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O M IN IS T R IO P ò B L IC O N O P R O C E S S O C IV IL ��� �+� )A FAK LZJ AG� ,b :DA ;G� ;GE G�H 9JL =�� 9JL ���� �<G ��, �� ��� +�) AFA KLZ JAG �,b :DA ;G� ;GE G�> AK; 9D�< 9�D= A��c u st o s le g is ���9 JL�� ��� <G� �, �� 8. A T O P R O C E S S U A L ��� �,J AF; ]HA GK� AF> GJE 9<G J=K �<G K�9 LGK �HJ G;= KKM 9AK ��� ��L GK� HJG ;=K KM9 AK�F G�L =E HG ��� ��L GK� <9K �H9 JL= K ��� ��L GK� <G� BMA R�� 9JL ���� ��< G�� ,� � ��� �,J 9RG K�H JG; =KK M9A K ��� ���� D9K KA>A ;9Y XG� <GK �HJ 9RG K�H JG; =KK M9A K ��� ���, J=; DMK XG � � � � 9. P R E S S U P O S T O S P R O C E S S U A IS 10 . N U L ID A D E S P R O C E S S U A IS ��� ��* MDA <9< =�9 :KG DML 9 ��� ��* MDA <9< =�J =D9 LAN 9 11 . L IT IS C O N S î R C IO 1 2 . IN T E R V E N Ì O D E T E R C E IR O S 1 3 . F O R M A Ì O , S U S P E N S Ì O E E X T IN Ì O D O P R O C E S S O ��� ��" GJE 9YX G�< G�H JG; =KK G ��� ��/ MKH =FK XG� <G� HJG ;=K KG ��� ��! PLA FYX G�< G�H JG; =KK G ��� ��� �!P LAF YXG �K= E� J=K GDM YXG �<G �E ZJA LG� �9J L��� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� �/= FL= FY9 �;G E� J=K GDM YXG �<G �E ZJA LG 14 . T U T E L A A N T E C IP A D A ��� ��, JG; =KK GK� =E �IM =�; 9:= �9�9 FL= ;AH 9YX G ��� ��. =IM AKAL GK� H9J 9�9 �;G F;= KKX G ��� ��" MF? A:A DA< 9<= �=F LJ= �E =<A <9K �9F L=; AH9 L_J A9K �=�; 9ML =D9 J=K 15 . P R O C E D IM E N T O ��� ��. ALG K�H JG; =<A E= FL9 AK 16 . P R O C E S S O D E C O N H E C IM E N T O ��� ��, =LAY XG� AFA ;A9 D��. =IM AKAL GK ��� �� G�H =<A <G ��� ��� �,= <A< G�? =FZ JA; G ��� ��� �,= <A< G�A EH D];A LG ��� ��� ��M EM D9Y XG� <=� H=< A<G K ��� ��� �.= IMA KALG K�H 9J9 �9�; ME MD9 YXG ��� ��2 9DG J�< 9�; 9MK 9 ��� ��& M]R G�< =�9 <E AKK A:A DA< 9<= �<9 �AF A;A9 D � � � � ��� ��. =KG DMY XG� AE =<A 9L9 �<G �E ZJA LG 17 . C IT A Ì O ��� ��� GF; =ALG ��� ��) G<9 DA< 9<= K ��� ��� ��A L9Y XG� H=D G�; GJJ =AG ��� ��� ��A L9Y XG� HGJ �E 9F< 9<G ��� ��� ��A L9Y XG� HGJ �@G J9� ;=J L9 ��� ��� ��A L9Y XG� HGJ �=< AL9D ��� ��� ��A L9Y XG� >A; L9�G M�H J=K ME A<9 ��� ��! >=A LGK �<9 �;AL 9YX G�� �, � � 9JL ���� �� ��� ��% FLA E9 YXG 18 . D A R E S P O S T A D O R U ��� ��� GFL =KL 9YX G ��� ��� �,J AF; ]HA GK� AF> GJE 9<G J=K ��� ��� �) 9LZ JA9 K�I M=� HG< =E �K= J�9 D=? 9<9 K�< =HG AK�< 9�; GFL =KL 9YX G ��� ��! P;= Ya= K�H JG; =KK M9A K ��� ��� �!P ;=Y XG� <=� AF; GE H=L \F; A9 ��� ��� �!P ;=Y XG� <=� AE H=< AE =FL G ��� ��� �!P ;=Y XG� <=� KMK H=A YXG ��� ��. =;G FN= FYX G ��� ��. =N= DA9 ��� ��� �!> =ALG K�< 9�J =N= DA9 ��� ��, JGN A<\ F;A 9K� HJ= DAE AF9 J=K ��� ��� �!K H=; A>A; 9YX G�< =�H JGN 9K ��� ��� � = ;D9 J9Y XG� AF; A<= FL= ��� ��� �.Z HDA ;9 19 . D O J U L G A M E N T O C O N F O R M E O E S T A D O D O P R O C E S S O � � � ��� ��! PLA FYX G�K =E �J= KGD MYX G�< G�E ZJA LG ��� ��& MD? 9E =FL G�9 FL= ;AH 9<G �<9 �DA< = ��� �� 9�9 M<A \F;A9�H J=D AE AF9 J��9 JL�� ��� � ��� ��� � = KF= ;=K KA< 9<= �<9 �9M <A\ F;A 9�H J=D AE AF9 J 20 . P R O V A S ��� ��x FMK �<9 �HJ GN9 ��� ��% FN= JKX G�< G�` FMK �<9 �HJ GN9 ��� ��) GE =FL GK� <9� HJG N9 ��� ��, JGN 9K� =E �=K HZ; A= ��� ��� � = HGA E= FLG �H= KKG 9D�� 9JL K��� ��� 9�� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� �,J GN9 �<G ;ME =FL 9D�� 9JL K��� ��� 9�� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� �,J GN9 �L=K L=E MF@ 9D�� 9JL K��� ��� 9�� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� �,J GN9 �H= JA; A9D� �9J LK�� ��� �9�� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� �%F KH= YXG �BM <A; A9D� �9J LK�� ��� �9�� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� M<A \F; A9�< =�AF KLJM YXG �=�B MD? 9E =FL G ��� ��� � = :9L =K 21 . S E N T E N A ��� ��/ =FL =FY 9�L= JE AF9 LAN 9�� GM� HJG ;=K KM9 D��l ��, � � 9JL ���� � ��� ��/ =FL =FY 9�< =>A FAL AN9 ��G M�< =�E ZJA LG� �l�� ,� �9J L��� �� ��� ��, JAF ;]H AG� <9� AF9 DL=J 9:A DA< 9<= �<9 �K= FL= FY9 ��� ��! 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T E O R IA G E R A L D O S R E C U R S O S ��� ��� GF; =ALG �<= �J= ;MJ KG ��� ��! >=A LGK �J= ;MJ K9A K ��� ��& M]R G�< =�9 <E AKK A:A DA< 9<= �=�B M]R G�< =�E ZJA LG ��� ��, J=K KMH GKL GK� KM: B=LA NGK �<G K�J= ;MJ KGK ��� ��, J=K KMH GKL GK� G:B =LAN GK� <GK �J= ;MJ KGK ��� ��. =;M JKG �9< =KA NG� �9J L��� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��. =Fb F;A 9�G M�< =KA KL\ F;A 9�� 9JL K��� ��� =�� ��� <G� �, �� 25 .A P E L A Ì O ��� ��" MF< 9E =FL GK ��� ��! >=A LGK ��� ��, JG; =KK 9E =FL G�= E� HJA E= AJG �?J 9M ��� ��, JG; =KK 9E =FL G�= E� K=? MF< G�? J9M ��� ��, JG; =KK G�= E� ;GF <AY XG� <=� AE =<A 9LG �BM D?9 E= FLG �l�H JAF ;]H AG� <9� ;9M K9� E9 <MJ 9 26 .A G R A V O � � � � ��� ��� GF; =ALG �<= �9? J9N G ��� ��� ?J9 NG� J=L A<G ��9 JL�� ��� �=�H 9JU ?J9 >GK �<G ��, �� ��� ��� ?J9 NG� <=� AFK LJM E= FLG ��� ��% FL= JHG KAY XG ��� �� =;A Ka= K�= E� IM= �G�J =;M JKG �;9 :]N =D�Z �G�9 ?J9 NG� <=� AFK LJM E= FLG 27 . E M B A R G O S I N F R IN G E N T E S ( A R T . 