Latin Grammar Guide

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1
Latin Grammar 
 
 Nouns 
Page 2 Cases: their uses & meanings Page 30 Numbers 
Page 3 1st declension Page 31 Time Expressions 
Page 4 2nd declension 
Page 5 3rd declension Appendix 1 
Page 6 Neuter nouns Pages 32-35 “King’s words” 
Page 7 4th declension 
Page 7 5th declension Appendix 2 – test 
 yourself 
Adjectives 
Page 8 Rules of agreement Pages 36-37 Definitions 
Page 8 2nd declension Pages 38 Catches & irregulars 
Page 8 3rd declension Pages 39-40 Latin Grammar 
Page 9 Comparatives & superlatives Questions Help sheet 
Page 9 Irregular comparatives & superlatives 
 
Page 10 Adverbs 
 
Pronouns 
Page 11 Personal pronouns 
Page 12 Relative pronouns 
Page 12 Reflexive pronouns 
Page 13 Pronouns 
 
Page 14 Demonstrative adjectives 
 
Page 15 Prepositions 
 
Page 16 Question words 
 
Verbs 
Page 17 Persons 
Page 17 Conjugations 
Page 18 Present tense 
Page 19 Imperfect tense 
Page 20 Perfect tense 
Page 21 Pluperfect tense 
Page 22 Common irregular verbs 
Page 23 Verbs with irregular perfects 
 
Parts of verbs 
Page 24 Infinitives 
Page 24-25 Imperatives 
Pages 25-26 Participles 
Page 26 Gerundives 
 
Page 27 Subjunctives 
Pages 28-29 Uses of subjunctives 
 
 
 
 2
Nouns 
 
In Latin nouns are divided into declensions. A declension is simply a posh 
word for a group of nouns. 
 
There are 5 declensions but you only need to know the first 3 well. 
 
All nouns have genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. 
 
Nouns have different case endings. 
 
A case shows the role a noun plays in the sentence. 
 
Cases 
 
Nominative: Subject of the sentence (person or thing doing the 
verb) 
 
Vocative: Addressing or calling someone by name or title 
 
Accusative: Object of the sentence (person or thing after the 
 verb having the verb done to it) 
After a preposition 
Time Expression (THLAC) 
 
Genitive: of, ‘s, s’ (Jenny’s case) 
 
Dative to, for 
 Following certain verbs 
 
Ablative by, with, from 
After a preposition 
Time Expression (TWAB) 
 
 
To remember the order of case, think of New Vans Are Generally Driven 
Awfully. 
 
You may want to write your own version here: 
 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
 3
1st Declension nouns 
 
1st Declension nouns end in –a in the nom sing and –ae in the gen sing. 
Almost all 1st Declension nouns are feminine. 
 
They take the following endings: 
 
Sing 
N puella 
V puella 
A puellam 
G puellae 
D puellae 
A puella 
 
Pl 
N puellae 
V puellae 
A puellas 
G puellarum 
D puellis 
A puellis 
 
 
Exceptions: 
 
The following nouns are masculine, even if they look feminine. 
 
agricola, nauta, poeta 
 
The following have dat & abl pl endings in –abus. 
 
 filia (daughter) filiabus 
 dea (goddess) deabus 
 
This is to avoid confusion with deus (god) and filius (son) 
 
 
 
 
 
 4
2nd Declension nouns 
 
2nd Declension nouns end in –us or -er in the nom sing and –i in the gen 
sing. 
2nd Declension nouns are masculine (with the exception of neuter ones: 
see page 6.) 
 
 
Sing 
N servus puer 
V serve puer 
A servum puerum 
G servi pueri 
D servo puero 
A servo puero 
 
Pl 
N servi pueri 
V servi pueri 
A servos pueros 
G servorum puerorum 
D servis pueris 
A servis pueris 
 
 
Exceptions: 
 
Although vir (man) ends in –ir, it is a 2nd declension noun and declines like 
puer. 
 
Magister (and the nouns which go like it) go like puer but drop the final 
“e” after the voc sing; e.g. (magistrum, magistri etc.) 
 
The following nouns have irregular vocative singulars: 
 
Filius fili 
Deus di 
 
 
 
 
 5
3rd Declension nouns 
 
There is no common model for the nom & voc sing of 3rd declension nouns. 
 
