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22 Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
Ibaulnbnk nk Kgokg`brjbIbaulnbnk nk Kgokg`brjb
Nkpbrtbekgth nk Kgokg`brjb KlkatrhtêagjabNkpbrtbekgth nk Kgokg`brjb Klkatrhtêagjab
Eknjnbs Klêatrjabs JJEknjnbs Klêatrjabs JJ
IJA@B > (^kñrjab)IJA@B > (^kñrjab)
^VBGQN[^HVKQ KLÊA^VJAHQ NK THQJÏÁH ABTBAJ^JYHQ^VBGQN[^HVKQ KLÊA^VJAHQ NK THQJÏÁH ABTBAJ^JYHQ
1½ Bgh nk Kgoª Klêatrhtêagjab - 64291½ Bgh nk Kgoª Klêatrhtêagjab - 6429
  
66 Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
2.2.   JgtrhnuïáhJgtrhnuïáh
Aheh ihj rkikrjnh bgtkrjhrjekgtk, gh trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh ueb akrtb ihgtk nk tkgsáh nkvk skrAheh ihj rkikrjnh bgtkrjhrjekgtk, gh trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh ueb akrtb ihgtk nk tkgsáh nkvk skr
utjljzbnb pbrb b hftkgïáh nh sjgbl nk sbånb, ahe kxakïáh nhs quk tke klkatrkath aheh njklêtrjahsutjljzbnb pbrb b hftkgïáh nh sjgbl nk sbånb, ahe kxakïáh nhs quk tke klkatrkath aheh njklêtrjahs
hu bprkskgtbe prhprjknbnks pjkzhklêtrjabs..hu bprkskgtbe prhprjknbnks pjkzhklêtrjabs..
Hs skgshrks nh tjph abpbajtjvh phnke skr bpljabnhs gb eknjïáh njrkatb nk nkslhabekgthsHs skgshrks nh tjph abpbajtjvh phnke skr bpljabnhs gb eknjïáh njrkatb nk nkslhabekgths
(ljgkbrks hu bgoulbrks), prhxjejnbnk k gåvkl nk låqujnhs. Kstbs bpljabïûks sáh orbïbs bh ibath nk(ljgkbrks hu bgoulbrks), prhxjejnbnk k gåvkl nk låqujnhs. Kstbs bpljabïûks sáh orbïbs bh ibath nkquk b abpbajtægajb nhs abpbajthrks phnk vbrjbr ahe trís vbrjâvkjs=quk b abpbajtægajb nhs abpbajthrks phnk vbrjbr ahe trís vbrjâvkjs=
   Njklêatrjah3Njklêatrjah3
   Njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs “n―3 kNjstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs “n―3 k  
   Qupkriåajk kgtrk bs plbabsQupkriåajk kgtrk bs plbabs “Q―“Q―..
6.6.  ^rbgsnuthrks Abpbajtjvhs^rbgsnuthrks Abpbajtjvhs
Qáh usbnhs pbrb b nktkaïáh ske ahgtbath nk qublqukr hfmkath. Ke ahgtrbstk ahe hs trbgsnuthrksQáh usbnhs pbrb b nktkaïáh ske ahgtbath nk qublqukr hfmkath. Ke ahgtrbstk ahe hs trbgsnuthrks
jgnutjvhs, quk nktkatbe bpkgbs hfmkaths ektâljahs, hs trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs phnke nktkatbrjgnutjvhs, quk nktkatbe bpkgbs hfmkaths ektâljahs, hs trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs phnke nktkatbr
tbefêe b bprhxjebïáh nk ebtkrjbjs hroægjahs, plâstjahs, pñs, låqujnhs, ebnkjrbs, pbpêjs, ektbjs,tbefêe b bprhxjebïáh nk ebtkrjbjs hroægjahs, plâstjahs, pñs, låqujnhs, ebnkjrbs, pbpêjs, ektbjs,
kta, btrbvês nb vbrjbïáh nk sku kta, btrbvês nb vbrjbïáh nk sku abeph klktrhstâtjah.abeph klktrhstâtjah.
[e gýekrh kxprkssjvh nk brrbgmhs phnk skr utjljzbnh gb ahgstruïáh nk trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs.[e gýekrh kxprkssjvh nk brrbgmhs phnk skr utjljzbnh gb ahgstruïáh nk trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs.
 Blougs kxkeplhs p Blougs kxkeplhs phnke skr vjsths bfbjxhnke skr vjsths bfbjxh.h.
Ijourb 6.2Ijourb 6.2 ‑  ‑  Brrbgmhs nh trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh. Brrbgmhs nh trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh.
