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( ) Decision-making processes are fixed and do not involve biases. 
( ) Cognitive biases are purely social constructs. 
( x ) Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying decision-making reveals how 
cognitive biases can influence risk assessment and reward evaluation, highlighting the 
role of emotional and cognitive factors in these processes. 
( ) Decision-making is only a rational process. 
( ) The effects of cognitive biases are negligible in decision-making. 
 
87. In examining the interplay between the brain's reward system and social behaviors, 
how do neurotransmitter systems influence social bonding and cooperation, particularly 
regarding oxytocin and dopamine? 
( ) Social behaviors are unrelated to neurotransmitter systems. 
( ) Oxytocin has no role in social bonding. 
( x ) Neurotransmitter systems, particularly oxytocin and dopamine, play critical roles in 
social bonding and cooperation, influencing the motivation to engage in pro-social 
behaviors and forming attachments. 
( ) Cooperation is solely a learned behavior. 
( ) The brain's reward system does not affect social interactions. 
 
88. How do the findings from studies on the effects of chronic stress on brain structure 
and function inform our understanding of mental health disorders, particularly in relation 
to neuroplasticity and resilience? 
( ) Chronic stress has no impact on mental health. 
( ) Neuroplasticity is irrelevant to stress-related disorders. 
( x ) Chronic stress can lead to structural changes in the brain, such as reduced 
neurogenesis and altered connectivity, which inform our understanding of mental health 
disorders and highlight the importance of resilience and adaptive neuroplasticity. 
( ) Mental health is solely a product of lifestyle choices. 
( ) The effects of stress are reversible and do not influence brain health. 
 
89. In the study of the neural correlates of attention, how do different types of attention, 
such as selective and sustained attention, engage distinct neural networks, and what 
implications does this have for cognitive training? 
( ) Attention is a uniform process that engages the same neural networks. 
( ) Selective attention is unrelated to neural mechanisms. 
( x ) Different types of attention engage distinct neural networks, such as the frontoparietal 
network for selective attention and the anterior cingulate cortex for sustained attention, 
informing cognitive training approaches that target these specific networks. 
( ) Cognitive training does not consider different types of attention. 
( ) Attention processes are fixed and do not change with training. 
 
90. How does the exploration of the neurobiology of fear responses contribute to our 
understanding of anxiety disorders, particularly in relation to the amygdala and fear 
conditioning processes? 
( ) Anxiety disorders are unrelated to fear responses. 
( ) The amygdala has no role in anxiety. 
( x ) The amygdala is crucial for processing fear and is involved in fear conditioning, 
providing insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie anxiety disorders 
and their symptoms. 
( ) Fear responses are solely a result of environmental factors. 
( ) The mechanisms of fear conditioning are identical across all species. 
 
91. How do neurobiological factors contribute to the understanding of the development of 
empathy and social cognition, particularly in the context of mirror neurons and their role in 
emotional understanding? 
( ) Empathy is solely a cognitive process without neural correlates. 
( ) Mirror neurons do not influence social cognition. 
( x ) Neurobiological factors, including the activation of mirror neurons during social 
interactions, provide a basis for understanding empathy and social cognition, highlighting 
the role of these neural mechanisms in emotional understanding. 
( ) Social cognition is unrelated to neural processes. 
( ) Emotional understanding is fixed and does not involve neural mechanisms. 
 
92. How does the study of the neurobiology of addiction inform our understanding of the 
interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, particularly 
regarding the development of substance use disorders? 
( ) Addiction is solely a genetic disorder. 
( ) Environmental factors have no influence on addiction. 
( x ) The study of addiction reveals how genetic predispositions interact with 
environmental factors, shaping individual susceptibility to substance use disorders and 
highlighting the need for comprehensive treatment approaches. 
( ) Substance use disorders are only a result of personal choices. 
( ) The effects of genetics are fixed and do not change over time. 
 
93. In examining the impact of aging on cognitive processing, what neurobiological 
changes are observed in the brain, particularly in relation to memory and executive 
function, and how do these changes reflect broader patterns of cognitive decline? 
( ) Aging has no impact on cognitive processing. 
( ) Cognitive decline is solely a result of lifestyle choices. 
( x ) Neurobiological changes associated with aging, such as reduced synaptic plasticity 
and neurodegeneration, contribute to declines in memory and executive function, 
reflecting broader patterns of cognitive decline. 
( ) Memory and executive function improve with age. 
( ) Cognitive processing is unaffected by aging. 
 
94. How do the findings from neuropsychological research on patients with frontal lobe 
damage contribute to our understanding of executive functions, particularly regarding 
decision-making and impulse control? 
( ) Frontal lobe damage has no impact on cognitive functions. 
( ) Executive functions are solely managed by the temporal lobe. 
( x ) Research on patients with frontal lobe damage provides insights into how these 
injuries impair executive functions such as decision-making and impulse control, 
highlighting the role of the frontal lobe in these cognitive processes. 
( ) Cognitive functions are unrelated to specific brain regions. 
( ) Damage to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. 
 
95. In the context of neurobiology and emotion, how do the interactions between the 
amygdala and prefrontal cortex influence emotional regulation, particularly in the 
experience of anxiety and depression? 
( ) Emotional regulation is solely managed by the prefrontal cortex. 
( ) The amygdala has no role in emotional processing. 
( x ) The amygdala processes emotional responses while the prefrontal cortex regulates 
these emotions, and their interaction is crucial for emotional regulation, particularly in 
anxiety and depression. 
( ) Emotional processes are unrelated to cognitive functions. 
( ) The prefrontal cortex operates independently of the amygdala.