The best we can say is that any noun which does NOT end in –a, -us, um is 
probably 3rd declension. 
 
Sing 
N actor 
V actor 
A actorem 
G actoris 
D actori 
A actore 
 
Pl 
N actores 
V actores 
A actores 
G actorum 
D actoribus 
A actoribus 
 
Exceptions: 
 
Some 3rd declension nouns take –i in the ablative singular. 
Some 3rd declension nouns take –ium in the genitive plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6
Neuter nouns 
 
Unlike French, Latin has a 3rd gender called neuter. 
 
Neuter nouns exist in the 2nd and 3rd declensions. 
 
The rule with neuter nouns is as follows: 
 
Whatever the ending of the nom sing, the voc sing & the acc sing will 
always be the same. 
The nom, voc & acc pl ALWAYS end in –a. 
 
Neuter nouns in the 2nd declension all go like templum. 
 
Here are the endings: 
 
 
Sing 2ND Dec 3RD Dec 
N um ? 
V um ? 
A um ? 
G i is 
D o i 
A o e / i 
 
Pl 
N a (i)a 
V a (i)a 
A a (i)a 
G orum (i)um 
D is ibus 
A is ibus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7
4th & 5th declension nouns 
 
You do not need to know these ending but they are listed below. You do 
need to know the meaning of a few 4th and 5th declension nouns which are 
also below. 
 
 4th dec 5th dec
 
Sing 
N 
V 
A 
G 
D 
A 
 
Pl 
N 
V 
A 
G 
D 
A 
 
 
 
portus (harbour) 
portus 
portum 
portus 
portui 
portu 
 
 
portus 
portus 
portus 
portuum 
portibus 
portibus 
 
 
 
dies (day) 
dies 
diem 
diei 
diei 
die 
 
 
dies 
dies 
dies 
dierum 
diebus 
diebus 
4th & 5th declension words
 
4th dec 
 
exercitus army 
domus house / home 
manus hand 
metus fear 
 
5th dec 
 
dies day 
fides faith / loyalty 
res thing / matter 
spes hope 
portus harbour 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8
Adjectives 
 
Adjectives agree with (match) their noun in 3 ways: 
 
 Number (Sing. / Pl.) 
 Case (Nom, Voc etc.) 
 Gender (M, F, N) 
 
Often the adjective will have the same ending as its noun 
 
 e.g. dominus bonus 
 
Sometimes it does not. 
 
 agricola bonus looks wrong but… 
 
both words are nominative, masculine, singular so they agree. 
 
 multi mercatores also looks wrong but… 
 
both words are nominative, masculine, plural, so they agree. 
 
 
If the adjective does not agree in all 3 ways then you have made a 
mistake !  
 
Many adjectives are 2nd declension. This means that: 
 
In the feminine, they take the same endings as puella. 
In the masculine, they take the same endings as servus. 
In the neuter, they take the same endings as templum. 
 
Other adjective are 3rd declension and they have the same endings as 3rd 
declension nouns in the masculine & feminine (which are the same endings) 
and neuter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9
Comparison of adjectives 
 
Adjectives can exist in 3 forms: positive, comparative & superlative. 
 
Positive is the “normal” form e.g. big, small, happy, bad 
Comparative means: -er, more… e.g. bigger, more big 
Superlative means: -est, most…, very… e,g, biggest, most big, very big 
 
Comparatives 
 
They end in –ior in the nom, masc, sing. But do take endings to agree with 
the noun e.g. –iorem, ioris, iores. 
 
They decline like 3rd declension nouns. 
 
Superlatives 
 
They have 3 types of endings: 
 -issimus (longissimus) 
 -errimus (pulcherrimus) 
 -illimus (facillimus) 
 
 
 
 
 
Irregular comparatives & superlatives VERY IMPORTANT 
 
 
 
Positive Comparative Superlative 
Bonus (good) melior optimus 
Malus (bad) peior pessimus 
Magnus (big) maior maximus 
Parvus (small) minor minimus 
Multus (much) plus (plures) plurimus 
 
 
 
 
 
 10
Adverbs 
 
There is no rule about what adverbs look like but below is a list of the 
most common ones on which youare tested – especially on the grammar 
sections which asks you to find adverbs. 
 