Rublqukr ahgnkgsbnhr ê ahgstjtuånh phr, ahgihrek sustkgtb b Rublqukr ahgnkgsbnhr ê ahgstjtuånh phr, ahgihrek sustkgtb b ijourb 6.2=ijourb 6.2=
   Nubs plbabs ahgnuthrbs skpbrbnbsNubs plbabs ahgnuthrbs skpbrbnbs b ueb njstægajb “n―3 kb ueb njstægajb “n―3 k  
   [e ekjh jshlbgtk quk sk nksjogb phr njklêatrjah.[e ekjh jshlbgtk quk sk nksjogb phr njklêatrjah.
  
11 Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
 B  B abpbajnbnk abpbajnbnk nh nh njsphsjtjvh njsphsjtjvh ê ê njrkatbekgtk njrkatbekgtk prhphrajhgbl prhphrajhgbl ä ä ârkb ârkb nb nb skaïáh skaïáh trbgsvkrsbl trbgsvkrsbl nknk
shfrkphsjïáh nbs plbabs k jgvkrsbekgtk prhphrajhgbl ä njstægajb kxjstkgtk kgtrk bs plbabs. Bshfrkphsjïáh nbs plbabs k jgvkrsbekgtk prhphrajhgbl ä njstægajb kxjstkgtk kgtrk bs plbabs. B
kxprkssáh okrbl rkprkskgtbtjvb nkstk trbgsnuthr ê b skoujgtk=kxprkssáh okrbl rkprkskgtbtjvb nkstk trbgsnuthr ê b skoujgtk=
Ijourb 6.6 - Ahgnkgsbnhr nk plbabs pbrblklbs.Ijourb 6.6 - Ahgnkgsbnhr nk plbabs pbrblklbs.
ke quk C ê b ahgstbgtk njklêatrjab,ke quk C ê b ahgstbgtk njklêatrjab, λλ44 ê b pkrejssjvjnbnk nh ekjh (  ê b pkrejssjvjnbnk nh ekjh ( λλ4450,0;50,0;⋋⋋2424∖∖2626 trbtbgnh-sk nh trbtbgnh-sk nh
br), B ê b br), B ê b ârkb aheue hu nk shfrkphsjïáh nbs plbabs k n ê b ârkb aheue hu nk shfrkphsjïáh nbs plbabs k n ê b njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabsnjstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs
Kxkeplh=Kxkeplh=
 B  B ekefrbgb ekefrbgb nk nk ue ue eknjnhr nk eknjnhr nk pr pr kssáh kssáh abpbajtjvh abpbajtjvh tke tke b b ârkb ârkb nk nk ;ß24;ß24-1-1  ee66  k k ueb ueb njstægajbnjstægajb
kgtrk plbabs nk 2ß24kgtrk plbabs nk 2ß24-1-1e. Ablaulk h vblhr nb sub abpbajnbnk sk kstk sk kgahgtrb b eknjr b prkssáhe. Ablaulk h vblhr nb sub abpbajnbnk sk kstk sk kgahgtrb b eknjr b prkssáh
nh br ( nh br ( λλ52).52).
 Bssje, k  Bssje, k btkgnkgnh bhs btkgnkgnh bhs trís trís orbus orbus nk nk ljfkrnbnk ljfkrnbnk nb iugïáh nb iugïáh abpbajnbnk, phnke abpbajnbnk, phnke skr skr nkijgjnbs trísnkijgjnbs trís
albssks nk skgshrks abpbajtjvhs= skgshrks abpbajtjvhs nk supkriåajk vbrjâvkl, nk njstægajb vbrjâvklalbssks nk skgshrks abpbajtjvhs= skgshrks abpbajtjvhs nk supkriåajk vbrjâvkl, nk njstægajb vbrjâvkl
hu nk ahgstbgtk njklêatrjab vbrjâvkl.hu nk ahgstbgtk njklêatrjab vbrjâvkl.
6.26.2    Ybrjbïáh nb njstægajb  Ybrjbïáh nb njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabskgtrk bs plbabs
Aheh b abpbajnbnk nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr nk nubs plbabs pbrblklbs vbrjb jgvkrsbekgtk ahe bAheh b abpbajnbnk nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr nk nubs plbabs pbrblklbs vbrjb jgvkrsbekgtk ahe b
njstbgajb kgtrk plbabs, qublqukr vbrjbïáh kenjstbgajb kgtrk plbabs, qublqukr vbrjbïáh ke ““nn―― prhvhab ueb vbrjbïáh ke A. prhvhab ueb vbrjbïáh ke A.
Ijourb 6.1 - Ybrjbïáh nb abpbajtægajb ahe b Ijourb 6.1 - Ybrjbïáh nb abpbajtægajb ahe b njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs.njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs.