5 3 0 D O C P C ) 28 . E M B A R G O S D E C L A R A T î R IO S ( A R T . 5 3 5 D O C P C ) 29 . R E C U R S O S E S P E C IA L E E X T R A O R D IN ç R IO 30 . R E C U R S O E S P E C IA L ��� ��, J=K KMH GKL GK� J=; MJK 9AK �;G EM FK� 9GK �J= ;MJ KGK �=P LJ9 GJ< AFU JAG �=�= KH= ;A9 D 31 . R E C U R S O O R D IN ç R IO C O N S T IT U C IO N A L 32 . E M B A R G O S D IV E R G E N T E S 33 .A Ì O R E S C IS î R IA 34 . P R O C E S S O D E E X E C U Ì O ��� ��� D9K KA>A ;9Y XG� <9� =P= ;MY XG ��� ��, JAF ;]H AGK �<G �HJ G;= KKG �<= �=P =;M YXG ��� ��� K�H 9JL =K� FG� HJG ;=K KG� <=� =P= ;MY XG ��� ��� GE H=L \F; A9 ��� ��. =IM AKAL GK� F=; =KK UJA GK� H9J 9�J =9D AR9 J�I M9D IM= J�= P=; MYX G ��� ��0 ]LM DGK �=P =;M LAN GK� =PL J9B M<A ;A9 AK ��� �� 9K� <AN =JK 9K� =KH Z;A =K� <=� =P= ;MY XG ��� ��� �!P =;M YXG �H9 J9� =FL J=? 9�< =�; GAK 9�; =JL 9�l �=P ;DM KAN 9E =FL =�H GJ� L]LM DG� =PL J9B M<A ;A9 D ��� ��� �!P =;M YXG �H9 J9� =FL J=? 9�< =�; GAK 9�AF ;=J L9 ��� ��� �!P =;M YXG �<9 K�G :JA ?9Y a=K �<= �>9 R=J �=�F XG� >9R =J ��� ��� �!P =;M YXG �HG J�I M9F LA9� ;=J L9�; GFL J9� <=N =<G J�KG DN= FL= ��� ��, JG; =<A E= FLG �l�; AL9Y XG� =�H =F@ GJ9 ��� ��� ��A L9Y XG � � � � ��� ��� �,= F@G J9 ��� ��� <BM <A; 9YX G�� 9JL ���� ��� �<G ��, �� ��� ��� �DA =F9 YXG �HG J�AF A;A9 LAN 9�H 9JL A;M D9J ��9 JL�� ��� ��� <G� �, �� ��� ��� �DA =F9 YXG �BM <A; A9D� l�9 JJ= E9 L9Y XG ��� ��� 1K M>J MLG �<= �:= E� E_ N=D �GM �AE _N= D ��� ��� .= EA YXG ��� ��� !E :9J ?GK �V�= P=; MYX G ��� ��� !E :9J ?GK �V�9 JJ= E9 L9Y XG� =�V �9< BM< A;9 YXG ��� ��� !P =;M YXG �HG J�I M9F LA9� ;=J L9�; GFL J9� <=N =<G J�AF KGD N=F L= 35 . D O P R O C E S S O C A U T E L A R ��� ��� 9J9 ;L= J]KL A;9 K�< G�H JG; =KK G�; 9ML =D9 J ��� ��� D?M FK� HJG ;=< AE =FL GK� ;9M L=D9 J=K �=K H=; ]>A; GK 36 . P R O C E D IM E N T O S E S P E C IA IS ��� �� GK� HJG ;=< AE =FL GK� =KH =;A 9AK �<= �BM JAK< AYX G�; GFL =F; AGK 9 ��� ��� ��Y XG� <=� ;GF KA? F9Y XG� =E �H9 ?9E =FL G ��� ��� ��Y XG� <=� <=H _KA LG ��� ��� ��Y a=K �HG KK= KK_ JA9 K ��� ��� ��Y XG� <=� FMF ;A9 YXG �<= �G: J9� FGN 9 ��� ��� ��Y XG� <=� MKM ;9H AXG ��� ��� �!E :9J ?GK �<= �L=J ;=A JG ��� ��� �.= KL9 MJ9 YXG �<= �9M LGK ��� ��� ��Y XG� EG FAL _JA 9 ��� ��� ��Y XG� <=� AFN =FL UJA G ��� �� GK� HJG ;=< AE =FL GK� =KH =;A 9AK �<= �BM JAK< AYX G�NGDM FLU JA9 ��� ��� � 9 �9DA =F9 YXG �BM <A; A9D ��� ��� � 9 �K= H9J 9YX G�; GFK =FK M9D ��� ��� ��M J9L =D9 �<G K�AF L=J <AL GK � � � � ��� ��� �!K H=; A9DA R9Y XG� <9� @AH GL= ;9� D=? 9D �� � � 1. D IR E IT O P R O C E S S U A L C IV IL . C O N C E IT O AJ =ALG ,JG ;=K KM9 D� ANA DZ GJ 9E G< G< AJ= ALG IM= ;GF LZE == KLM <9 9K FGJ E9 K= GK HJA F;] HAG KI M= LJ9 L9E <9 BMJ AK< AYX G; ANA D A KLG Z < 99 HDA ;9Y XG <9 D=A 9GK ;9K GK ;GF � ;J= LGK H 9J9 9K GDM YXG <GK ;GF >DAL GK <= AFL =J= KK= KH =DG !KL 9<G �BM AR <9K J=D 9Ya =K IM= K= =KL 9:= D=; =E �FG �HJ G;= KKG �=�< GK� 9LG K�I M=� F=D =�K XG� HJ9 LA;9 <GK � �I M=D =I M= K= HJ= L=F <9 LALM D9J <= ME <AJ =ALG IM= FXG =KL UK =F< GJ =KH =AL9 <G H=D G K=M 9<N =JK UJA GH G<= JU AF? J=K K9J =E BM] RG H9J 9I M= G! KL9 <G >9Y 9N 9D= J9 FGJ E9 <= ;GF <ML 9�I M=� K=� 9HD A;9 �9G �>9 LG� ;GF ;J= LG� T; GE 9A FL= JN= FYX G< G! KL9 <G IM= GK <AJ =ALG KK =L GJF 9E =>= LAN GK =H G<= E K=J J=9 DAR9 <GK =K 9LAK >=A LGK I M9F <G FXG G> GJ9 E =KH GFL 9F= 9E =FL =�+ IM= <=K =F; 9<= 9JU 9 HJ= KL9 YXG <9 LML =D9 BMJ AK< A;AG F9D Z9 HJG NG; 9YX G< GD =K9 <G� AFL =J= KK9 <G� + HJG ;=K KG ;AN AD= KL9 :=D =;= 9K J=? J9K IM= :9D AR9 JXG 9J =D9 YXG =FL J= G! KL9 <G� BMA R= 9K H9J L=K FG HJG ;=K KG� + HJG ;=K KG ZM E AFK LJM E= FLG H9J 9L GJF 9J =>= LAN GG <AJ =ALG E9 L=J A9D� 0J9 L9� K= <= ME �E =AG �H9 J9� K=� G:L =J� 9�K GDM YXG �<G K�; GF> DALG K�< =�AF L=J =KK =K� =�9 �H9 ;A> A;9 YXG �KG ;A9 D� 2. P R IN C êP IO S F U N D A M E N T A IS D O P R O C E S S O C IV IL 0= E =P; =H; AGF 9D AE HGJ LWF ;A9 G= KLM <G <GK HJA F;] HAG KI M= J=? MD9 E GH JG; =KK G ;AN AD HGA KK XG =D= KI M= ;GF >=J =E 9G HJG ;=K KG 9F =;= KKU JA9 ;G= J\F ;A9 =M FA> GJE A<9 <=� +K HJA F;] HAG K> MF< 9E =FL 9AK =JA ?=E �K= =E N=J <9< =AJ 9K HJ= EA KK9 KF 9K IM9 AK K= 9HG A9 LG< 9�; A\F ;A9 � +< AJ= ALG ;GF KLAL M;A GF9 DH JG; =KK M9D AF; ME :=� K= <9 9FU DAK= <9K FGJ E9 K< =; MF@ G HJG ;=K KM9 DLJ 9L9 <9K F9 �G FKL ALM AYX G= <G =P9 E= <= J=? J9K AF> J9; GFK LALM ;AG F9A KV DMR <GK HJA F;] HAG K= KL9 :=D =;A <GK F9 �9 JL9 )9 ?F9 �! PAK L=E GML JGK HJA F;] HAG K <= E= FGJ E9 ?FA LM< = IM= =E :GJ 9 L9E :ZE K=B 9E >MF <9E =FL 9AK FXG L\E F9L MJ= R9 ;GF KLAL M;A GF9 D� 2. 