 
 
Latin English 
 
bene well 
celeriter quickly 
diu for a long time 
forte by chance 
fortiter bravely 
frustra in vain 
heri yesterday 
hodie today 
iam now, already 
iterum, rursus again 
lente slowly 
magnopere greatly 
mox soon 
non not 
numquam never 
nunc now 
olim once 
paene almost 
quoque also 
saepe often 
semper always 
sic in this way 
statim at once 
subito suddenly 
tandem at last 
tum then 
 
 
 
 
 11
Pronouns 
 
There are 4 types of pronoun you need you need to know: 
 
Personal pronouns 
Relative pronouns 
Reflexive pronouns 
Pronouns (general) 
 
 
Personal pronouns 
 
A personal pronoun is a word which replaces a person’s name or title. 
 
These ONLY refer to: I (me), you, we (us) 
 
 
I You (s) We You (pl) 
 
Nom ego tu nos vos 
Acc me te nos vos 
Gen mei tui nostri / nostrum vestri /vestrum 
Dat mihi tibi nobis vobis 
Abl me te nobis vobis 
 
 
You will quite often find the ablative for with me, you etc. However the 
cum (with) is on the end of the pronoun not before it as with nouns. 
 
 tecum – with you 
e.g. mecum – with me 
 nobiscum – with us 
 vobiscum – with you 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12
Relative pronouns 
 
These mean who, which 
 
 M F N 
Sing 
N qui quae quod 
A quem quam quod 
G cuius cuius cuius 
D cui cui cui 
A quo qua quo 
 
Pl 
N qui quae quae 
A quos quas quae 
G quorum quarum quorum 
D quibus quibus quibus 
A quibus quibus quibus 
 
 
 
Reflexive pronouns 
 
These only refer to himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
They have no nominative and the ending for sing & pl are the same. 
You have to work out from the sense of the sentence whether it refers 
to himself, herself, itself, themselves. 
 
A se 
G sui 
D sibi 
A se 
 
 
Again you will see the cum (with) on the end. 
 
 e.g. secum – with him(self), her(self), it(self), them (selves) 
 
 
 
 
 13
Pronouns (general) 
 
Is, ea, id 
 
These little words mean: he, she, it 
 
 Masculine Feminine Neuter 
 
Nom is ea id 
Acc eum eam id 
Gen eius eius eius 
Dat ei ei ei 
Abl eo ea eo 
 
Plural 
 
Nom ei eae ea 
Acc eos eas ea 
Gen eorum earum eorum 
Dat eis eis eis 
Abl eis eis eis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14
Demonstrative adjectives 
 
 
These are adjectives which demonstrate which noun is being talked about. 
 
Is it this (these) one or that (those) ones? 
 
Hic, haec, hoc This / these 
 
 Masculine Feminine Neuter 
 
Nom hic haec hoc 
Acc hunc hanc hoc 
Gen huius huius huius 
Dat huic huic huic 
Abl hoc hac hoc 
 
Plural 
Nom hi hae haec 
Acc hos has haec 
Gen horum harum horum 
Dat his his his 
Abl his his his 
 
 
Ille, Illa, Illud That / those 
 
 Masculine Feminine Neuter 
 
Nom ille illa illud 
Acc illum illam illud 
Gen illius illius illius 
Dat illi illi illi 
Abl illo illa illo 
 
Plural 
Nom illi illae illa 
Acc illos illas illa 
Gen illorum illarum illorum 
Dat illis illis illis 
Abl illis illis illis 
 15
Prepositions 
 
Prepositions are small words which come before a noun (pre-) often 
showing where the noun is (position). 
 
In Latin prepositions can only be followed by two cases: ACCUSATIVE or 
ABLATIVE 
 
Prepositions 
+ 
Accusative Prepositions 
+ 
Ablative 
 
ad To, towards a (ab) By, from 
ante Before, in front 
of 
cum With 
circum around de About, down 
from 
contra Against e (ex) Out of 
inter Between, among pro In front of, on 
behalf of 
per Through, along sine Without 
post After, behind sub under 
prope Near 
Propter On account of 
super Above 
trans across 
 
NB “a” becomes “ab” and “e” becomes “ex” when the word following it 
starts with a vowel. 
 
e.g. ab Italia 
 
You will almost always see sine followed by mora meaning without delay 
 
THE BELOW IS A HUGE EXAM CATCH. 
 
