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$OH[DQGHU�1HLOO Alexander Neill, o promotor da felicidade na sala de aula O educador escocês defendia o fim da hierarquia e da rigidez como meio de formar indivíduos livres e criativos Márcio Ferrari _����3iJLQD�GH�!�!_ 9HQHUDGR�SHORV�DPDQWHV�GD�OLEHUGDGH�LUUHVWULWD� DERPLQDGR�SHORV�SDUWLGiULRV�GH�XPD�HGXFDomR�WUDGLFLRQDO H�UHVSHLWDGR�SHORV�TXH�UHFRQKHFHP�D�LPSRUWkQFLD�GH IOH[LELOL]DU�D�KLHUDUTXLD�HVFRODU��$VVLP�R�HGXFDGRU� HVFULWRU�H�MRUQDOLVWD�$OH[DQGHU�6XWKHUODQG�1HLOO������� ��������IXQGDGRU�GD�6XPPHUKLOO�6FKRRO��QD�,QJODWHUUD�� YLYHX�ERD�SDUWH�GH�VHXV����DQRV��6XD�HVFROD�WRUQRX�VH tFRQH�GDV�SHGDJRJLDV�DOWHUQDWLYDV�DR�FRQFUHWL]DU�XP VLVWHPD�HGXFDWLYR�HP�TXH�R�LPSRUWDQWH�p�D�FULDQoD�WHU OLEHUGDGH�SDUD�HVFROKHU�H�GHFLGLU�R�TXH�DSUHQGHU�H��FRP EDVH�QLVVR��GHVHQYROYHU�VH�QR�SUySULR�ULWPR�� � $�pSRFD�HP�TXH�HOH�YLYHX�MXVWLILFD�JUDQGH�SDUWH�GH�VXDV�LGpLDV���'HSRLV�GD�3ULPHLUD�*XHUUD 0XQGLDO��D�KXPDQLGDGH�VHQWLX�VH�GHVDSRQWDGD�FRQVLJR�PHVPD�DR�YHU�DV�JUDQGHV�LQYHQo}HV XWLOL]DGDV�SDUD�D�GHVWUXLomR���FRQWD�/XL]�)HUQDQGR�6DQJHQLV��SURIHVVRU�GH�ILORVRILD�GD HGXFDomR�GD�8QLYHUVLGDGH�)HGHUDO�GR�5LR�GH�-DQHLUR��'RXWULQDV�WRWDOLWiULDV�FRPR�R IDVFLVPR��R�QD]LVPR�H�R�FRPXQLVPR�VH�HVWDEHOHFHUDP��ID]HQGR�FRP�TXH�GLYHUVRV SHQVDGRUHV�FRPHoDVVHP�D�FODPDU�SRU�OLEHUGDGH�GH�SHQVDPHQWR�H�GH�DomR�� �1RVVD�FXOWXUD�QmR�WHP�WLGR�JUDQGH�VXFHVVR��1RVVD�HGXFDomR��QRVVD�SROtWLFD��QRVVD HFRQRPLD�OHYDP�j�JXHUUD��1RVVD�PHGLFLQD�QmR�S}H�ILP�jV�PROpVWLDV��1RVVD�UHOLJLmR�QmR DEROLX�D�XVXUD��R�URXER����2V�SURJUHVVRV�GD�pSRFD�VmR�SURJUHVVRV�GD�PHFkQLFD�HP�UiGLR�H WHOHYLVmR��HP�HOHWU{QLFD��HP�DYL}HV�D�MDWR��$PHDoDP�QRV�QRYDV�JXHUUDV�PXQGLDLV��SRLV�D FRQVFLrQFLD�VRFLDO�GR�PXQGR�DLQGD�p�SULPLWLYD���HVFUHYHX�1HLOO�QR�OLYUR�/LEHUGDGH�VHP 0HGR�� � 'LVSRVWR�D�FRQVWUXLU�XP�PXQGR�PHOKRU�SRU�PHLR�GD�HVFROD��1HLOO�WRUQRX�VH�XP�GRV�PDLV LPSRUWDQWHV�HGXFDGRUHV�GDV�GpFDGDV�GH������H�������6HX�UHVSHLWR�SHOD�LQIkQFLD�H�VXD FRUDJHP�HP�PDQWHU�XPD�SRVLomR�GH�LQGHSHQGrQFLD�ID]HP�FRP�TXH�DWp�KRMH�HOH�PHUHoD�VHU UHYLVWR�H�HVWXGDGR� Educação libertária +RPHP�SUiWLFR�H�SRXFR�DIHLWR�D�WHRULDV��1HLOO�GHVHQYROYHX�VXDV�LGpLDV�SHGDJyJLFDV