.
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Skeletal Tissue
Osteoclast
Osteoclast, displaying many nuclei within its "foamy" cytoplasm, above a bone's surface
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Skeletal Tissue
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Skeletal Tissue
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about bone remodeling?
A)each year, about 10% of the adult skeleton is remodeled
B)osteoblasts break down bone while osteoclasts create new bone
C)the bone remodeling period is the average duration of a cycle of bone resorption and replacement
D)osteoclasts and osteoblasts create a bone remodeling unit via paracrine cell signaling
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Skeletal Tissue
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about bone remodeling?
A)each year, about 10% of the adult skeleton is remodeled
B)osteoblasts break down bone while osteoclasts create new bone
C)the bone remodeling period is the average duration of a cycle of bone resorption and replacement
D)osteoclasts and osteoblasts create a bone remodeling unit via paracrine cell signaling
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Skeletal Tissue
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe bone responsiveness to activity and hormones?
A)testosterone increases muscle mass which puts stress on bone, resulting in stronger bones
B)decreases in estrogen levels reduce bone responsiveness to exercise
C)weight-bearing exercises such as walking can maintain or increase bone density
D)once a bone is remodeled by exercise, it maintains mass and strength throughout life
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Skeletal Tissue
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe bone responsiveness to activity and hormones?
A)testosterone increases muscle mass which puts stress on bone, resulting in stronger bones
B)decreases in estrogen levels reduce bone responsiveness to exercise
C)weight-bearing exercises such as walking can maintain or increase bone density
D)once a bone is remodeled by exercise, it maintains mass and strength throughout life
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Skeletal Tissue
Choose the best description of osteoclastic activity.
A)high blood Ca stimulates osteoclasts-Ca is resorbed-PTH is balanced
B)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoblasts increases-bone resorption stores Ca
C)high blood Ca stimulates PTH-number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca
D)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Skeletal Tissue
Choose the best description of osteoclastic activity.
A)high blood Ca stimulates osteoclasts-Ca is resorbed-PTH is balanced
B)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoblasts increases-bone resorption stores Ca
C)high blood Ca stimulates PTH-number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca
D)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca
Attribution
Hindawi Publishing Company. "Aerobic Exercise and Whole-Body Vibration in Offsetting Bone Loss in Older Adults." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jar/2011/379674/
Wikipedia. "Wolff's law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff's%20law
Wikipedia. "muscle forces." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/muscle%20forces
Wikipedia. "skeletal strength." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/skeletal%20strength
Hindawi Publishing Company. "The Bone-Muscle Relationship in Men and Women." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/josteo/2011/702735/
Wikipedia. "Wolff's law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%2527s_law
Wikipedia. "Bone remodeling period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_remodeling_period
Wikipedia. "epiphyses." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epiphyses
Wiktionary. "diaphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaphysis
Wikiarc. "WikiArc/ The Wiki Archaeological Information Resource - Joint Disease and Bone Growth." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.wikiarc.org/jointdisease
Wikipedia. "Osteoporosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis
Wikipedia. "Bone resorption." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption
Wikipedia. "Bone resorption." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption
Wiktionary. "osteon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteon
Wiktionary. "periosteum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periosteum
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Skeletal Tissue

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