“In” is the only preposition which can be followed by ablative and 
accusative…BUT… 
 
In + acc = into, onto 
 
In + abl = in, on 
 16
Question words 
 
 
-ne (on end of 1st word) Simple question (like est-ce que in French) 
nonne Surely…? 
num Surely…not? 
ubi where? 
quo to where? 
unde from where? 
quis who? 
quid what? 
cur why? 
quo modo how? 
quot how many? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17
Verbs 
 
In Latin verbs are divided into conjugations. A conjugation is simply a 
posh word for a group of verbs. 
 
There are 4 conjugations. 
 
 1st: porto, portare, portavi, portatum 
 2nd: doceo, docere, docui, doctum 
 3rd: traho, trahere, traxi, tractum 
 4th: audio, audire, audivi, auditum 
 
When you look up a verb in the back of your book or a dictionary, you will 
see it laid out as above. The 4 parts of the verb are called principal parts. 
 
These show: present tense 
 Present infinitive 
 Perfect tense 
 Perfect passive participle 
 
To find out which conjugation a verb is in you need to look at the present 
tense and the infinitive. 
 
Persons 
 
Just like in French a verb has 6 persons. 
 
1st person sing I 
2nd pers sing you 
3rd pers sing he, she, it 
 
1st pers pl we 
2nd pers pl you 
3rd pers pl they 
 
Tenses 
 
A tense tells you when a verb is done. In Latin there are 6 tenses but you 
only need to know 4: present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect 
 
 
 18
Present tense 
 
This means: I carry, I do carry, I am carrying. 
 
The endings are: 
 I -o 
 You -s 
 He, she, it -t 
 We -mus 
 You -tis 
 They -nt 
 
1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj 
 
porto doceo traho audio 
portas doces trahis audis 
portat docet trahit audit 
portamus docemus trahimus audimus 
portatis docetis trahitis auditis 
portant docent trahunt audiunt 
 
 
Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a 
 the 2nd conj keeps the e 
 the 4th conj keeps the i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19
Imperfect tense 
 
This means: I was carrying, I used to carry. 
 
Keep your eyes open for –ba- 
 
The endings are: 
 I -bam 
 You -bas 
 He, she, it -bat 
 We -bamus 
 You -batis 
 They -bant 
 
1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj 
 
portabam docebam trahebam audiebam 
portabas docebas trahebas audiebas 
portabat docebat trahebat audiebat 
portabamus docebamus trahebamus audiebamus 
portabatis docebatis trahebatis audiebatis 
portabant docebant trahebant audiebant 
 
 
 
Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a 
 the 2nd conj keeps the e 
 the 4th conj keeps the i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20
Perfect tense 
 
This means: I carried, I have carried 
 
Very often, before the ending you will see: v, ss, x, s, u 
 
The endings are: 
I -i 
 You -isti 
 He, she, it -it 
 We -imus 
 You -istis 
 They -erunt 
 
1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj 
 
portavi docui traxi audivi 
portavisti docuisti traxisti audivisti 
portavit docuit traxit audivit 
portavimus docuimus traximus audivimus 
portavistis docuistis traxistis audivistis 
portaverunt docuerunt traxerunt audiverunt 
 
 
 
Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a and adds a v 
 the 2nd conj changes to a u 
 the 3rdconj changes its stem (main part of the verb) 
 the 4th conj keeps the i and adds a v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21
Pluperfect tense 
 
 
This means: I had carried 
 
You take the perfect stem (often v, u, x, s, ss) (which is used to make the 
perfect tense) and add the endings (which are the imperfect of sum). 
 
The endings are: 
I -eram 
 You -eras 
 He, she, it -erat 
 We -eramus 
 You -eratis 
 They -erant 
 
 
1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj 
 
portaveram docueram traxeram audiveram 
portaveras docueras traxeras audiveras 
portaverat docuerat traxerat audiverat 
portaveramus docueramus traxeramus audiveramus 
portaveratis docueratis traxeratis audiveratis 
portaverant docuerant traxerant audiverant 
 
 
 
Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a 
 the 2nd conj changes to a u 
 the 3rd conj changes its stem (main part of the verb) 
 the 4th conj keeps the i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22
Irregular verbs 
 
These are the key Irregular verbs which you will need to know. 
 