EDVHDQGR�VH�QR�ILOyVRIR�LOXPLQLVWD�-HDQ�-DFTXHV�5RXVVHDX��������������TXH�DFUHGLWDYD�QD ERQGDGH�LQDWD�GR�KRPHP��$V�GHVFREHUWDV�QR�FDPSR�GD�SVLFRORJLD�QR�LQtFLR�GR�VpFXOR��� WDPEpP�H[HUFHUDP�IRUWH�LQIOXrQFLD�VREUH�HOH��FRP�GHVWDTXH�SDUD�RV�HVWXGRV�GRV SVLFDQDOLVWDV�DXVWUtDFRV�6LJPXQG�)UHXG�������������H�:LOKHOP�5HLFK��������������FRP TXHP�ID]LD�WHUDSLD��'H�DFRUGR�FRP�1HLOO��D�HGXFDomR�GHYHULD�WUDEDOKDU�EDVLFDPHQWH�FRP�D GLPHQVmR�HPRFLRQDO�GR�DOXQR��SDUD�TXH�D�VHQVLELOLGDGH�XOWUDSDVVDVVH�VHPSUH�D UDFLRQDOLGDGH��(OH�DFUHGLWDYD�TXH�D�FRQYLYrQFLD�FRP�RV�SDLV��FRP�VXD�QDWXUDO VXSHUSURWHomR��LPSHGLD�RV�ILOKRV�GH�GHVHQYROYHU�D�VHJXUDQoD�VXILFLHQWH�SDUD�UHFRQKHFHU�R PXQGR��VHMD�GH�IRUPD�LQWHOHFWXDO��HPRFLRQDO�RX�DUWtVWLFD��3RU�LVVR��RV�DOXQRV�WLQKDP�GH PRUDU�HP�6XPPHUKLOO�H�UHFHELDP�D�YLVLWD�GRV�SDLV�HVSRUDGLFDPHQWH� Felicidade X sucesso 1HLOO�TXHULD�TXH�VHX�PpWRGR�IRVVH�XWLOL]DGR�FRPR�UHPpGLR�SDUD�D�LQIHOLFLGDGH�FDXVDGD�SHOD UHSUHVVmR�H�SHOR�VLVWHPD�GH�PRGHORV�LPSRVWR�SHOD�VRFLHGDGH�GH�FRQVXPR��SHOD�IDPtOLD�H SHOD�HGXFDomR�WUDGLFLRQDO��7HU�VXFHVVR�HUD��HP�VXD�RSLQLmR��VHU�FDSD]�GH�WUDEDOKDU�FRP DOHJULD�H�YLYHU�SRVLWLYDPHQWH��e�FpOHEUH�VXD�DILUPDomR���*RVWDULD�DQWHV�GH�YHU�D�HVFROD SURGX]LU�XP�YDUUHGRU�GH�UXDV�IHOL]�GR�TXH�XP�HUXGLWR�QHXUyWLFR���1HLOO�DFUHGLWDYD�TXH�DV FULDQoDV�HUDP�QDWXUDOPHQWH�VHQVDWDV��UHDOLVWDV��ERDV�H�FULDWLYDV��4XDQGR�HGXFDGDV�VHP LQWHUIHUrQFLDV�GRV�PDLV�YHOKRV��VHULDP�FDSD]HV�GH�VH�GHVHQYROYHU�GH�DFRUGR�FRP�VXD FDSDFLGDGH��VHXV�OLPLWHV�H�VHXV�LQWHUHVVHV��VHP�QHQKXP�WLSR�GH�WUDXPD���7RGD�H�TXDOTXHU LQWHUIHUrQFLD�SRU�SDUWH�GRV�DGXOWRV�Vy�DV�WRUQD�URE{V���DILUPDYD��$V�LQWHUYHQo}HV��VHJXQGR HOH��URXEDYDP�D�DOHJULD�GD�GHVFREHUWD�H�D�DXWRFRQILDQoD�QHFHVViULD�SDUD�D�VXSHUDomR�GH REVWiFXORV��FDXVDQGR�VHQWLPHQWRV�GH�LQIHULRULGDGH�H�GHSHQGrQFLD��GXDV�IRUWHV�EDUUHLUDV�SDUD D�IHOLFLGDGH�FRPSOHWD� Gestão democrática e autoavaliação +RMH�PDLV�GH�����HVFRODV�HVSDOKDGDV�SHOR�PXQGR�VHJXHP�RV�HQVLQDPHQWRV�GH�1HLOO�����Vy QRV�(VWDGRV�8QLGRV���$�HGXFDomR�HP�JHUDO�DSURYHLWRX�PXLWR�GH�VHX�SHQVDPHQWR��XPD UHODomR�PDLV�DEHUWD�HQWUH�DOXQRV�H�SURIHVVRUHV��TXH�MXQWRV�SRGHP�GHFLGLU�UHJUDV�GH�FRQGXWD� Neill na escola, nos anos 60: relação aberta entre