1 P ri n c p io s g er ai s d o p ro ce ss o c iv il n a C o n st it u i o F ed er al 1 ) P ri n c p io d a is o n o m ia (a rt . 5 h,c a p u t e in ci so I d a C F ): J=N =D9 �K= H=D 9F =� ;=K KA< 9<= <= <9J VK H9J L=K LJ9 L9E =FL GA ?M9 DALU JAG �9J L�� �� % < G� ,� �l A?M 9D< 9<= KM: KL9 F;A 9D� !P ��� � �(= AF �� ��� � � ��� (= A< =� KKA KL\ F;A 9& M<A ;AU JA9 �(= AF �� ��� � ��� H J9R GK E9 AGJ =K H9J 9) AFA KLZ JAG ,b :DA ;G =" 9R= F<9 ,b :DA ;9 �9J L�� �� <G �, �� LJ9 EA L9Y XG HJG ;=K KM9 DH JAG JALU JA9 =E >9N GJ <9K H=K KG9 K< =A< 9<= A?M 9DG MK MH= JAG J9 �� 9FG K= <GK HGJ L9< GJ= K< =< G=F Y9K ?J9 N=K �9J L�� ��� ��� <G �, �� HJ9 RGK <A> =J= F;A 9<G K 9GK DALA K;G FKG JL= K; GE HJG ;MJ 9<G J=K <AK LAF LGK �9J L�� �� <G �, �� FXG AE HGK AYX G< = AE HM? 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J9> G�b FA; G�< G�� ,� ��= L;� 2 ) P ri n c p io d o co n tr a d it ri o (a rt . 5 h,V ): ZH J=; AKG <9J ;A\ F;A 99 GJ ZM <9 =P� AKL\ F;A 9< GH JG; =KK G= VK H9J L=K < GK 9LG KI M= F=D =K XG HJ9 LA;9 <GK H =JE ALAF <G� D@= KJ= � 9?A JV IM= D=K IM= D@= KK =B9 E <=K >9N GJU N=A K�) =KE GF 9@ AH_ L=K =< =; GF; =KK XG <= DAE � AF9 J=K =E ;9J UL= Jin a u d it a a lt er a p a rt e FXG K= =KL U> =JA F<G G; GFL J9< AL_ JAG I M= >A; 9 HGK L=J ?9< G GI M= ZB MKL A>A; 9<G H=D 9K ALM 9YX G= P;= H;A GF9 D< =M J?\ F;A 9� ;GF LJ9 <AL _JA G <A> =JA <G� � 3 ) P ri n c p io d o ju iz n a tu ra l (a rt . 5 h,X X X V II e L II I, d a C F ): 9A EH 9J; A9DA <� 9<= <G BMA RZ HJ= KKM HGK LG HJG ;=K KM9 D< =N 9DA< 9<= <G HJG ;=K KG� ,9J 9? 9J9 FLA �D9 9� GF� KLAL MAY XG "=< =J9 D9; GD@ =M GH JAF ;]H AG <G BMA RF 9LM J9D �9J L�� h ( %%%� HJ GA: AF< G9 ;JA 9YX G <GK LJA: MF9 AK GM BM] RGK <= =P; =YX G� 9JL �� h 4 44 2% %� 9KK =?M J9F <G ME BMD ?9E =FL G HJG >=J A<G HGJ 9ML GJA <9< = ;GE H=L =FL = = HJ= NA9 E= FL= <=K A?F 9<9 �% KKG AE HDA ;9 9 N=< 9YX G< 9= K;G D@9 <G BMA R< =9 ;GJ <G ;GE G9 J:] LJAG =9 NGF L9< =< 9K H9J L=K �0 9E :ZE =E <=; GJJ \F; A9 <G HJA F;] HAG <G BMA RF 9LM J9D G �, � FGK 9JL K� ��� =� �� =KL 9:= D=; = DAE AL9Y a=K H9J 9I M= GB MAR HGK K9 =P= J;= J9 KK M9K >MF Ya= K= E HJG D< 9E 9FL =FY 9< 9AE � H9J ;A9 DA< 9<= ��AE H=< AE =FL GK� =�K MKH =AY XG� � 4 ) P ri n c p io d a p u b li ci d a d e (a rt s. 5 h,L X , e 9 3 , IX , d a C F ): 9D =A KGE =FL = HG< =JU J=K LJAF ?AJ 9H M:D A;A< 9<= <G HJG ;=K KG :=E ;GE G< GK 9LG KH JG; =KK M9A K I M9F <G 9< =>= K9 <9 AFL AE A<9 <= GM GA FL= J=K K= KG; A9D G= PA? AJ= E� -M 9FL GV KH 9JL =K =K =MK HJG � ;MJ 9<G J=K 9 ?9J 9FL A9< 9H M:D A;A< 9<= FXG KG> J= J=K LJAY XG 9D? ME 9�! E J=D 9YX G9 L=J ;=A J� GK �KG >J= JU� J=K LJAY a=K �F9 K�@ AH_ L=K =K� <G� 9JL ���� ��< G�� ,� ��K= ?J= <G� <=� BMK LAY9 �� � � � 5 ) P ri n c p io d a m o ti v a o d a s d ec is es ju d ic ia is (a rt . 9 3 , IX , d a C F ): =PA ?\F ;A9 <9 >MF <9E =FL 9YX G< 9K <=; AKa =K BM< A;A9 AK KG: H=F 9< =F MDA <9< =9 :KG DML 9�� =PA ?\F ;A9 K= =PH DA;9 ;GE G> GJE 9< =? 9J9 FLA JV KH 9JL =K G; GF@ =;A E= FLG <GK EG LAN GK IM= D=N 9J9 E GB MAR 9< =;A <AJ <= <=L =JE AF9 <9 >GJ E9 H 9J9 IM= =D9 KH GKK 9E =N= FLM 9D� E= FL= AE HM? F9J �J= ;GJ J=J �= EG KLJ9 J9 AFK M:K AKL\ F;A 9< GK 9J? ME =FL GK <G E9 ?AK LJ9 <G� /G E= FL= �GK �HJ GFM F;A 9E =FL GK� <=� ;MF @G� <=; AK_ JAG �HJ =;A K9E �K= J�E GLA N9< GK� 6 ) P ri n c p io d o d ev id o p ro ce ss o le g a l (a rt . 5 h,L IV , d a C F ): ZG ;GJ GDU JAG <GK <=E 9AK HJA F;] HAG K�+ HJA F;] HAG G:J A?9 9I M= K= J=K H=A L=E 9K ?9J 9FL A9K HJG ;=K KM9 AK= 9K =PA ?\F ;A9 K�F =;= KKU JA9 K�H 9J9 �9�G :L= FYX G�< =�M E9 �K= FL= FY9 �BM KL9 � 7 ) P ri n c p io d a ce le ri d a d e p ro ce ss u a l (a rt . 5 h,L X X V II I, d a C F ): LJ9 L9� K= <= ?9J 9FL A9 VH J=K L9Y XG BMJ AK< A;AG F9D K=E <AD 9Ya =K AF< =NA <9K G MK =B9 G <AJ =ALG 9M E9 LM� L=D9 �BM JAK< A;AG F9D �;Z D=J =�= �=> =LAN 9� 2. 2 P ri n c p io s p ro ce ss u ai s in fr ac o n st it u ci o n ai s 1 ) P ri n c p io d a d em a n d a Ð o u p ri n c p io d a in r ci a (a rt . 