 Esse – To be Posse – To be able to (can) Velle – To want Nolle – To not want Ferre – To bring/carry Ire – To go 
Present 
 sum possum (1) volo nolo (2) fero eo (3) 
 es potes vis non vis fers is 
 est potest vult non vult fert it 
 sumus possumus volumus nolumus ferimus imus 
 estis potestis vultis non vultis fertis itis 
 sunt possunt volunt nolunt ferunt eunt 
 
Imperfect eram poteram volebam nolebam ferebam ibam 
 eras poteras volebas nolebas ferebas ibas 
 
Perfect fui potui volui nolui tuli (4) ii 
 fuisti potuisti voluisti noluisti tulisti iisti 
 fuit potuit voluit noluit tulit iit 
 
Pluperfect fueram potueram volueram nolueram tuleram ieram 
 
(1) Possum was originally potens sum (I am powerful). This was shortened to potsum which became possum as it was easier to say. 
This explains why there is a t. The t appears when the following part of sum starts with an e. (potEst). 
(2) Nolo was originally non volo. This was shortened to nolo as it was easier to say. The non remains when the part of volo does NOT 
contains an o. (nolo but non vIs). 
(3) Eo is the verb which looks like an ending without a verb to stick to! 
(4) This has got to be the most largest change in stem from the present tense: fero becomes tuli! 
 
 23
 
Common verbs with irregular perfect tenses 
 
 
do dare dedi I gave 
sto stare steti I stood 
 
iubeo iubere iussi I ordered 
maneo manere mansi I stayed, remained 
rideo ridere risi I smiled, laughed 
 
ago agere egi I did, drove 
cogo cogere coegi I forced 
curro currere cucurri I ran 
dico dicere dixi I said 
discedo discedere discessi I left, departed 
duco ducere duxi I lead 
gero gerere gessi I waged, wore 
mitto mittere misi I sent 
pello pellere pepuli I drove 
pono ponere posui I put 
rego regere rexi I ruled 
scribo scribere scripsi I wrote 
trado tradere tradidi I handed over 
traho trahere traxi I dragged 
vinco vincere vici I conquered 
 
capio capere cepi I took, captured 
facio facere feci I did, made 
iacio iacere ieci I threw 
interficio interficere interfeci I killed 
 
fero ferre tuli I carried, brought 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24
Parts of verbs 
 
Infinitives 
 
This is the part of the verb which means “to…” 
It always ends in –re 
 
1st conj portare 
2nd conj docere 
3rd conj trahere 
4th conj audire 
 
There are 4 exceptions: 
 
 sum esse 
 possum posse 
 volo velle 
 nolo nolle 
 
Imperatives 
 
An imperative is an order or a command. They come at the start of the 
sentence not at the end and are followed by an exclamation mark! 
 
In English we simply say the verb. 
e.g. Run! Stop! Attack! 
 
Conjugation Singular Plural 
 
1st -a -ate 
2nd -e -ete 
3rd -e -ite 
4th -i -ite 
 
There are 4 “comedy” irregular imperatives: 
 
fero fer (bring) 
dico dic (say, tell) 
facio fac (make, do) 
duco duc (lead, take) 
 
 25
The negative imperative 
 
This means Don’t… 
 
You use the imperative of nolo: noli (sing), nolite (pl) and follow it with the 
infinitive. 
 
e.g. nolite oppugnare Don’t attack 
 
 
Participles 
 
A participle is a verbal adjective. This means that it is part of a verb but 
acts like an adjective which means that it agrees with its noun in number, 
case and gender. 
 
Present participle 
 
It means: -ing. 
 
The endings you must look for are: -ans, –ens, or –nt- near the end e.g: 
-antem, -antes and -entem, -entes. 
These decline like a 3rd declension adjective. 
 
1st conj portans, -antis 
2nd conj docens, -entis 
3rd conj trahens, -entis 
4th conj audiens, -entis 
 
 
Perfect passive participle (PPP) 
 
This means: having been …-ed 
It is also the last of the principal parts when you look up a verb. 
 
These decline like a 2nd declension adjective. 
 