  
>> Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
6.66.6    Ybrjbïáh nb ârkb pbr Ybrjbïáh nb ârkb pbrtjl`bnb kgtrk bs plbatjl`bnb kgtrk bs plbabsbs  
Hs trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs phnke skr nh tjph nkplbabs vbrjâvkjs (utjljzbnhs ghs rânjhs), nkHs trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs phnke skr nh tjph nkplbabs vbrjâvkjs (utjljzbnhs ghs rânjhs), nk
gýalkh vbrjâvkl hu nk ekefrbgb. Kstks ýltjehs sáh eujth utjljzbnhs pbrb eknjr nkprkssûks.gýalkh vbrjâvkl hu nk ekefrbgb. Kstks ýltjehs sáh eujth utjljzbnhs pbrb eknjr nkprkssûks.
Ijourb 6.> - Ybrjbïáh nb abpbajtægajb ahe b Ijourb 6.> - Ybrjbïáh nb abpbajtægajb ahe b ârkb.ârkb.
6.16.1    Ybrjbïáh nb ahgstbg Ybrjbïáh nb ahgstbgtk njklêatrjabtk njklêatrjab
Hutrhs trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs iugajhgbe phr rkehïáh nh ebtkrjbl njklêatrjah kxjstkgtk kgtrkHutrhs trbgsnuthrks abpbajtjvhs iugajhgbe phr rkehïáh nh ebtkrjbl njklêatrjah kxjstkgtk kgtrk
nubs plbabs ijxbs.nubs plbabs ijxbs.
Ijourb 6.> - Ybrjbïáh nb abpbajtægajb ahe h njklêatrjah.Ijourb 6.> - Ybrjbïáh nb abpbajtægajb ahe h njklêatrjah.
Absh h abpbajthr skmb prhnuzjnh ahe njklêtrjahs nk klktrkth, okrblekgtk ^kilhg hu LkxbgAbsh h abpbajthr skmb prhnuzjnh ahe njklêtrjahs nk klktrkth, okrblekgtk ^kilhg hu Lkxbg
(phljabrfhgkth kspkajbl), klks phssuke b prhprjknbnk nk quk qubgnh ueb phlbrjzbïáh ê jgnuzjnb(phljabrfhgkth kspkajbl), klks phssuke b prhprjknbnk nk quk qubgnh ueb phlbrjzbïáh ê jgnuzjnb
phr fhefbrnkbekgth nk klêtrhgs hu phr ue abeph klêtrjah jgtkgsh, tbl phlbrjzbïáh ê phr fhefbrnkbekgth nk klêtrhgs hu phr ue abeph klêtrjah jgtkgsh, tbl phlbrjzbïáh ê rktjnb bpñsrktjnb bpñs
b rkehïáh nh kikjth kxtkrgh3 nk tbl ehnh quk ueb tkgsáh pkrebgkgtk vk (bgâlhoh bhb rkehïáh nh kikjth kxtkrgh3 nk tbl ehnh quk ueb tkgsáh pkrebgkgtk vk (bgâlhoh bhebogktjseh rksjnubl nk ue jeá pkrebgkgtk) pkrebgkakrâ brebzkgbnb gh ebogktjseh rksjnubl nk ue jeá pkrebgkgtk) pkrebgkakrâ brebzkgbnb gh njklêtrjah.njklêtrjah.
Ijourb 6.; - Jgnuïáh Ijourb 6.; - Jgnuïáh nb phlbrjzbïáh.nb phlbrjzbïáh.
  
;; Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
Ghreblekgtk vk5;44Y, ebs sñ phnk skr eknjnh ahe ue klktrþektrh (ueb kspêajk nkGhreblekgtk vk5;44Y, ebs sñ phnk skr eknjnh ahe ue klktrþektrh (ueb kspêajk nk
 Yhltåektrh aumb jepknægajb nk  Yhltåektrh aumb jepknægajb nk kgtrbnb ê kgtrbnb ê eujth klkvbnb, blougs ^℩, eujth klkvbnb, blougs ^℩, h quk h quk ejgjejzb b ejgjejzbb ajraulbïáhajraulbïáh
nk ahrrkgtk b blougs iB). ^bl vblhr nk ahrrkgtk b blougs iB). ^bl vblhr nk vk phnk nurbr phr 64 bghs.nk vk phnk nurbr phr 64 bghs.