professores e alunos. Alunos de Summerhill freqüentam oficinas, usam ferramentas e brincam livremente: para A.S. Neill, tudo o que a criança precisava era de liberdade para criar. R�FRQFHLWR�GH�TXH�D�HGXFDomR�GHYH�VHU�XPD SUHSDUDomR�SDUD�D�YLGD�H�D�HVFROKD�GH�FRQWH~GRV�TXH OHYHP�HP�FRQWD�R�LQWHUHVVH�SUpYLR�GH�FDGD�XP�VmR DOJXQV�GRV�OHJDGRV�GD�SHGDJRJLD�GH�6XPPHUKLOO� 0DV�HVVHV�VHULDP�DSHQDV�GHWDOKHV��SRLV��QD�HVVrQFLD� RV�SULQFtSLRV�GHVVH�HGXFDGRU�HVWDULDP�HP�[HTXH� �$V�GLVFXVV}HV�VREUH�DV�FDXVDV�GD�YLROrQFLD�H�GD LQGLVFLSOLQD�WrP�DSRQWDGR�SDUD�XPD�RPLVVmR�GD IDPtOLD�H�GD�HVFROD�HP�UHODomR�DR�HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR�GH OLPLWHV��3URFXUD�VH�KRMH�ID]HU�FRP�TXH�SDLV�H SURIHVVRUHV�H[HUoDP�VXD�DXWRULGDGH��VHP�VHQWLU�VH�FXOSDGRV���DQDOLVD�/XL]�)HUQDQGR 6DQJHQLV� Biografia $OH[DQGHU�6XWKHUODQG�1HLOO�QDVFHX�HP������QD�(VFyFLD��$SHVDU�GH�VHU�ILOKR�GH�XP SURIHVVRU�GD�]RQD�UXUDO��QmR�IH]�R�FXUVR�VHFXQGiULR�QR�SHUtRGR�UHJXODU�FRPR�VHXV�VHWH LUPmRV��7tPLGR�H�SRXFR�DPLJR�GRV�OLYURV��DGRUDYD�WUDEDOKDU�FRP�DV�PmRV��)RL�HGLWRU�GH�DUWH GH�XPD�UHYLVWD�HP�/RQGUHV�H�GLUHWRU�GH�XPD�HVFROD�SULPiULD�QR�VXO�GD�(VFyFLD��RQGH FRPHoRX�D�DSOLFDU�VHXV�SUHFHLWRV�OLEHUWiULRV��&RP�R�ILP�GD�3ULPHLUD�*XHUUD��GHX�DXODV�HP .LQJ V�$OIUHG��XP�FROpJLR�ORQGULQR�FRQVLGHUDGR�SURJUHVVLVWD��PDV�QmR�S{GH�ID]HU�JUDQGHV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV�QR�HQVLQR��(P�DJRVWR�GH�������IXQGRX�D�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�6FKRRO��$V GLILFXOGDGHV�GR�SyV�JXHUUD�IL]HUDP�FRP�TXH�D�LQVWLWXLomR�PXGDVVH�GH�VHGH�YiULDV�YH]HV��DWp HVWDEHOHFHU�VH�QXP�FDVDUmR�GH�HVWLOR�YLWRULDQR�HP�/HLVWRQ��QR�FRQGDGR�GH�6XIIRON��D���� TXLO{PHWURV�GD�FDSLWDO�EULWkQLFD��6HXV�SULQFtSLRV�VH�RSXQKDP�DWp�jV�SURSRVWDV�GD�(VFROD 1RYD��FRQVLGHUDGD�GH�YDQJXDUGD��6HJXQGR�1HLOO��HOD�SURSXQKD�PXGDQoDV�GLGiWLFDV�PDV�QmR ID]LD�UHIHUrQFLD�D�PRGLILFDo}HV�QD�VRFLHGDGH��0RUUHX�HP������ Summerhill: progressista aos 87 anos )XQGDGD�HP�������6XPPHUKLOO�Mi�SDVVRX�SRU�GLYHUVDV DPHDoDV�GH�IHFKDPHQWR��1D�~OWLPD��Ki�QRYH�DQRV��RV ILVFDLV�GD�UDLQKD�(OL]DEHWK�,,�DOHJDUDP�TXH�RV�DOXQRV HVWDYDP�DWUDVDGRV�HP�UHODomR�DR�HQVLQR�RILFLDO��=RH 5HDGKHDG��ILOKD�GH�$�6��1HLOO�H�DWXDO�GLUHWRUD��DILUPRX�QD