2 h,d o C P C ): 9A FA� ;A9 LAN 9H 9J9 9H JGH GKA LMJ 9< 99 YXG Z< 9K H9J L=K G MK =B9 F =F@ ME BMA RH J=K L9J U9 LML =D9 BMJ AK< A;AG F9D K=F XG IM9 F<G HJG NG; 9<G �K9 DNG J9J ]KK AE 9K =P; =Ya =K ;GE G FG AF� N=F LUJ AG IM= HG< =K =J AFA ;A9 <G <= G>] ;AG ��! E ;GF LJ9 HGK AYX G9 GH JAF ;]H AG <9 <=E 9F< 9 �GM AFZ J;A 9� L=E GK GH JAF ;]H AG <G AE HMD KG G>A ;A9 D G MK =B9 M E9 N=R AFA ;A9 <9 H=D 9K H9J L=K 9J =D9 YXG BMJ ]<A ;9 HJG ;=K KM9 D ; 9:= 9G BMA RE GNA E= FL9 JG HJG ;=< AE =FL G= E LG� <9K �9K �KM 9K� >9K =K� 9LZ �=P 9MJ AJ�K M9� >MF YXG �BM JAK< A;AG F9D � 2 ) P ri n c p io d a v er d a d e p o ss v el (o u p ri n c p io d a v er d a d e p ro ce ss u a l) : <=N =�K =: MK; 9J 9E =D@ GJ N=J <9< =H GKK ]N= D< =FL JG <G HJG ;=K KG ;GD G;9 F<G GB MAR G E9 AKH J_P AE GH GKK ]N= D< GI M= =>= LAN 9E =FL =G ;GJ J=M FG EM F<G <GK >9L GK GI M= K= 9D� ;9F Y9J UH =D9 9E HD9 HJG <MY XG <= HJG N9K ; GE J=K H=A LG VK DAE AL9Y a=K D=? 9AK �� LM9 D� E= FL= 9< GML JAF 9F XG E9 AKM LADA R9 9K =PH J=K Ka= Km N=J <9< => GJE 9Dn =m N=J <9< =J =9D GM E9 L=J A9Dn H GAK <A9 FL= <9 J=9 DAE HGK KA: ADA< 9<= ;GF ;J= L9< =G :L= J9 N=J <9< =9 :KG DML 9F G HJG ;=K KG =FL =F< =�K =; GE G; GJJ =L9 9= PHJ =KK XG IM= =PL =JF AR= 9N =J< 9<= 9D; 9FY UN= DF G HJG ;=K KG� � N=J <9< =I M= K= 9D; 9FY 9F GH JG; =KK GK =JU K=E HJ= ME 9K _ F=E E9 L=J A9D F=E >GJ E9 D E 9K HJG ;=K KM9 D G MK =B9 9I M=D 9I M= <=; GJJ =J <9 E9 AK9 EH D9H JG< MYX G< = HJG N9K �HG KK] N=D � 3 ) P ri n c p io d a le a ld a d e p ro ce ss u a l (a rt . 1 4 , II , d o C P C ): ZG HJA F;] HAG H=D G IM9 D9K H9J L=K E =KE G= KL9 F<G =E ;GF L=F <9 BM< A;A9 D < =N= E LJ9 L9J �K= ;GE MJ: 9FA <9< = =9 LM9 J; GE :G9 �>Z �+ �, � L=E NUJ A9K J=? J9K <= HJG L=Y XG V: G9� >Z ;GE G HGJ �� � � =P= EH DG 9I M= HMF =G DALA ?9F L=< =E U�> Z� 9JL K�� �= ��� I M= <=L =JE AF9 9; GF< =F9 YXG F9K ;MK L9K <= J=L 9J< 9E =FL G= H=J <9 <= @GF GJU JAG K9 <NG ;9L ];AG K< =;G JJ= FL= K< 9K M;M E� :\F ;A9 �9J L�� �� =KL 9:= D=; =E MDL 99 G= P=; ML9 <G IM= 9 H_K AFL AE 9YX G FXG AF< A;9 =E ;AF ;G <A9 K G F<= K= =F; GFL J9E GK :=F KK MB= ALG KV H=F @GJ 9= K=M KJ =KH =;L ANG KN 9DG J=K �9J LK�� ��� �%2 �=� ��� � �= FLJ =�N UJA GK� GML JGK � 4 ) P ri n c p io d a p er su a s o ra ci o n a l d o ju iz Ð o u li v re co n v en ci m en to m o - ti v a d o Ð (a rt . 1 3 1 d o C P C ): <= 9;G J<G ;GE G9 JL� ��� <G �, � GB MAR 9HJ =;A 9D ANJ =� E= FL= 9H JGN 9 G :K= JN9 F<G GI M= ;GF KL9 <GK 9ML GK E9 K 9 GH JG> =JA J9 K=F L=F Y9 <=N = AF< A;9 JG KE GLA NGK IM= D@= >GJ E9 J9E G; GFN =F; AE =FL G� *X G@ U@ A=J 9JI MA9 =FL J= 9K HJG N9K � 5) P ri n c p io d a o ra li d a d e: KA? FA> A;9 9F =;= KKA <9< =< =G BMD ?9< GJ 9HJ GPA E9 J�K = GI M9F LG HGK K]N =D< 9AF KLJM YXG =< 9K HJG N9K J=9 DAR9 <9K 9G DGF ?G <G HJG ;=K KG� = D=< =� ;GJ J=E �K M:H JAF ;]H AGK �im ed ia o �G BMD ?9< GJ <=N =; GD@ =J <AJ =L9 E= FL= 9H JGN 9� = id en ti d a d e f si ca d o ju iz �G E9 ?AK LJ9 <G IM= ;GD @= HJG N9 GJ9 D=E 9M< A\F ;A9 >A; 9N AF; M� D9< G�9 G�B MD? 9E =FL G�< G�H =<A <G� l�9 JL�� ��� �<G ��, ��� 6 ) P ri n c p io d a ec o n o m ia p ro ce ss u a l e d a in st ru m en ta li d a d e d a s fo rm a s: GK HJA F;] HAG K< 9= ;GF GE A9 HJG ;=K KM9 D= <9 AFK LJM E= FL9 DA< 9<= <9K >GJ E9 K= F;G FLJ 9E �K= AFL AE 9E =FL =D A?9 <GK �+ HJA F;] HAG <9 =;G FGE A9 HJG ;=K KM9 DH J=; GFA R9 IM= 9E UIM AF9 BM< A;AU JA9 <=N =< =KH =F< =J GE ]FA EG HGK K]N =D <= =K> GJY G; GE NAK L9K 9> GJF =;= JM E9 =>= LAN 9H J=K L9Y XG BMJ AK< A;AG F9D G MK =B9 < =N= �K= :MK ;9J GE UPA EG J=K MDL 9<G F9 9LM � 9YX G< G< AJ= ALG ;GE GE ]FA EG =E HJ= ?G HGK K]N =D <= 9LAN A<9 <=K HJG ;=K KM9 AK� 9 ]< =� ;GJ J= GH JAF ;]H AG <9 AFK LJM E= FL9 DA< 9<= <9K >GJ E9 K I M= ;GF KAK L=F 9E UPA E9 <=IM= GK 9LG KH JG; =KK M9A K< =N= E K=J 9HJ GN= AL9< GK 9G EU PAE G� ,G J= KL= HJA F;] HAG @ 9N= JU G 9HJ GN= AL9E =FL G< GK 9LG KH JG; =KK M9A KI M9F <G J=9 DAR9 <GK <= ME 9< =L= JE AF9 <9 >GJ E9 9AF <9 IM= FXG K=F <G 9IM =D9 HJ= K;J AL9 =E D=A L=F @9E 9LAF ?A< GK M9 >AF 9DA< 9<= =F XG ;9M K=E �HJ =BM ]RG �9�I M9D IM= J�< 9K� H9J L=K �GM �9G �AF L=J =KK =�H b:D A;G � 3. IN S T IT U T O S F U N D A M E N T A IS D O P R O C E S S O C IV IL /XG 9IM =D= KI M= ;GF KLAL M=E G9 J;9 :GM YG <9 ;A\ F;A 9H JG; =KK M9D �0 G<9 K9 KF GJ� E9 K< =; MF@ GH JG; =KK M9D =KL XG J=D 9;A GF9 <9K GM L\E HGJ G:B =LG ME <=K K=K AFK LALM LGK >MF <9E =FL 9AK �BM JAK< AYX G 9YX G <=> =K9 =H JG; =KK G� *X G@ UF GJE 9< =; MF@ GH JG; =KK M9D IM= �FX G�= KL= B9�J =D9 ;AG F9< 9�; GE �ME �<= KK= K�AF KLAL MLG K� �� � � 3. 1 Ju ri sd i o �B MJA K<A YXG ZM E9 <9K >MF Ya= K< G! KL9 <G IM= K= KM: KLAL MA VK H9J L=K F9 KGD MYX G <GK ;GF >DAL GK <= AFL =J= KK= K 9 H9J LAJ <9 9HD A;9 YXG <9 NGF L9< =G :B= LAN 9< G< AJ= ALG IM= J=? =G ;9K G; GF; J=L G9 HJ= K=F L9< G� ,G JE =AG <9 >MF YXG BMJ AK< A;AG F9D G! KL9 <G K= ;GE � HJG E= L= 9 <9J KGD MYa =K �J= KHG KL9 K� H9J 9 DAL] ?AG K= FLJ = H=K KG9 K< =L= JE AF9 <9K GM E= KE G= FLJ =M E FbE =JG AF< =L= JE AFU N=D <= H=K KG9 K�0 =E ;GE G> MFY XG 99 HDA ;9Y XG <9 D=A =9 LML =D9 <GK <AJ =ALG K< GK ;A< 9<X GK� 0J9 L9� K= 9BM JAK< AYX G< =M E HG< =J� <=N =J <G !KL 9<G HG KLG IM= G! KL9 <G <=L ZE 9H J=J JG? 9LAN 9= G< =N= J< =< =;A <AJ =E <=> AFA LAN G 9 ;GF LJG NZJ KA9 �IM =�D@ =�> GA� LJ9 RA< 9� /XG �=K ;GH GK� �G: B=LA NGK ��< 9�BM JAK< AYX G� a ) es co p o so ci a l: GG :B= LAN GH JAF ;AH 9D <9 BMJ AK< AYX GZ 9H 9;A >A; 9YX GK G;A 9D NAK � 9F< G�9 G�: =E �;G EM E� b ) es co p o p o l ti co : 9B MJA K<A YXG :MK ;9 9>A JE 9J GH G<= J< G! KL9 <G HJ= K=J N9F <G K=M K�H J=; =ALG K�>M F<9 E= FL9 AK� c) es co p o ju r d ic o : L=E HGJ G:B =LAN G9 HDA ;9J 9N GFL 9<= <G <AJ =ALG 9G ;9K G ;GF ;J= LG� 3. 