6.>6.>   Ahgnkgsbnhrks nk Qupkriåajk YbrjâvklAhgnkgsbnhrks nk Qupkriåajk Ybrjâvkl
 ^rbtb-sk nk ahgnkgsbnhrks (plbghs hu  ^rbtb-sk nk ahgnkgsbnhrks (plbghs hu ajljgnrhs) ke quk ajljgnrhs) ke quk ueb nbs brebnurbs ueb nbs brebnurbs ê eñvkl k ê eñvkl k shirk ueshirk ue
nkslhabekgth ljgkbr hu bgoulbr rklbtjvbekgtk b ueb hutrb ijxb. Gkstk prhakssh, b ârkb kikatjvbnkslhabekgth ljgkbr hu bgoulbr rklbtjvbekgtk b ueb hutrb ijxb. Gkstk prhakssh, b ârkb kikatjvb
nbs plbabs nh ahgnkgsbnhr ê ehnjijabnb trbnuzjgnh-sk, ke ýltjeb bgâljsk, gueb bltkrbïáh nbnbs plbabs nh ahgnkgsbnhr ê ehnjijabnb trbnuzjgnh-sk, ke ýltjeb bgâljsk, gueb bltkrbïáh nb
abpbajnbnk nh njsphsjtjvh.abpbajnbnk nh njsphsjtjvh.
Qk ue ahgnkgsbnhr nk supkriåajk vbrjâvkl ahe abpbajnbnk A, shirk ueb vbrjbïáh jgijgjtksjebl gbQk ue ahgnkgsbnhr nk supkriåajk vbrjâvkl ahe abpbajnbnk A, shirk ueb vbrjbïáh jgijgjtksjebl gb
sub ârkb kikatjvb prhvhabnb phr ue nkslhabekgth nx nb sub plbab eñvkl, b vbrjbïáh nbsub ârkb kikatjvb prhvhabnb phr ue nkslhabekgth nx nb sub plbab eñvkl, b vbrjbïáh nb
abpbajnbnk rksultbgtk ê=abpbajnbnk rksultbgtk ê=
Tbrb h absh pbrtjaulbr nk ue nkslhabekgth bgoulbr kgtrk bs plbabs aheh ehstrb b ijourb 6.9, bTbrb h absh pbrtjaulbr nk ue nkslhabekgth bgoulbr kgtrk bs plbabs aheh ehstrb b ijourb 6.9, bârkb kikatjvb kgtrk bs brebnurbs ê iugïáh nh æârkb kikatjvb kgtrk bs brebnurbs ê iugïáh nh ægoulhgoulh ββ, skgnh nbnb phr=, skgnh nbnb phr=
 B(  B( ββ ) 5 ) 5 ββ.r.r66 / 6 / 6  
HgnkHgnk ββ ê h ægoulh (ke rbnjbghs), ihrebnh pklb pbrtk aheue kgtrk bs plbabs. ê h ægoulh (ke rbnjbghs), ihrebnh pklb pbrtk aheue kgtrk bs plbabs.
Ijourb 6.9Ijourb 6.9 ‑  ‑  ^rbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk nkslhabekgth bgoulbr. ^rbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk nkslhabekgth bgoulbr.
Nkvjnh b rklbïáh ljgkbr kgtrk h nkslhabekgth bgoulbr k b ârkb, Nkvjnh b rklbïáh ljgkbr kgtrk h nkslhabekgth bgoulbr k b ârkb, b abpbajnbnk tbefêe klb skrâ uebb abpbajnbnk tbefêe klb skrâ ueb
iugïáh ljgkbr nkssk nkslhabekgth. Bssje,iugïáh ljgkbr nkssk nkslhabekgth. Bssje,
  
99 Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
Ghtk-sk quk sjstkebs nk eknjnb fbskbnb gáh gb abpbajnbnk ebs sje gb jepknægajb nhGhtk-sk quk sjstkebs nk eknjnb fbskbnb gáh gb abpbajnbnk ebs sje gb jepknægajb nh
ahgnkgsbnhr (nheågjh nb irkquígajb), b rklbïáh kgtrk ahgnkgsbnhr (nheågjh nb irkquígajb), b rklbïáh kgtrk nkslhabekgth k jepknægajb guenkslhabekgth k jepknægajb gue
ahgnkgsbnhr nk plbabs eñvkjs gáh ê ljgkbr.ahgnkgsbnhr nk plbabs eñvkjs gáh ê ljgkbr.
 B abrbatkråstjab= B abrbatkråstjab=
Ijourb 6.?Ijourb 6.? ‑  ‑  Jepknægajb nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr vbrjâvkl. Jepknægajb nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr vbrjâvkl.
[eb ihreb nk ahepkgsbr kstk kikjth ê utjljzbnh ue skougnh ahgnkgsbnhr ke ehgtboke[eb ihreb nk ahepkgsbr kstk kikjth ê utjljzbnh ue skougnh ahgnkgsbnhr ke ehgtboke
njikrkgajbl aheh sk ehstrb gb ijourb 6.0.njikrkgajbl aheh sk ehstrb gb ijourb 6.0.
Ijourb 6.0Ijourb 6.0 ‑  ‑  Ehgtboke njikrkgajbl nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr nk ârkb vbrjâvkl. Ehgtboke njikrkgajbl nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr nk ârkb vbrjâvkl.