pSRFD�TXH�SUHIHULD�WUDQFDU�DV�SRUWDV�D�WUDLU�DV�LGpLDV�GR�SDL��$EDL[R�DVVLQDGRV�GR�PXQGR WRGR�JDUDQWLUDP�R�IXQFLRQDPHQWR�GR�OXJDU��(P�������SRUpP��HP�XPD�QRYD�LQVSHomR��R JRYHUQR�GHX�SDUHFHU�IDYRUiYHO�DR�IXQFLRQDPHQWR�GD�HVFROD��2V�DOXQRV�DVVLVWHP�jV�DXODV TXH�TXHUHP��SRGHQGR�GHPRUDU�GLDV��VHPDQDV��PHVHV�RX�DQRV�SDUD�VH�LQWHUHVVDU�SRU�XP�RX RXWUR�FRQWH~GR��7HVWHV��H[DPHV�H�SUrPLRV�VmR�DERPLQDGRV��SRLV�1HLOO�DFUHGLWDYD�TXH�HOHV GHVYLDP�R�GHVHQYROYLPHQWR�GD�SHUVRQDOLGDGH�DR�HVWDEHOHFHU�PRGHORV�D�VHJXLU���2V�OLYURV VmR�R�PDWHULDO�PHQRV�LPSRUWDQWH�GD�HVFROD��7XGR�TXH�D�FULDQoD�SUHFLVD�DSUHQGHU�p�OHU� HVFUHYHU�H�FRQWDU��2�UHVWR�GHYHULD�FRPSRU�VH�GH�IHUUDPHQWDV��DUJLOD��HVSRUWH��WHDWUR��SLQWXUD H�OLEHUGDGH���HVFUHYHX�QXPD�GH�VXDV�SXEOLFDo}HV��$SHVDU�GR�FXOWR�j�OLEHUGDGH�WRWDO��UHJUDV 'H�$�D�( 'H�)�D�0 'H�1�D�= GHYHP�VHU�VHJXLGDV��VLP��$V�OHLV�GR�SDtV�QmR�SRGHP�VHU�GHVUHVSHLWDGDV�H�QRUPDV�GH�FRQGXWD VmR�FULDGDV�H�DSURYDGDV�HP�DVVHPEOpLDV�VHPDQDLV��QDV�TXDLV�DOXQRV�GH�WRGDV�DV�LGDGHV� SURIHVVRUHV�H�IXQFLRQiULRV�WrP�GLUHLWR�D�YR]�H�D�YRWR��(QTXDQWR�GLUHWRU��1HLOO�LQVWLWXLX�DV OLo}HV�SDUWLFXODUHV��FRQYHUVDV�DR�ODGR�GD�ODUHLUD��HVSpFLH�GH�SVLFRWHUDSLD��DJHQGDGDV�SRU TXHP�SUHFLVDVVH�FRQYHUVDU� Para pensar Muitas das idéias de Neill foram incorporadas a diferentes teorias pedagógicas. Na maioria dos casos, de forma relativizada. Cada vez menos colégios mantêm um esquema totalmente rígido de controle dos alunos, mas também não são muitos os que adotam a liberdade radical. Nomundo violento e complexo de hoje, como conciliar o desenvolvimento da responsabilidade com a liberdade? Como educar para o bem comum e, ao mesmo tempo, respeitar a individualidade de todos? Neill diria que o importante são o indivíduo e seu bem estar. Cabe a cada um agir de acordo com as próprias convicções e os objetivos e valores da escola em que trabalha. Quer saber mais? /LEHUGDGH�VHP�0HGR, A.S. Neill, 375 págs., Ed. Ibrasa, tel. (11) 32848382 (edição esgotada) /LEHUGDGH�VHP�([FHVVR, A.S. Neill, 168 págs., Ed. Ibrasa, 28 reais 5HS~EOLFD�GH�&ULDQoDV, Helena Singer, 179 págs., Ed. Hucitec, tel. 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