1. 1 C a ra ct e r st ic a s d a ju ri sd i o /XG �;9 J9; L=J ]KLA ;9K �<9 �BM JAK< AYX G� a ) in r ci a : 9BM JAK< AYX GZ AF= JL= F XG HG< =F< GK =J HJ= KL9 <9 <= G>] ;AG �ne p ro ce d - a t iu d ex e x o ff ic io ), <=K =FN GDN =F< G�K =�K GE =FL =�I M9F <G� >GJ �HJ GNG ;9< 9� b ) im p a rc ia li d a d e: 9B MJA K<A YXG ZA EH 9J; A9D <=N =F< GG _J? XG J=K H=; LAN GH J=� KL9 J9 LML =D9 BMJ AK< A;AG F9D K=E =E HJ= ?9J AFL =J= KK= H9J LA;M D9J GM <= L=J ;=A JG H9J 9G <=K DAF <=� <9� ;9M K9� c) su b st it u ti v id a d e: 99 LAN A<9 <= BMJ AK< A;AG F9D KM: KLAL MA 9N GFL 9<= <9K H9J L=K DAL� A?9 FL= K�I M=� =KL XG� HJG A:A <9K �<= �=P =J; =J� 9�9 MLG LML =D9 � d ) d ef in it iv id a d e: 9BM JAK< AYX GZ 9LAN A<9 <= 9HL 99 >GJ E9 J; GAK 9BM D?9 <9 E9 L=J A9D LGJ F9F <G� <=> AFA LAN G�G �K= M�H JGN AE =FL G� 3. 1. 2 P ri n c p io s d a ju ri sd i o 0J9 <A; AGF 9DE =FL = �9 �<G MLJ AF9 �9H GFL 9�� �HJ AF; ]HA GK� AF= J=F L=K �V�B MJA K<A YXG � a ) in v es ti d u ra : K_� =P= J;= �BM JAK< AYX G�I M=E �G; MH9 �G�; 9J? G�< =�BM AR� � � � b ) a d er n ci a a o te rr it ri o : GK BM] R=K K_ L\E 9ML GJA <9< =< =FL JG <G L=J JAL_ JAG F9; AGF 9D J=K H=A L9< GK GK DAE AL=K <= KM9 ;GE H=L \F; A9� � BMJ AK< AYX GK == P=J ;= =E <=� L=J EA F9< G�L =JJ AL_ JAG �<= �9; GJ< G�; GE �9K �J= ?J9 K�< =�; GE H=L \F; A9� c) in d el eg a b il id a d e: FXG HG< =@ 9N= J< =D= ?9Y XG <= KM9 ;GE H=L \F; A9� + _J? XG BMJ AK< A;AG F9D L=E 9G :JA ?9Y XG <= HJ= KL9 J9 9LAN A<9 <= BMJ AK< A;AG F9D F XG HG< =F< G =K; MK9 J�K =< =B MD? 9J GM 9:< A;9 J< =K M9K >MF Ya= K= E >9N GJ <= GML JGK _J? XGK <=F LJG GM >GJ 9�< G�, G<= J�&M <A; AUJ AG� d ) in ev it a b il id a d e: 99 MLG JA< 9<= <GK _J? XGK BMJ AK< A;AG F9A KA EH a=� K= HGJ KA E= KE 9 A F<= H=F <=F L=E =FL =< 9N GFL 9<= <9K H9J L=K KG :H =F9 <= ;ME HJA E= FLG ;G= J;A L� ANG �<G �IM =�> GA� <=L =JE AF9 <G� e) in a fa st a b il id a d e: 9H J=K L9Y XG BMJ AK< A;AG F9D ZG :JA ?9L _JA 9H 9J9 G! KL9 <G� �D =A FXG HG< =JU =P; DMA J< 99 HJ= ;A9 YXG <G ,G <=J &M< A;AU JAG D=K XG GM 9E =9Y 9< =D= KXG �+ 9JL � ��� <G �, � =KL 9:= D=; =I M= GB MAR =KL UG :JA ?9< G9 =E ALAJ K=F L=F Y9 FXG HG< =F< G 9D= ?9J �H� �=P � �9 �D9; MF9 �<9 �D=A � 3. 1. 3 C la ss ifi ca e s d a ju ri sd i o �H =K9 J< 9 MFA ;A< 9<= = AF< ANA KA: ADA< 9<= <9 BMJ AK< AYX G 9 <GM LJAF 9 ;GK LME 9 ;D9 KKA >A; U�D 9�K =?M AF< G�N UJA GK� ;JA LZJ AGK � %�l �IM 9FL G�V �E 9LZ JA9 ��H =F9 D�G M�; ANA D��F XG� H=F 9D� � %%l IM9 FLG 9G G:B =LG �; GFL =F; AGK 9G MN GDM FLU JA9 �* 9B MJA K<A YXG ;GF L=F ;AG K9 =P� AKL= ME ;GF >DAL G< =A FL= J=K K=K 9HJ =K= FL9 <G =E BM] RG H9J 9I M= K=B 9K GDM ;AG F9< GH =DG !KL 9<G �BM AR ;GE 9; GFK =IM =FL =H JG< MYX G< 9; GAK 9B MD? 9<9 ; GE G HGJ =P= EH DG F9K 9Ya =K <= ;G: J9F Y9 GM AF< =FA R9L _JA 9K� *G =FL 9FL G HGJ N=R =K HG< =G ;GJ J=J IM= = E� :GJ 9F XG @9B 99 HJ= K=F Y9 <= ME ;GF >DAL G< =A FL= J=K K=K < 9<9 9J =D= NWF ;A9 GM 9H J_H JA9 F9L MJ= R9 <9 E9 LZJ A9 <AK ;ML A<9 AE Ha= GD =?A KD9 <GJ H 9J9 9N 9DA< 9<= <= 9D? MFK 9LG K 9 H9J LA;A H9Y XG <= ME _J? XG Hb: DA;G K =F< GA F<A KH= FKU N=D 9H J=K =FY 9< GB MAR �* =KK=K ;9K GK G& M<A ;AU JAG 9?= 9H= F9K =E ALAF <G ME 9< =;D 9J9 YXG <= NGF L9< =� 9LAN A<9 <= E= J9� E= FL= @GE GDG ?9L _JA 9� <=K =B9 F<G L9E :ZE IM= G9 LG 9LAF B9 GJ =KM DL9< GN AK9 <G H=D 9K H9J L=K �! KK= K9 LGK HJ9 LA;9 <GK H=D GB MAR J=; =:= E GF GE =< =j u ri sd i o vo lu n t ri a G M ?J9 ;AG K9 GM 9<E AFA KLJ9 LAN 9�* 9BM JAK< AYX GN GDM FLU JA9 ;G EG FXG @U AFL =J= KK= K= E ;GF � >DAL GF XG @U p a rt es E 9K LXG KGE =FL =A FL= J=K K9< GK� �DZ E <AK KG ;GE GF XG K= LJ9 L9 <= 9LAN A<9 <= BMJ AK< A;AG F9D Z AE HJ_ HJA G> 9D9 J= E a o H GAK =KL 9K =; GF; =ALM 9; GE GG <AJ =ALG �<= N=J <= HJG NG; 9J G= P=J ;]; AG <9 9LAN A<9 <= BMJ AK< A;AG F9D ;GF L=F ;AG K9� = H=D 9 E= KE 9J 9RX G FXG @U co is a ju lg a d a H GAK L9D >=F `E =FG ZL ]HA ;G <9K K=F L=F Y9K BMJ AK< A;AG F9A K� %%% lI M9F LG V= KH= ;A9 DAR9 YXG �; GE ME �>= <=J 9D == KL9 <M9 D�= =KH =;A 9D �E ADAL 9J =D= ALG J9D �=�L J9: 9D@ AKL9 �� �� � � %2 �l�I M9F LG� 9G� ?J9 M�� AF> =JA GJ� GM� KMH =JA GJ� 3. 1. 