Tbrb kstk absh, b plbab eñvkl T2 ê nkslhabnb kgtrk bs nubs brebnurbs ijxbs T6 k T1 ahgstjtujgnhTbrb kstk absh, b plbab eñvkl T2 ê nkslhabnb kgtrk bs nubs brebnurbs ijxbs T6 k T1 ahgstjtujgnh
bssje nhjs ahgnkgsbnhrks jgnkpkgnkgtks A2 k A6, aumbs abpbajnbnks vbrjbe ke skgtjnhsbssje nhjs ahgnkgsbnhrks jgnkpkgnkgtks A2 k A6, aumbs abpbajnbnks vbrjbe ke skgtjnhs
ahgtrârjhs bh nkslhabekgth, j.k. sk b brebnurb T2 sk nkslhabr gh skgtjnh `hrârjh b pbrtjr nbahgtrârjhs bh nkslhabekgth, j.k. sk b brebnurb T2 sk nkslhabr gh skgtjnh `hrârjh b pbrtjr nb
phsjïáh nk kqujljfrjh, b abpbajnbnk njejguj pbrb h ahgnkgsbnhr A2 k buekgtb pbrb A6.phsjïáh nk kqujljfrjh, b abpbajnbnk njejguj pbrb h ahgnkgsbnhr A2 k buekgtb pbrb A6.
  
?? Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
Ahgsjnkrb-sk aheh phsjïáh nk kqujlåfrjh bquklb Ahgsjnkrb-sk aheh phsjïáh nk kqujlåfrjh bquklb quk ê thebnb aheh hrjoke nhs quk ê thebnb aheh hrjoke nhs nkslhabekgths.nkslhabekgths.
Ghreblekgtk gkssb phsjïáh b brebnurb eñvkl kstâ Ghreblekgtk gkssb phsjïáh b brebnurb eñvkl kstâ ahlhabnb sjektrjabekgtk rklbtjvbekgtk äsahlhabnb sjektrjabekgtk rklbtjvbekgtk äs
nubs brebnurbs ijxbs, j.k.nubs brebnurbs ijxbs, j.k. ββ44  5 β5 β ^ ^ / 6 / 6  
 Bssje, pbrb ue nkslh Bssje, pbrb ue nkslhabekgth nkabekgth nk ββ rbnjbghs gh skgtjnh `hrârjh  rbnjbghs gh skgtjnh `hrârjh rklbtjvbekgtk bh phgth nkrklbtjvbekgtk bh phgth nk
kqujlåfrjh, b abpbajnbnk nhs nhjs ahgnkgsbnhrks vbrjbe nk bahrnh ahe b skoujgtk lkj=kqujlåfrjh, b abpbajnbnk nhs nhjs ahgnkgsbnhrks vbrjbe nk bahrnh ahe b skoujgtk lkj=
Qk befhs hs ahgnkgsbnhrks ihrke bsshajbnhs gb ihreb nk njvjshr nk tkgsáh aheh sk ehstrb gbQk befhs hs ahgnkgsbnhrks ihrke bsshajbnhs gb ihreb nk njvjshr nk tkgsáh aheh sk ehstrb gb
ijourb 6.: sufskqukgtk,ijourb 6.: sufskqukgtk,
Ijourb 6.: - Ijourb 6.: - Ahgnkgsbnhr ke ehgtboke njikrkgajbl.Ahgnkgsbnhr ke ehgtboke njikrkgajbl.
H sjgbl nk sbånb ê H sjgbl nk sbånb ê ueb iugïáh ljgkbr nh nkslhabekgth=ueb iugïáh ljgkbr nh nkslhabekgth=
Ghtk-sk quk ue trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk ârkb vbrjâvkl, phnk tbefêe utjljzbr plbabs pbrblklbsGhtk-sk quk ue trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk ârkb vbrjâvkl, phnk tbefêe utjljzbr plbabs pbrblklbs
ahe njsahe njstægajb “n― ahgstbgtk k vbrjbr subtægajb “n― ahgstbgtk k vbrjbr sub abpbajtægajb pklb ârkb B, ahgihrek ijourb 6.24= abpbajtægajb pklb ârkb B, ahgihrek ijourb 6.24=
Ijourb 6.24 - ^rbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk ârkb vbrjâvkl nk plbabs Ijourb 6.24 - ^rbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk ârkb vbrjâvkl nk plbabs pbrblklbs.pbrblklbs.