1st conj portatus, a, um 
2nd conj doctus, a, um 
3rd conj tractus, a, um 
4th conj auditus, a, um 
 26
Perfect active participle (PAP) 
 
This means: having …-ed 
 
Very few verbs have a PAP. These decline like a 2nd declension adjective. 
 
-gressus having gone ( this could take lots of prefixes; e.g. 
 egressus – having gone out) 
adeptus having obtained 
conspicatus having caught sight of 
hortatus having encouraged 
locutus having spoken 
passus having suffered 
profectus having set out 
precatus having prayed 
secutus having followed 
suspicatus having suspected 
versus having turned 
 
Gerundives 
 
This is a part of a verb which means “necessary / must” 
 
The verb will always end in: -ndum est. 
 
e.g. laborandum est 
 fugiendum est 
 
The person who is having to do the gerundive is always in the dative case, 
as what Latin is literally saying is: 
 It is necessary for me to work (I must work) 
 
 e.g. mihi laborandum est 
 I must work (it is necessary for me to work) 
 
 servo hic manendum est 
 The slave must stay here (it is necessary for the slave to 
stay here) 
 
 
 
 27
Subjunctives 
 
At your level of Latin, you will never see a subjunctive on its own. It will 
always be part of a clause / construction. (See below). 
 
 
You will meet 2 tenses of subjunctive. 
 
The most common one is the imperfect subjunctive. 
 
Imperfect subjunctive 
 
To form this, you simply take the present infinitive and add the following 
endings: 
 -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt. 
 
1st conj portarem 
2nd conj docerem 
3rd conj traherem 
4th conj audirem 
 
There are NO exceptions. 
 
Pluperfect subjunctive 
 
You will only see this after cum (and very rarely in an indirect question). 
 
It is formed by taking the perfect stem (3rd principal part without the 
ending) and adding the following endings: 
 
 -issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent 
 
 
1st conj portavissem 
2nd conj docuissem 
3rd conj traxissem 
4th conj audivissem 
 
 
 
 
 28
Use of subjunctive 
 
There are 5 clauses or constructions where you will see a subjunctive. 
 
1 Cum + Pluperfect subjunctive 
 
This means when something had happened. 
 
e.g. Cum Romani hostes oppugnavissent. 
 When the Romans HAD attacked the enemy 
 
You can also find cum + the imperfect subjunctive (When/while 
something was happening) 
 
NB cum can still mean with, when it is followed by the ablative 
case (and not the subjunctive) 
 
2 Indirect questions 
 
An indirect question is a sentence which contains a question 
wordbut does not have a question mark. 
 
e.g.: I asked her where she lived. 
 
Question words in Indirect Questions 
 
 Quis who 
 Quid what 
 Quo modo how 
 Ubi where 
 Cur why 
 
In an indirect question the verb (after the question word) will 
always be in subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29
3 Purpose Clause 
 
 This is the most common of the constructions. 
 
 It means : (in order) to 
 
 e.g. I went shopping to buy some eggs. 
 
 In Latin you will see ut (negative ne ( in order not to)). 
 
 This will always be followed by a Subjunctive (imperfect). 
 
4 Indirect commands 
 
This is exactly the same as a purpose clause (ut/ne + imperfect 
subjunctive) 
 
EXCEPT 
 
Before the ut/ne you will see a verb of ordering or commanding. 
 
impero I order 
moneo I warn / advise 
persuadeo I persuade 
oro I beg 
rogo I ask 
 
5 Result clause 
 
This is a sentence which contains a so word, ut (ut non) and an 
(imperfect) subjunctive. 
 
In this construction ut means that. 
 
So words 
 
adeo (so with a verb) 
tam (so with an adverb or an adjective) 
tantus (so great / big) 
tot (so many) 
 
 30
Numbers 
 
Numbers are divided into 2 groups: cardinal and ordinal. 
 