4 F o rm a s a lte rn a tiv a s p a ra a s o lu o d o s co n fli - to s d e in te re ss e s (e q u iv a le n te s ju ri sd ic io n a is ) a ) A u to tu te la : FGJ E9 DE =FL =Z HJG A:A <9 H=D GG J<= F9E =FL GB MJ] <A; G HGA KF XG K= 9<E AL= IM= GH J_H JAG AFL =J= KK9 <G HGJ KM9 K> GJY 9K J=9 DAR= BMK LAY9 �� GFL M<G @ U= P� ;=Y a=K = E IM= 99 MLG LML =D9 ZH =JE ALA< 9� =E D=? ]LAE 9< =>= K9 FG <AJ =ALG <= J=L =FY XG �9J L�� �� <G �� � F G< =K> GJY GA E= <A9 LG F9 <=> =K9 <9 HGK K= �9J L�� ��� � e� h < G� �� = GML JGK � b) A u to co m p o si o : J=K GDN =�K =G ;GF >DAL GH GJ E= AG <= ;GF ;ADA 9YX G� � 9ML G� ;GE HGK AYX GK =G H=J 9H GJ �> GJE 9K� 9J =Fb F;A 99 G< AJ= ALG �G J=; GF@ =;A E= FLG <9 HJ= � L=F KXG =9 LJ9 FK9 YXG �! KK9 K> GJE 9K HG< =E K=J MLA DAR9 <9K <=F LJG �9J L�� �� <G �, �� GM >GJ 9�< 9�J =D9 YXG �HJ G;= KKM 9D� c) A rb it ra g em (L ei n . 9 .3 0 7 /9 6 ): LJ9 L9� K= <= E= AG H9J 9=K L9L9 D< =K GDM YXG <= ;GF >DAL G <= AFL =J= KK= K� � 9J: ALJ9 ?=E HG< =K =J AFK LALM ]<9 E= <A9 FL= ;DU MKM D9 ;GE � HJG EA KK_ JA9 GM 9LJ 9NZ K< G; GE HJG EA KKG 9J: ALJ9 D�/ GE =FL =H G<= E <=D 9N 9D= J�K =H =KK � G9K ;9H 9R= K= <=K <= IM= GK <AJ =ALG K; GFL JGN =JL A<G KK =B9 E H9L JAE GFA 9AK <AK HGF ]N= AK� �DZ E <AK KG 99 J:A LJ9 ?=E B9E 9AK HG< =K =J AE HGK L9 MFA D9L= J9D E= FL= �< =N= GJA ?AF 9J� K= <= 9;G J<G <= NGF L9< =K� � K=F L=F Y9 HJG D9L9 <9 H=D GU J:A LJG ?=J 9G KE =KE GK =>= ALG K< 9 K=F L=F Y9 BM< A;A9 D < => GJE 9I M= <AK H=F K9 @GE GDG ?9Y XG HGJ H9J L= <G &M< A;AU JAG H9J 9 IM= HJG <MR 9= >=A LGK �T ;GF KA< =J9 <9 H=D G D=? AKD9 <GJ L]LM DG =P= ;ML ANG BM< A;A9 D= Z AJJ= ;GJ J]N =D� /9D A=F L=� K= IM= =E :GJ 9G UJ: ALJG HGK K9 <=; A<A JG EZ JALG F XG HG< =LG E9 J F=F @ME 9H JGN A<\ F;A 9= P=; MLA N9 GM ;9M L=D9 J <=N =F< G�K = F=K K=K ;9K GK :MK ;9J G ,G <=J �&M <A; AUJ AG� 4. D A A Ì O �Y XG ZG <AJ =ALG Hb: DA;G KM :B= LAN G 9ML `FG EG 9: KLJ9 LG ;GF <A; AGF 9<G =A FKL JM� E= FL9 D< =H JGN G;9 J9 9LAN A<9 <= BMJ AK< A;AG F9D = HGK KMA AF= ?UN =DF 9LM J=R 9; GFK LALM ;AG F� 9D �9J L�� h 4 44 2 <9 �" ��T <AJ =ALG p b li co HGJ IM= Z= P=J ;A< G= E >9; =< G! KL9 <G� BMA R 9 DZE <= K=J ME <AJ =ALG ;GF >=J A<G 9LG <GK �su b je ti vo HGJ IM= ZM E9 >9; MD< 9<= ;GF � >=J A<9 VIM =D= IM= K= K=F L= 9E =9Y 9<G GM D=K 9<G �a u t n o m o HGJ IM= ZM E <AJ =ALG �� � � <AK LAF LG <G <AJ =ALG E9 L=J A9D� a b st ra to HGJ IM= 99 YXG =PA KL= 9AF <9 IM= G< =E 9F< 9FL = FXG K=B 9LA LMD 9J <G <AJ =ALG E9 L=J A9D IM= 9>A JE 9= PAK LAJ� co n d ic io n a d o HGJ IM= G9 MLG JK_ HG< == PA? AJ9 LML =D9 BMJ AK< A;AG F9D K= HJ= K=F L=K 9K ;GF <AY a=K <9 9YX G� L=G JA9 =;D ZLA; 9�� = in st ru m en ta l HGJ IM= �HG KKA :AD AL9� ME �HJ GFM F;A 9E =FL G�B M<A ;A9 D� � 9YX G ;GE G< AJ= ALG 9M E9 J=K HGK L9 <= EZ JALG < =H= F<= <G HJ= =F; @AE =FL G< = <=L =JE AF9 <9K ;GF <AY a=K F =;= KKU JA9 KH 9J9 9K M9 =PA KL\ F;A 9�/ =E =D9 K F XG @9N =JU J=K � HGK L9 <= EZ JALG = G9 MLG JK =JU ;GF KA< =J9 <G ;9J =;= <GJ <9 9YX G� $9 N=J UM E HJG ;=K KG <=; GJJ =FL =�< G�< AJ= ALG �<= �<= E9 F<9 J �E 9K� FXG �=P =J; ];AG �<G �<A J=A LG� <=� 9YX G� 4. 1 C o n d i es d a a o /XG 9IM =D9 KF =;= KKU JA9 KH 9J9 9H J_H JA9 =PA KL\ F;A 9< 99 YXG �� KM9 9MK \F; A9 <=N = K=J ;GF @=; A<9 <= G>] ;AG H=D GB MAR =9 IM9 DIM =J L=E HG GM ?J9 M< =B MJA K<A YXG AE HDA ;� 9F< G= PLA FYX G< G> =ALG K=E J=K GDM YXG <G EZ JALG �� K; GF< AYa =K <9 9YX G< =N= E =KL 9J HJ= =F; @A< 9K FG EG E= FLG <9 KM9 HJG HGK ALM J9 =9 GD GF? G< =L G<G GH JG; =KK G 9LZ G BMD ?9E =FL G� ,9J 9G �_ <A? G< =, JG; =KK G� ANA DN A?= FL= H GJ AF> DM\ F;A 9< =( A=: E9 F KXG �9 K ;GF <AY a=K <9 9YX G� HGK KA: ADA< 9<= BMJ ]<A ;9 <G H=< A<G D= ?AL AE A<9 <= <9K H9J L=K =A F� L=J =KK =�< =�9 ?AJ � a ) P o ss ib il id a d e ju r d ic a d o p ed id o : FXG K= 9<E AL= >GJ EM D9Y XG <= HJ= L=F Ka= K IM= ;GF LJ9 JA= E GG J<= F9E =FL GB MJ] <A; G� TD ];AL GH D=AL =9J �K= GI M= FXG ZN =<9 <G� *X G K= J=> =J= 9H= F9K 9G H=< A<G E 9K L9E :ZE V; 9MK 9< =H =<A J= VK H9J L=K �* GL= �K= IM= G HJ_ HJA G( A=: E9 FB UF XG ;D9 KKA >A;9N9 9H GKK A:A DA< 9<= BMJ ]<A ;9 ;GE G; GF< AYX G< 99 YXG =9 <GM LJAF 99 LM9 D;G KLM E9 LJ9 L9J 9H GKK A:A DA< 9<= BMJ ]<A ;9 <G H=< A<G ;GE GM E9 <9K n u - a n ce s <G AFL =J= KK= <= 9?A J�, 9J9 9< GML JAF 9E 9BG JALU JA9 GE =D@ GJ =FL =F< AE =FL GZ G< = IM= FXG =PA KL= H=< A<G BMJ A<A ;9E =FL =A EH GKK ]N= D�, G<= @9N =J KAE M E9 HJ= L=F KXG <=� <MR A<9 =E BM] RG IM= FXG L=F @9 ?M9 JA< 9F GG J<= F9E =FL GB MJ] <A; G GI M= =IM AN9 D= 9 <AR =J� IM= �G�< =E 9F< 9FL =�F XG� L=E �G�< AJ= ALG �E 9L= JA9 D�9D =?9 <G� �IM =KL XG� <=� EZ JALG �� b ) L eg it im id a d e p a ra a ca u sa : Z9 J=D 9YX G< =H =JL AF\ F;A 9K M:B =LAN 9= FLJ =G ;GF >DAL GL J9R A<G 9B M]R G= 9I M9D A<9 <= H9J 9D ALA? 9J 9J =KH =ALG <=D = ;GE G< =E 9F< 9FL = GM <=E 9F< 9<G �� J=? J9 FG HJG ;=K KG ;AN AD Z< =I M= FAF ?MZ E HG< =A J9 BM] RG =E FGE =H J_H JAG H 9J9 HGK LMD 9J <AJ =ALG GM AFL =J= KK= 9D@ =AG �� IM= D= IM= 9D= ?9 K=J LALM D9J <= ME <AJ =ALG ZI M=E <=N =A J9 BM] RG =E FGE =H J_H JAG H 9J9 HGK LMD U�D G� 9JL �� h< G �, ��� �0J 9L9 �K= �<9 �D=? ALAE A<9 <=� GJ< AFU JA9 � !E ;AJ ;MF KLW F;A 9K =P; =H; AGF 9AK H GJZ E =PH J=K K9E =FL = HJ= NAK L9K =E D=A 9<E AL=� K= IM= 9D? MZE NU 9BM ]RG =E FGE =H J_H JAG H 9J9 HGK LMD 9J GM <=> =F< =J <AJ =ALG 9D@ =AG �* =KK 9@ AH_ L=K =G ;GJ J= GI M= K= <=F GE AF9 D=? ALAE A<9 <= =PL J9G J<A FUJ A9 GM �� � � KM: KLAL MAY XG HJG ;=K KM9 D�/ M:K LALM LG HJG ;=K KM9 DZ 9IM =D= IM= 9LM 9; GE GH 9JL = HGK LM� D9F <G� GM� <=> =F< =F< G�M E� <AJ =ALG �IM =�F XG� Z�K =M �E 9K� <G� KM: KLAL M]< G� � KM: KLAL MAY XG HJG ;=K KM9 DF XG K= ;GF >MF <= ;GE 9J =HJ =K= FL9 YXG HJG ;=K KM9 D F=E �;G E� 9�K M;= KKX G�H JG; =KK M9D � a ) le g iti m id a d e o rd in ri a : a lg u m , e m n o m e p r p ri o , d e fe n d e d ir e ito o u in te re ss e p r p ri o ; b ) le g iti m id a d e e xt ra o rd in ri a : a lg u m , e m n o m e p r p ri o , d e fe n d e d ir e ito o u in te re ss e a lh e io ; c) r e p re se n ta o p ro ce ss u a l: a lg u m , e m n o m e a lh e io , d e fe n d e d ir e ito o u in te re ss e a lh e io . c) In te re ss e d e a g ir : Z; GFK LALM ]<G H=D G :AF `E AG F=; =KK A<9 <=� MLA DA< 9<= �9< � =IM 9YX G� � HJG HGK ALM J9 <9 9YX GK =JU F=; =KK UJA 9I M9F <G AF< AKH =FK UN= DH 9J9 IM= G KMB =ALG G:L =F@ 9G :=E <=K =B9 <G� �9 <=I M9Y XG J=> =J= �K= V= K;G D@9 <G E= AG HJG ;=K KM9 D H=J LAF =FL =I M= HJG <MR 9M E J=K MDL 9<G bLA D�/ GE =FL =H GKK MA AFL =J= KK= <= 9?A JI M=E L=E 9F =;= KKA <9< =< =A F?J =KK 9J H=J 9FL =G ,G <=J &M< A;AU JAG H9J 9: MK; 9J ME 9H JGN A<\ F;A 9 BMJ AK< A;AG F9D �IM =�D@ =�LJ 9?9 �:= F=> ];AG �HJ ULA; G� 4. 1. 1 C a r n ci a d a a o � 9FU DAK= <9K ;GF <AY a=K <9 9YX GJ =N= D9E 9G BMD ?9< GJ K= 9K H9J L=K KXG <=N A<9 � E= FL= D=? ]LAE 9K H9J 99 <=E 9F< 9 K= @U AFL =J= KK= <= 9?A J :=E ;GE GK =G H=< A<G HD= AL=9 <G ZB MJA <A; 9E =FL =H GKK ]N= D= 99 MK\ F;A 9< =I M9D IM= JM E9 <=K L9K ;GF <AY a=K D=N 9V ;9J \F; A9 <= 9YX G� � ;9J \F; A9 <= 9YX G< =N= K=J ;GF @=; A<9 <= G>] ;AG H=D GB MAR = HG< =JU K=J >=A L9 9I M9D IM= JL= EH G= ?J9 M< =B MJA K<A YXG H GKL GL J9L 9J� K= <= E9 LZJ A9 <= GJ< =E Hb: DA;9 �� 9MK \F; A9 <9K ;GF <AY a=K <9 9YX GL GJF 9G 9ML GJ ;9J =;= <GJ <9 9YX G= =PL AF? M=� G�H JG; =KK G�K =E �J= KGD MYX G�< G�E ZJA LG� �9J L��� �� �2% �<G ��, ��� T eo ri a d a A ss er o : K=? MF< G= KL9 L=G JA9 9 K; GF< AYa =K <9 9YX GK XG 9>= JA< 9K K=? MF< G9 K9 >AJE 9Ya =K GM 9K 9KK =JL AN9 K> =AL9 KH =DG 9ML GJ F9 H=L AYX GA FA; A9D �in st a tu a ss er ti o n is � 9 FL= KI M= 9K HJG N9K K=B 9E HJG <MR A<9 K� !E GML JGK L=J EG K H9J 9G K< =� >=F KGJ =K <9 0= GJA 9< 9� KK= JYX G 9H J=K =FY 9< 9K ;GF <AY a=K <9 9YX G< =N= K=J N=J A>A; 9<9 =E 9:K LJ9 LG ;GF KA< =J9 F<G �K= H GJ @AH _L= K= IM= 9K 9KK =JL AN9 K< G< =E 9F< 9FL == E KM9 AFA ;A9 DK =B9 E N=J <9< =AJ 9K� = KL9 >GJ E9 K = 9H= F9K FG ;MJ KG <9 <=E 9F< 9 J=K L9J HJG N9< 99 9MK \F; A9 <= ME 9< 9K ;GF <AY a=K <9 9YX G 9@ AH_ L=K =K =JU <= AE HJG ;=< \F; A9 <G� H=< A<G ��9 JL�� ��� �% �<G ��, ��� =�F XG� <=� ;9J \F; A9�< 9�9 YXG ��9 JL�� ��� �2 % �< G�� ,� �� � � � � 4. 2 E le m en to s d a a o � 9YX GH GKK MA GK K=? MAF L=K =D= E= FLG KA< =FL A>A; 9<G J=K �p a rt es ca u sa d e p ed ir = p ed id o �� <GL 9�K = H GAK 9 L=G JA9 <9 LJ]H DA;= A<= FLA <9< =�+ HJA E= AJG ZG =D= EF LG KM: B=L� ANG =F IM9 FLG GK <GA Kb DLAE GK KXG GK =D= E= FLG KG :B= LAN GK� 9 9FU DAK= <GK =D= E= FLG KZ HGK K]N =D 9N= JA? M9J IM9 F<G 9K 9Ya =K KXG A<\ FLA ;9K GM K= <A> =J= F;A 9E �� AF< A;9 YXG <GK =D= E= FLG K�BU �<= N=� >A? MJ9 J�F 9�H =LAY XG� AFA ;A9 D��9 JL�� ��� �%% �%% %�= �%2 �<G ��, ��� a ) P a rt es : IM= E H=< =9 LML =D9 BMJ AK< A;AG F9D == E >9; =< =I M= =KK 9L ML= D9 ZH GK� LMD 9<9 �/ XG H9J L=K 9IM =D= KI M= >A? 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(� 0%2 �� E x ce es : ¥ /AL M9Y XG <9 ;GA K9 H9J 99 K; 9MK 9K >MF <9< 9K=E <AJ =ALG J=9 DKG :J= AE _N= AK� fo r- u m re i si ta e� l9 JL� �� <G �, � L9AK ;GE G� <AJ =ALG <= HJG HJA =<9 <=� NAR AF@ 9FY 9� K=J � NA< XG� HGK K=� <AN AKX G� <=E 9J; 9YX G< =L= JJ9 K�F MF; A9Y XG <= G:J 9F GN9 �/ 9DA= FL= �K= IM= K= LJ9 L9 <= J=? J9 <= ;GE H=L \F; A9 L=J JALG JA9 D9 :KG DML 9 H GAK 9H 9JL =Z G:J A?9 <9 9H JGH GJ 99 YXG FG DM? 9J =E IM= K= KALM 9G AE _N= D�! FLJ =L9 FLG K =9 9YX GF XG N=J K9J KG: J= J=> =JA <GK <AJ =ALG K G 9ML GJ HG< =JU GHL 9J =FL J= G> GJG <9 KALM 9YX G< 9; GAK 9 < G< GE A;]D AG <G JZM GM H=D G> GJG <= =D= AYX G� *= KL9 @AH _L= K= 9; GE H=L \F; A9 ZJ =D9 LAN 9= ;GF ;GJ � J=F L= � ;9: =F< G�9 G�9 MLG J�9 �=K ;GD @9� ¥ �A F;G EH =L\ F;A 9F G; 9KG <= HJG HGK ALM J9 <9 9YX G> GJ9 <G DG; 9D< 9; GAK 9Z 9:K G� DML 9= HG< =K =J J=; GF@ =;A <9 <= G>] ;AG H=D GB MAR �9J L�� �� <G �, �� =9 D=? 