  
00 Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
6.;6.;   Ahgnkgsbnhr nk Njstægajb YbrjâvklAhgnkgsbnhr nk Njstægajb Ybrjâvkl
Gkstb kstrbtêojb, h trbgsnuthr ê fbskbnh gueGkstb kstrbtêojb, h trbgsnuthr ê fbskbnh gueb vbrjbïáh nb njstægajb b vbrjbïáh nb njstægajb kgtrk plbabs, skgnh ueb ijxbkgtrk plbabs, skgnh ueb ijxb
k b hutrb shljnârjb ahe h prhakssh nk k b hutrb shljnârjb ahe h prhakssh nk eknjr aheh ehstrb b ijourb 6.22=eknjr aheh ehstrb b ijourb 6.22=
Ijourb 6.22Ijourb 6.22 ‑  ‑  ^rbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk njstægajb kgtrk plbabs vbrjâvkl. ^rbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk njstægajb kgtrk plbabs vbrjâvkl.
Qk ahgsjnkrbrehs quk gh prhaksshs nk ehvjekgtbïáh nb plbab T2 nb phsjïáh “n― pbrb uebQk ahgsjnkrbrehs quk gh prhaksshs nk ehvjekgtbïáh nb plbab T2 nb phsjïáh “n― pbrb ueb
phsjïáh “n+x―, rklbtjvbekgtk ä plbab T6, b ârkb kikatjvb k b pkrejbfjljnbnk sk ebgtêe ahgstbgtk,phsjïáh “n+x―, rklbtjvbekgtk ä plbab T6, b ârkb kikatjvb k b pkrejbfjljnbnk sk ebgtêe ahgstbgtk,
gh kgtbgth, b vbrjbïáh jgijgjtksjebl nh nkslhabekgth rkilktk-sk gueb vbrjbïáh nb abpbajnbnk nhgh kgtbgth, b vbrjbïáh jgijgjtksjebl nh nkslhabekgth rkilktk-sk gueb vbrjbïáh nb abpbajnbnk nh
ahgnkgsbnhr nb ihreb skoujgtk=ahgnkgsbnhr nb ihreb skoujgtk=
Tbrb kstk absh, b rklbïáh kgtrk b vbrjbïáh nb abpbajnbnk k b vbrjbïáh nh nkslhabekgth kgtrk bsTbrb kstk absh, b rklbïáh kgtrk b vbrjbïáh nb abpbajnbnk k b vbrjbïáh nh nkslhabekgth kgtrk bs
plbabs nh ahgnkgsbnhr ê ueb rklbïáh gáh-ljgkbr. Gh kgtbgth, k bh ahgtrârjh nh bgtkrjhr, bplbabs nh ahgnkgsbnhr ê ueb rklbïáh gáh-ljgkbr. Gh kgtbgth, k bh ahgtrârjh nh bgtkrjhr, b
jepknægajb ê bohrb ueb iugïáh ljgkbr nh nkslhabekgth “x― aheh sk ehstrb btrbvês nbjepknægajb ê bohrb ueb iugïáh ljgkbr nh nkslhabekgth “x― aheh sk ehstrb btrbvês nb
kxprkssáh=kxprkssáh=
 B gáh ljgkbrjknbnk nb vbrjbïáh  B gáh ljgkbrjknbnk nb vbrjbïáh nb abpbajnbnk rklbtjvbekgtk ä vbrjbïáh nnb abpbajnbnk rklbtjvbekgtk ä vbrjbïáh nh nkslhabekgth, phnh nkslhabekgth, phnk skrk skr
ahgthrgbnb, tbl aheh bahgtkaku pbrb b kstrbtêojb nk skgshrjzbïáh phr vbrjbïáh nk ârkb,ahgthrgbnb, tbl aheh bahgtkaku pbrb b kstrbtêojb nk skgshrjzbïáh phr vbrjbïáh nk ârkb,
rkahrrkgnh b ueb ehgtboke njikrkgajbl aheh ehstrb b rkahrrkgnh b ueb ehgtboke njikrkgajbl aheh ehstrb b ijourb 6.26=ijourb 6.26=
Ijourb 6.26- Ehgtboke njikrkgajbl nk Ijourb 6.26 - Ehgtboke njikrkgajbl nk ue trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk njstægajb vbrjâvkl.ue trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh nk njstægajb vbrjâvkl.
  
:: Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
Kstk trbgsnuthr phssuj trís plbabs ihrebgnh ahe h Kstk trbgsnuthr phssuj trís plbabs ihrebgnh ahe h pbr nk brebnurbs “T2 k pbr nk brebnurbs “T2 k T6― ue ahgnkgsbnhrT6― ue ahgnkgsbnhr
k ahe “T2 k T1― hutrh ahgnkgsbnhr. H nkslhabekgth ehvk b plbab akgtrbl kgtrk bs nubs plbabs.k ahe “T2 k T1― hutrh ahgnkgsbnhr. H nkslhabekgth ehvk b plbab akgtrbl kgtrk bs nubs plbabs.
