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Boundless Lecture Slides Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com About Boundless Stages of Bone Development Exercise and Bone Tissue Bone Tissue and the Effects of Aging Bone Development Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_section_74&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Secondary ossification occurs after birth and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. After initial bone development, bones are remodeled throughout life to regulate calcium homeostasis and repair micro-damaged bones (from everyday stress), but also to shape and sculpt the skeleton during growth. Stages of Bone Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/skeletal-tissue-6/bone-development-74/stages-of-bone-development-444-11121?campaign_content=book_299_section_74&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development Bone mass is lost if unused because it is metabolically costly to maintain it. Gender differences in sex hormones contribute to larger, stronger bones in men since testosterone stimulates muscle mass which increases bone density. As a result of declines in estrogen, aging women suffer from decreased responsiveness to exercise and therefore have difficulty maintaining skeletal strength. To maintain skeletal strength, older women need to increase their exercise levels by walking more. Exercise and Bone Tissue Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/skeletal-tissue-6/bone-development-74/exercise-and-bone-tissue-445-8226?campaign_content=book_299_section_74&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless NASA Shuttle Astronaut View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone to blood. Bone resorption is highly regulated. It can be stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body, depending on the demand for calcium. As people age, the rate of bone resorption far exceeds the rate of bone formation. Thus, bones can weaken, leading to conditions like osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be prevented with lifestyle changes such as proper nutrition and exercise. The risks of osteoporosis can also be reduced through the prevention of falls. Fall-prevention advice includes exercise to tone deambulatory muscles, proprioception-improvement exercises, and equilibrium therapies. Bone Tissue and the Effects of Aging Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/skeletal-tissue-6/bone-development-74/bone-tissue-and-the-effects-of-aging-446-11222?campaign_content=book_299_section_74&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Osteoclast View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue > Bone Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix Key terms diaphysis The central shaft of any long bone. epiphyses Epiphyses are the rounded ends of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). muscle forces Increased muscle mass results in increased muscle forces that produce increases in bone dimension and strength. osteon Any of the central canals, and surrounding bony layers, found in compact bone. periosteum A membrane surrounding a bone. skeletal strength Skeletal strength is determined by the relationship of trabecular bone to cortical bone. Wolff's law Bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Bonemetabolism." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonemetabolism.svg View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue NASA Shuttle Astronaut Astronauts who spend a long time in space will often return to earth with weaker bones, since gravity hasn't been exerting a load on their bones. Their bodies have reabsorbed much of the mineral that was previously in their bones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/NASA_shuttle_astronaut_drinks_from_a_specially_designed_Coke_beverage_can.jpg View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Tim Henman performs a backhand volley at the Wimbledon tournament in 2004. The racquet-holding arm bones of tennis players become much stronger than those of the other arm. Their bodies have strengthened the bones in their racquet-holding arm since it is routinely placed under higher than normal stresses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 2.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Tim_Henman_backhand_volley_Wimbledon_2004.jpg View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Osteoclast Osteoclast, displaying many nuclei within its "foamy" cytoplasm, above a bone's surface Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Osteoclast." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osteoclast.jpg View on Boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about bone remodeling? A)each year, about 10% of the adult skeleton is remodeled B)osteoblasts break down bone while osteoclasts create new bone C)the bone remodeling period is the average duration of a cycle of bone resorption and replacement D)osteoclasts and osteoblasts create a bone remodeling unit via paracrine cell signaling Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Skeletal Tissue Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about bone remodeling? A)each year, about 10% of the adult skeleton is remodeled B)osteoblasts break down bone while osteoclasts create new bone C)the bone remodeling period is the average duration of a cycle of bone resorption and replacement D)osteoclasts and osteoblasts create a bone remodeling unit via paracrine cell signaling Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Which of the following does NOT correctly describe bone responsiveness to activity and hormones? A)testosterone increases muscle mass which puts stress on bone, resulting in stronger bones B)decreases in estrogen levels reduce bone responsiveness to exercise C)weight-bearing exercises such as walking can maintain or increase bone density D)once a bone is remodeled by exercise, it maintains mass and strength throughout life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Skeletal Tissue Which of the following does NOT correctly describe bone responsiveness to activity and hormones? A)testosterone increases muscle mass which puts stress on bone, resulting in stronger bones B)decreases in estrogen levels reduce bone responsiveness to exercise C)weight-bearing exercises such as walking can maintain or increase bone density D)once a bone is remodeled by exercise, it maintains mass and strength throughout life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Skeletal Tissue Choose the best description of osteoclastic activity. A)high blood Ca stimulates osteoclasts-Ca is resorbed-PTH is balanced B)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoblasts increases-bone resorption stores Ca C)high blood Ca stimulates PTH-number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca D)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Skeletal Tissue Choose the best description of osteoclastic activity. A)high blood Ca stimulates osteoclasts-Ca is resorbed-PTH is balanced B)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoblasts increases-bone resorption stores Ca C)high blood Ca stimulates PTH-number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca D)low blood Ca stimulates PTH- number & activity of osteoclasts increases-bone resorption releases Ca Attribution Hindawi Publishing Company. "Aerobic Exercise and Whole-Body Vibration in Offsetting Bone Loss in Older Adults." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jar/2011/379674/ Wikipedia. "Wolff's law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff's%20law Wikipedia. "muscle forces." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/muscle%20forces Wikipedia. "skeletal strength." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/skeletal%20strength Hindawi Publishing Company. "The Bone-Muscle Relationship in Men and Women." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/josteo/2011/702735/ Wikipedia. "Wolff's law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%2527s_law Wikipedia. "Bone remodeling period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_remodeling_period Wikipedia. "epiphyses." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/epiphyses Wiktionary. "diaphysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaphysis Wikiarc. "WikiArc/ The Wiki Archaeological Information Resource - Joint Disease and Bone Growth." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.wikiarc.org/jointdisease Wikipedia. "Osteoporosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis Wikipedia. "Bone resorption." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption Wikipedia. "Bone resorption." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_resorption Wiktionary. "osteon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osteon Wiktionary. "periosteum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periosteum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Skeletal Tissue
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