9<9 H=D GJ ZM =E HJ= DAE AF9 J� 9JL �� �� %% <G �, �� AF< =H= F<= FL= E= FL= <= GHG KAY XG <= =P; =YX G <=; DAF 9L_ JA9 � 2 ) E m r a z o d a m a t ri a ( ra ti o n e m a te ri a e ) !P AKL\ F;A 9< =N 9J9 KG MB M]R GK =KH =;A 9DAR 9<G KH 9J9 ;GF @=; =J =B MD? 9J 9Ya =K N=J � L=F L=K KG: J= <=L =JE AF9 <9 E9 LZJ A9� !P ��2 9J9 <9 "9E ]DA9 =/ M;= KKa =K� 29 J9 <GK .= ?AK � LJG K�, b:D A;G K �2 9J9 �<9 �"9 D\F ;A9 �=L; ��T �<= �F9 LMJ =R9 ��� /+ (1 0� � 3 ) E m r a z o d a p es so a ( ra ti o n e p er so n a e ) T< =F 9LM J=R 9� �/ +( 10 � =G :B= LAN 9� .= >=J =�K =9 <=L =JE AF9 <9K H=K KG9 KI M= ?GR 9E <G HJA NAD Z?A G< =K =J KM: E= LA< 9K 9B MD? 9E =FL GH GJ BM] RGK =KH =;A 9DAR 9<G K�! P�� 29 J9� <9� "9R =F< 9�, b:D A;9 � 4 ) E m r a z o d o v a lo r d a c a u sa 0G <9� ;9M K9� <=N =�L= J�M E� N9D GJ� 9LJ A:M ]<G �F9 �AF A;A9 D �9 AF< 9�I M=� FXG �K= B9�; =JL G� *G &MA R9< G! KH= ;A9 DZ <= 9LZ �� K9D UJA GK E] FAE GK �9J L�� h % < 9( =AF �� ��� � � �� =�F G�& MAR 9<G �!K H=; A9D� "=< =J9 D��( =A�F ���� ��� � � ��� ��Z �9LZ ��� �K9 DUJ AGK �E ]FA EG K� !KK =; JALZ JAG <= ;GE H=L \F; A9Z LA< GH =DG �, �; GE GJ =D9 LAN G= J= 9DE =FL = = KL9 Z 9J =?J 9 E 9K @U =P; =Ya =K� + _J? XG BMD ?9< GJ ;GE H=L =FL =H 9J9 ;GF @=; =J ME 9; 9MK 9< = � �� � � E9 AGJ N9D GJ L9E :ZE Z; GE H=L =FL =H 9J9 9< =E =FG JN 9DG J E9 KG BM] RG <= E= FGJ 9DY 9<9 �;G E ;GE H=L \F; A9 H9J 9; 9MK 9< =9 LZ <=L =JE AF9 <G N9D GJ� Z9 :KG DML 9E =FL =A F� ;GE H=L =FL =H 9J9 9K ;9M K9K <= E9 AGJ N9D GJ� *= KL9 @AH _L= K= HGJ L9F LG 9; GE H=L \F; A9 H=D GN 9DG J< 9; 9MK 9Z 9:K GDM L9� 09 E: ZE F=K K= K=F LA< G9 ;GE H=L \F; A9 <GK &MA R9< GK !KH =;A 9AK �]N =AK "=< =J9 AK IM= L\E ;GE G; JALZ JAG <= ;GE H=L \F; A9 =FL J= GML JGK G N9D � GJ <9 ;9M K9 �;9 MK9 K< 9& MKL AY9 "=< =J9 D9 LZ GN 9DG J< =� �K 9DU JAG KE ]FA EG K� = 9H= K9J <AK KG <AK Ha= =PH J=K K9E =FL =I M= FG >GJ GG F<= =KL AN= JA FKL 9D9 <9 29 J9 <G &MA R9< G !KH =;A 9D � 9�K M9� ;GE H=L \F; A9�Z �9: KGD ML9 ��9 JL�� �h �e�� h �< 9�( =A�F ���� ��� � � ��� �� 5. 3. 1 C o m p e t n ci a a b so lu ta T9 =KL 9:= D=; A<9 =E >9N GJ <G AFL =J= KK= Hb: DA;G �9 KKA E FXG ZH 9KK ]N= D< =E G<A � >A; 9YX GH =D9 NGF L9< =< 9K H9J L=K =E >GJ G< == D=AY XG F=E =E <=; GJJ \F; A9 <= EG LAN GK D=? 9AK �<= �HJ GJJ G?9 YXG �;G EG �9�; GF= PXG �=�9 �;G FLA F\F ;A9 � ��F XG� G:K =JN WF; A9�? =J9 �9�F MDA <9< =�9 :KG DML 9�< GK� 9LG K�< =;A K_J AGK �<G �HJ G;= KKG � +K =>= ALG K< 9; GAK 9B MD? 9<9 HG< =E K=J J=N G?9 <GK HGJ 9YX GJ =K; AK_ JA9 �9J L�� �� %% � <G� �, ��� + BMA R< =N= J=; GF@ =;= J< =G >]; AG HG< =F< G> 9R\ �DG 9I M9D IM= JL= EH G= ?J9 M< = BMJ AK< AYX G� +K 9LG K< =;A K_J AGK KXG LG< GK FMD GK HJ= K=J N9F <G� K= GK 9LG KH JG: 9L_ JAG K�/ = GB MAR FXG J=; GF@ =;= J9 AF; GE H=L \F; A9 9:K GDM L9 <= G>] ;AG H G<= JU GJ ZM 9D= ?U� D9 =E HJ= DAE AF9 J< =; GFL =KL 9YX G� 9JL �� �� %% <G �, ��� *X GK =F< G HGJ ZE 9D =?9 <9 FG HJ9 RG <9 ;GF L=K L9Y XG GM F9 HJA E= AJ9 GHG JLM FA< 9<= =E IM= D@= ;GM :=J >9D 9J FGK 9ML GK 9 H9J L=�J =KH GF< =JU �AF L=? J9D E= FL= �H= D9K ;MK L9K ��9 JL�� ��� �e� �h �<G ��, ��� 5. 3. 2 C o m p e t n ci a r e la tiv a T�= KL9 :=D =;A <9� =E �>9 NGJ �<G �AF L=J =KK =�H JAN 9<G ��2 AK9 �>9 ;ADA L9J �9�< =>= K9� ,G <= K=J <=J JG? 9<9 �E G<A >A; 9<9 �H =DG ;GF K=F KG <9K H9J L=K GM J=F MF; A9< 9H =DG JZM E =<A 9FL =9 FXG 9J? MAY XG <9 AF; GE H=L \F; A9< GB M]R GF GE GE =FL GG HGJ LMF G IM= Z G�< 9�K M9� J=K HGK L9 � 9LJ 9NZ K�< =�= P;= YXG �<= �AF ;GE H=L \F; A9�J =D9 LAN 9�� 9JL ���� ��< G�� ,� �� � 9HD A;9 :AD A<9 <= <9K J=? J9K <= ;GE H=L \F; A9 J=D 9LAN 9J =;9 AK G:J =< AJ= ALG KH 9LJ A� EG FA9 AK�< AKH GF] N=A K� �K KAE = E J=? J9 9A F;G EH =L\ F;A 9J =D9 LAN 9F XG HG< =K =J <=; D9J 9<9 <= G>] ;AG �/b EM D9 �� <G /0 &� <=N =F< G K=J 9?M 9J< 9<9 9A FA; A9LA N9 <G JZM 9 LJ9 NZK <9 9H� J=K =FL 9YX G�< 9�= P;= YXG �<= �AF ;GE H=L \F; A9� � � � � 5. 3. 3 F o ro d e e le i o n o s co n tr a to s d e a d e s o +K F=? _;A GK BMJ ]<A ;GK HG< =E >AP 9J ;DU MKM D9 =D= ?=F <G <=L =JE AF9 <G >GJ GH 9J9 J=K GDM YXG <9K <=E 9F< 9K <=; GJJ =FL =K <= <AJ =ALG K= G:J A?9 Ya= KG JAM F<G K< GJ =KH =;L ANG F=? _;A G <=K <= IM= H9J 9E G<A >A; 9J ;GE H=L \F; A9 =E J9R XG <G N9D GJ GM <G L=J JAL_ JAG
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