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( ) Mental health is solely determined by genetics. 
( ) Cognitive function is unaffected by diet. 
 
77. In examining the interplay between genetics and environment in the development of 
neurodevelopmental disorders, how do epigenetic mechanisms influence the expression 
of genetic predispositions? 
( ) Genetics are the sole determinants of neurodevelopmental disorders. 
( ) Environmental factors have no impact on genetic expression. 
( x ) Epigenetic mechanisms can modify the expression of genetic predispositions in 
response to environmental factors, highlighting the complex interplay between genes and 
environment in the development of neurodevelopmental disorders. 
( ) Neurodevelopmental disorders are entirely reversible. 
( ) Genetic predispositions do not change over time. 
 
78. How do the findings from neuropsychological assessments of patients with traumatic 
brain injuries inform our understanding of cognitive deficits, particularly regarding 
executive functions and personality changes? 
( ) Traumatic brain injuries have no impact on cognitive functions. 
( ) Cognitive deficits are unrelated to brain injuries. 
( x ) Neuropsychological assessments reveal that traumatic brain injuries can lead to 
significant cognitive deficits, particularly in executive functions and personality changes, 
providing insights into the relationship between brain function and behavior. 
( ) Personality is fixed and does not change after injury. 
( ) The effects of brain injuries are solely physical and do not influence cognition. 
 
79. In the study of the neural basis of stress responses, what role does the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis play, and how does dysregulation of this axis contribute to 
mental health disorders? 
( ) The HPA axis has no relevance to stress responses. 
( ) Stress responses are solely managed by the autonomic nervous system. 
( x ) The HPA axis is crucial in regulating stress responses and, when dysregulated, can 
lead to excessive cortisol release, contributing to the development of various mental 
health disorders. 
( ) Mental health is unaffected by stress. 
( ) The effects of stress are only psychological. 
 
80. How does the study of the neural correlates of humor contribute to our understanding 
of cognitive processing and emotional regulation, particularly regarding the brain regions 
involved in humor appreciation? 
( ) Humor has no impact on cognitive processing. 
( ) Emotional regulation is unrelated to humor. 
( x ) The neural correlates of humor involve brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and 
limbic system, illustrating how humor appreciation can enhance cognitive processing and 
emotional regulation. 
( ) Humor is purely a social construct without neural underpinnings. 
( ) The brain does not respond to humor. 
 
81. In examining the effects of social isolation on brain function, what neurobiological 
changes are observed, particularly in relation to emotional processing and cognitive 
functioning? 
( ) Social isolation has no impact on brain function. 
( ) Emotional processing is solely a cognitive function. 
( x ) Social isolation can lead to neurobiological changes, including alterations in 
neurotransmitter systems and brain structure, negatively affecting emotional processing 
and cognitive functioning. 
( ) Cognitive functioning improves with social isolation. 
( ) Emotional processing is unaffected by social environments. 
 
82. How do neurobiological findings regarding the effects of exercise on brain health 
inform our understanding of cognitive function, particularly in aging populations? 
( ) Exercise has no effect on cognitive function. 
( ) Cognitive function is solely determined by genetics. 
( x ) Neurobiological findings indicate that regular exercise enhances brain health by 
promoting neurogenesis, improving synaptic plasticity, and increasing levels of 
neurotrophic factors, which can positively influence cognitive function in aging 
populations. 
( ) Aging does not affect brain health. 
( ) Exercise benefits physical health only, not cognitive health. 
 
83. In the context of the neurobiology of addiction, how do the changes in the brain's 
reward circuitry influence the development of tolerance and dependence, particularly 
regarding neurotransmitter systems? 
( ) Addiction does not involve changes in brain circuitry. 
( ) Tolerance is solely a behavioral phenomenon. 
( x ) Changes in the brain's reward circuitry, particularly involving dopamine pathways, can 
lead to tolerance and dependence, as repeated substance use alters neurotransmitter 
function and reward sensitivity. 
( ) Neurotransmitter systems have no role in addiction. 
( ) Dependence is only a psychological issue. 
 
84. How does the understanding of neural connectivity and functional networks advance 
our knowledge of brain organization, particularly in relation to cognitive processes such as 
attention and memory? 
( ) Brain organization is fixed and does not change with experience. 
( ) Neural connectivity has no relevance to cognitive processes. 
( x ) Understanding neural connectivity and functional networks reveals how different brain 
regions collaborate during cognitive processes such as attention and memory, informing 
our comprehension of brain organization and function. 
( ) Cognitive processes are unrelated to brain structure. 
( ) The brain operates as a series of isolated regions. 
 
85. In the exploration of neurobiology and spirituality, how do neuroimaging studies 
contribute to our understanding of the neural correlates of spiritual experiences, 
particularly regarding altered states of consciousness? 
( ) Spirituality has no basis in neuroscience. 
( ) Altered states of consciousness are purely psychological. 
( x ) Neuroimaging studies show that spiritual experiences are associated with activation 
of specific brain regions, such as the temporal lobes and default mode network, providing 
insights into the neural correlates of altered states of consciousness. 
( ) Spiritual experiences do not involve neural mechanisms. 
( ) The brain does not process spiritual experiences. 
 
86. How does the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying decision-making 
inform our understanding of cognitive biases, particularly in the context of risk 
assessment and reward evaluation?