Cardinals are “normal” numbers. 
Ordinals are when you want to put things in an order (1st, 2nd , 3rd etc) 
 
 
Cardinals Ordinals 
 
1 unus, a, um 1st primus, a, um 
2 duo 2nd secundus, a, um 
3 tres, tria 3rd tertius, a, um 
4 quattuor 4th quartus, a, um 
5 quinque 5th quintus, a, um 
6 sex 6th sextus, a, um 
7 septem 7th septimus, a, um 
8 octo 8th octavus, a, um 
9 novem 9th nonus, a, um 
10 decem 10th decimus, a, um 
11 undecim 
12 duodecim These ordinals decline like 2nd 
13 tredecim declension adjectives 
14 quattuordecim 
15 quindecim 
20 viginti 
30 triginta 
40 quadraginta 
50 quinquaginta 
60 sexaginta 
70 septuaginta 
80 octoginta 
90 nonaginta 
100 centum 
1000 mille, milia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31
Time Expressions 
 
Time expressions exist in only TWO cases: Acc & Abl 
 
Time 
How 
Long 
ACcusative 
 
When the time expression is in the Accusative, we translate with the 
word “For” (This is the answer to a “how long” question e.g. How long are 
you going to Spain for? For 10 days.) 
 
e.g. duas horas for 2 hours 
 multos dies for many days 
 
Time 
When 
ABlative 
 
When the time expression is in the Ablative, we translate with the words 
“in”, “on” or “at” (This is the answer to a “When” question, e.g. When are 
you going to Spain? In 10 days / on Monday. 
 
e.g. septem diebus in 7 days 
 secunda hora on the second hour 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32
Appendix 1 
 
“King’s Words” 
 
Below is a list of words which King’s boys find very difficult to remember. 
Included, too, are ways to help remember some of them: 
 
 
do dare dedi datum I give 
trado tradere tradidi traditum I hand over 
traho trahere traxi tractum I drag 
 
Remember: 
You give a donation. 
When you trade, you have to hand something over 
A tractor drags a plough. 
 
 
habito habitare habitavi habitatum I live 
habeo habere habui habitum I have 
 
Remember: 
An inhabitant lives somewhere. 
 
 
(ad)iuvo (ad)iuvare (ad)iuvi (ad)iutum I help 
audio audire audivi auditum I hear 
audeo audere I dare 
 
Remember: 
Someone who is audacious is daring 
 
 
moneo monere monui monitum I warn, advise 
maneo manere mansi mansum I stay, remain 
 
Remember: 
You want to stay in a manor or a mansion. 
 
 
 
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pugno pugnare pugnavi pugnatum I fight 
oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatum I attack 
occupo occupare occupavi occupatum I seize 
 
Remember: 
Someone who is pugnacious always wants to fight. 
To occupy somewhere, you have to seize it first. 
 
 
contendo contendere contendi contentum I hurry 
curro currere cucurri cursum I run 
 
Remember: 
After a curry you might well need to run! 
 
 
descendo descendere descendi descensum I go down 
discedo discedere discessi discessum I leave, depart 
 
 
venio venire veni ventum I come 
advenio advenire adveni adventum I arrive 
invenio invenire inveni inventum I find 
 
Remember: 
A venue is a place to which everyone comes. 
An advent calendar shows when Christmas is going to arrive. 
An invention helps you find an easier way of doing something. 
 
 
capio capere cepi captum I take, capture 
cupio cupere cupivi cupitum I want, desire 
 
dico dicere dixi dictum I say, tell 
duco ducere duxi ductum I lead 
 
Remember: 
A Duke leads an army 
 
 
 
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fugio fugere fugi fugitum I flee 
effugio effugere effugi effugitum I escape 
 
timeo timere timui I am afraid 
terreo terrere terrui territum I frighten 
terra land 
 
Remember: 
If you are timid, you are afraid but a terrorist frightens you 
 
dormio dormire dormivi dormitum I sleep 
dominus master 
donum gift 
 
Remember: 
 
You sleep in a dormitory, a donation is a gift and a master dominates 
 
absum abesse I am absent, away 
adsum adesse I am present, here 
 
 
quam how (with an adjective), than (with a comparative 
adjective, who / which (relative pronoun) 
quamquam although 
numquam never 
postquam after 
antequam before 
 
tandem at last 
tamen however 
 
miser wretched 
miserunt they sent (mitto, mittere, misi, missum) 
 
ad to (You ad(d) one thing to another) 
a, ab from, by 
 
iter (itineris) journey 
itaque and so 
iterum again 
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Remember: 
An itinerary is the plan of a journey 
 
 
filius son 
filia daughter 
 
deus god 
dea goddess 
 
patria country, homeland 
pater, patris father 
 
ira anger 
iratus angry 
 
via road, street 
vita life 
 
quis? who? 
quid? what? 
 