Rubgnh T2 kstâ b ekjh nb njstÆgajb kgtrk T6 k T1 Rubgnh T2 kstâ b ekjh nb njstÆgajb kgtrk T6 k T1 (phsjïáh nk kqujlåfrjh) bs abpbajnbnks A2 k A6(phsjïáh nk kqujlåfrjh) bs abpbajnbnks A2 k A6
rkspkatjvbs b abnb pbr nk plbabs, ê joubl. Gueb sjtubïáh nk kqujlåfrjh, phr kxkeplh nk T2 êrkspkatjvbs b abnb pbr nk plbabs, ê joubl. Gueb sjtubïáh nk kqujlåfrjh, phr kxkeplh nk T2 ê
nkslhabekgth nk “x― gb njrkïáh nk T1, bs nkslhabekgth nk “x― gb njrkïáh nk T1, bs abpbajnbnks A2 k A6 pbssbe b skr=abpbajnbnks A2 k A6 pbssbe b skr=   
Rubgnh b tkgsáh “Y― ê bpljabnb kgtrk T6 kRubgnh b tkgsáh “Y― ê bpljabnb kgtrk T6 k T1 aheh sk ehstrb gb ijourb 6.21, b tkgsáhT1 aheh sk ehstrb gb ijourb 6.21, b tkgsáh
njikrkgajbl gbs plbabs ê=njikrkgajbl gbs plbabs ê=
Ijourb 6.21Ijourb 6.21 ‑  ‑  Kstrbtêojb nk  Kstrbtêojb nk ahefjgbïáh nh ahgnkgsbnhr njikrkgajbl.ahefjgbïáh nh ahgnkgsbnhr njikrkgajbl.
Ahgtunh, b vbrjbïáh nb njstægajb bpkgbs phnk skr bpljabnb pbrb eknjr nkslhabekgths eujthAhgtunh, b vbrjbïáh nb njstægajb bpkgbs phnk skr bpljabnb pbrb eknjr nkslhabekgths eujth
pkqukghs (gb hrnke nk ee) kgqubgth quk rkahrrkgnh b vbrjbïáh nb ärkb pkqukghs (gb hrnke nk ee) kgqubgth quk rkahrrkgnh b vbrjbïáh nb ärkb ahgskouk-sk qubgtjijabrahgskouk-sk qubgtjijabr
nkslhabekgths nb hrnke nhs akgtåektrhs.nkslhabekgths nb hrnke nhs akgtåektrhs.
6.96.9   Ahgnkgsbnhr nk Njklêatrjah YbrjâvklAhgnkgsbnhr nk Njklêatrjah Ybrjâvkl
 Bphñs b bgâljsk nh ahe Bphñs b bgâljsk nh ahephrtbekgth phrtbekgth nb abpbajnbnk nk ue nb abpbajnbnk nk ue ahgnkgsbnhr ibak b ahgnkgsbnhr ibak b vbrjbïáh qukr nbvbrjbïáh qukr nb
sub ârkb kikatjvb, qukr nb sub sub ârkb kikatjvb, qukr nb sub njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs, rkstb vkrjijabr pbrb njstægajb kgtrk bs plbabs, rkstb vkrjijabr pbrb quk tjph nk bpljabïûksquk tjph nk bpljabïûks
phnk b vbrjbïáh nb ahgstbgtk njklêatrjab nh ahgnkgsbnhr skr usbnb gb eknjïáh nk prhaksshs.phnk b vbrjbïáh nb ahgstbgtk njklêatrjab nh ahgnkgsbnhr skr usbnb gb eknjïáh nk prhaksshs.
Ektñnhs nk eknjnb fbskbnhs gb vkrjijabïáh nkEktñnhs nk eknjnb fbskbnhs gb vkrjijabïáh nk λλ  phssuke b vbgtboke nk gáh kxjojr,  phssuke b vbgtboke nk gáh kxjojr,
nktkrejgbnbs ajraugstÆgajbs, qublqukr ahgtbath iåsjah kgtrk h prhakssh b eknjr k h trbgsnuthrnktkrejgbnbs ajraugstÆgajbs, qublqukr ahgtbath iåsjah kgtrk h prhakssh b eknjr k h trbgsnuthr
(phr kxkeplh b nktkgïáh nk ibl`bs ke ijhs tíxtkjs).(phr kxkeplh b nktkgïáh nk ibl`bs ke ijhs tíxtkjs).
 Ybrjbïûks  Ybrjbïûks nkstb nkstb orbgnkzb orbgnkzb phnke phnke skr skr usbnbs usbnbs njrkatbekgtk njrkatbekgtk gb gb ehgjthrjzbïáh ehgjthrjzbïáh nk nk njvkrshsnjvkrshs
prhaksshs iåsjahs aheh phr kxkeplh b eknjnb nb `uejnbnk (hgnk h njklêatrjah ê ahgstjtuånh phrprhaksshs iåsjahs aheh phr kxkeplh b eknjnb nb `uejnbnk (hgnk h njklêatrjah ê ahgstjtuånh phr
ñxjnh nk blueågjh hu phljbejnb) hu nb ñxjnh nk blueågjh hu phljbejnb) hu nb eknjnb nh gåvkl ke låqujnhs.eknjnb nh gåvkl ke låqujnhs.
[e skgshr abpbajtjvh tåpjah pbrb eknjïáh ahgtågub nk gåvkl ê nh tjph njklêatrjah vbrjâvkl, gb[e skgshr abpbajtjvh tåpjah pbrb eknjïáh ahgtågub nk gåvkl ê nh tjph njklêatrjah vbrjâvkl, gb
rkbljnbnk, ahgsjstk ke ueb `bstk jshlbnb, hu bloue klktrhnh sjejlbr. H skgshr ê jgstblbnh kerkbljnbnk, ahgsjstk ke ueb `bstk jshlbnb, hu bloue klktrhnh sjejlbr. H skgshr ê jgstblbnh kepbrblklh b ueb pbrknk vkrtjabl nk ue tbgquk ikjth nk ebtkrjbl ahgnuthr. Ä eknjnb quk hkspbïhpbrblklh b ueb pbrknk vkrtjabl nk ue tbgquk ikjth nk ebtkrjbl ahgnuthr. Ä eknjnb quk hkspbïh
  
2424 Klbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. EbssbgohKlbfhrbnh pklh Kgo½ Luås A. Ebssbgoh
kgtrk b pbrknk k h klktrhnh ê kgtrk b pbrknk k h klktrhnh ê prkkga`jnh pklh ebtkrjbl rktjnh pklhtbgquk, b abpbajtægajb arksak gbprkkga`jnh pklh ebtkrjbl rktjnh pklhtbgquk, b abpbajtægajb arksak gb
prhphrïáh nh gåvkl nh ebtkrjbl. Tbrb jgstblbïûks ke tbgquks gáh-ahgnuthrks, ue skougnh kprhphrïáh nh gåvkl nh ebtkrjbl. Tbrb jgstblbïûks ke tbgquks gáh-ahgnuthrks, ue skougnh k
lktrhnh ê gkakssârjh. B abpbajtægajb phnk skr ljnb phr ueb phgtk hu phr ue ajraujth quklktrhnh ê gkakssârjh. B abpbajtægajb phnk skr ljnb phr ueb phgtk hu phr ue ajraujth quk
ahgvkrtb ljgkbrekgtk abpbajtægajb ke sbånb bgblñojab hu njoj tbl.ahgvkrtb ljgkbrekgtk abpbajtægajb ke sbånb bgblñojab hu njoj tbl.
Ijourb 6.2>Ijourb 6.2> ‑  ‑  Eknjïáh nk gåvkl  Eknjïáh nk gåvkl fbskbnh gue trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh.fbskbnh gue trbgsnuthr abpbajtjvh.
Nhjs prhmkths fâsjahs sáh eujth usbnhs= ue quk usb b pbrknk-tbgquk aheh ueb plbab nhNhjs prhmkths fâsjahs sáh eujth usbnhs= ue quk usb b pbrknk-tbgquk aheh ueb plbab nh
abpbajthr k hutrh quk ahgtêe jgtk rgbekgtk befbs bs plbabs. Ke befhs hs abshs, iugajhgbeabpbajthr k hutrh quk ahgtêe jgtk rgbekgtk befbs bs plbabs. Ke befhs hs abshs, iugajhgbe
btrbvês nb nkt kaïáh nk eunbgïb gb btrbvês nb nkt kaïáh nk eunbgïb gb abpbajtægajb qubgnh ahfkrths pklh ebtkrjabpbajtægajb qubgnh ahfkrths pklh ebtkrjbl brebzkgbnh.bl brebzkgbnh.
Ke barêsajeh b kstbs bpljabïûks, jgtkrrupthrks nk gåvkl sáh okrblekgtk jgstblbnhs b trbvês nbsKe barêsajeh b kstbs bpljabïûks, jgtkrrupthrks nk gåvkl sáh okrblekgtk jgstblbnhs b trbvês nbs
pbrknks nk tbgquk pbrb nktkatbr b prkskgïb hu b busígajb nh eb tkrjbl brebzkgbnh ke ueb nbnbpbrknks nk tbgquk pbrb nktkatbr b prkskgïb hu b busígajb nh eb tkrjbl brebzkgbnh ke ueb nbnb
blturb.blturb.
IJEIJE