nos we, us 
noster our 
 
totus whole 
tutus safe 
 
carus dear 
clarus clear, famous 
 
fortis strong, brave 
forte by chance 
fortiter bravely 
 
ibi there 
ubi where, when 
 
mox soon 
nox night 
 
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Appendix 2 
Use the notes above to help you fill in definitions of the words below: 
 
Verbs 
Conjugation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Infinitive…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Tenses……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Participle………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Imperative………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Subjunctive……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Person……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
Gerundive……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 
 
Nouns 
Declension………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
Case……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
Gender…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Adjectives 
Positive……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Comparative………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
 37
Superlative……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Agreement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
 
Odds and Ends 
Pronouns………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Relative pronouns……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Personal pronouns……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Reflexive pronouns………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Prepositions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Adverbs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Conjunctions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Quam words…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
Demonstrative adjectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
 
Time expressions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
Constructions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 
 
 
 
 
 38
Use your notes to fill in below any notes about what might be a catch or 
irregular about the titles below. 
 
1st Declension Nouns........................................................................................ 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
2nd Declension Nouns........................................................................................ 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Neuter Nouns................................................................................................... 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Adjectives with irregular comparatives and superlatives. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Common adverbs............................................................................................. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Prepositions................................................................................................. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Verbs with irregular infinitives 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Verbs with irregular imperatives 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
Why subjunctive 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 
…………………………………………………………………… 
 39
Latin Grammar Questions Help Sheet 
 
These notes are designed to help with the eight questions on the paper which ask you to find 
an example of a certain grammatical feature. 
 
1 A verb in the imperfect tense 
 
Look for BA in the ending (eram, eras, 
erat etc., aberam, aderam and poteram 
are the only verbs without BA) 
 
2 A verb in the perfect tense 
 
Look for 3rd Principal Part (PP3) 
(often the letters V, X, S, SS, U appear just before the ending) 
 
3 A verb in the pluperfect tense 
 
Look for PP3 (often with a V, X, S, SS, U just before the ending) + 
eram, eras, erat etc. 
 
4 A noun in the nominative case 
 
This means the subject of a sentence. 
You expect the 1st noun in a sentence to be nominative. 
 
5 A noun in the vocative case 
 
This is someone being spoken to. It will always be in speech marks. It often has a 
comma on one or both sides of it. 
 
6 A noun in the accusative case 
 
This is the object and will usually be in the middle of a sentence. 
The noun after many prepositions will also be accusative. 
 
7 A noun in the ablative case 
 
Look for one of Clara’s prepositions (e, a, de, ex, ab, cum, in). The noun after it 
will be ablative. 
 
 
8 A cardinal number 
 
Write a number from 1-1000. 
 
9 An ordinal number 
 
Write a number from 1st-10th. 
 
10 An adverb 
 
Top answer is non. Also look out for subito, bene, mox. 
 
 
 40
11 A conjunction 
 
Top answer is et. Also look out for sed. 
 
12 A preposition followed by the ablative case 
 
Write one of Clara’s prepositions (e, a, de, ex, ab, cum, in) 
 
13 A preposition followed by the accusative case 
 
Write a preposition which isn’t one of Clara’s. 
 
14 A subjunctive verb 
 
Give the verb after ‘ut’ or ‘ne’. ‘cum’ can also have a subjunctive after it instead of 
an ablative noun. 
 
15 A comparative adjective 
 
Look for –IOR- in an adjective. 
 
16 A superlative adjective 
 
Look for –SS- in an adjective. 
NB irregulars (maximus, minimus, optimus, pessimus, plurimus) 
 
17 A present participle 
 
Look for a verb with the letters –NS or –NT- (before the ending) 
 
18 A personal pronoun 
 
Look for part of ego, tu, nos or vos. 
 
19 A relative pronoun 
 
Look for part of qui, quae, quod. 
 
20 An infinitive 
 
Look for 2nd Principal Part (verb ending in –RE) 
N.B. esse, posse, velle, nolle 
 
21 An imperative 
 
Look for a verb ending in –A, -E, -I or –TE. 
An imperative will always be in speech marks and often comes 1st word (unusual for a 
verb) and often is followed by ! 
 
22 A gerundive 
 
 Look for a verb with –ndum at the end.