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31/10/2015 1 Hydraulic Turbines Applications Criteria • Flow rate • Operating range • Head • Operating range • Efficiency • Cost Types • Pelton • Turgo • Francis • Kaplan • Crossflow • Archimedes screw 31/10/2015 2 Operating Envelopes Pelton • Low flow • High head • Efficient over wide flow range • Control by nozzle number/flow • Widely utilised in large hydro installations • Not generally associated with small scale hydro due to head requirements Pelton 31/10/2015 3 Turgo • Wider flow range than Pelton • Lower head than Pelton • Efficient over wide flow range • Control by nozzle number/flow • Not generally associated with small scale hydro due to head requirements Turgo Francis • Flow and head range intermediate between Pelton and Kaplan • Used in large installations • Control by inlet guide vanes • Notably poorer performance at lower flow rates 31/10/2015 4 Francis Kaplan • Widest range of flow of all types • Medium-low head range • Control by inlet guide vanes and blade pitch adjustment • Used on wide range of installations including run-of-river • Efficiency very dependent on control methods Kaplan 31/10/2015 5 Cross-Flow • Lower flow and head range • Widely used in run-of-river schemes • Maximum efficiency not as high as some other designs, but good efficiency over wide range of flow is possible Cross-Flow Archimedes Screw • Lower flow and head range than other designs • Relatively new to hydro power applications • Reasonable efficiency, though variable speed is recommended to handle variations in flow 31/10/2015 6 Archimedes Screw Efficiency Comparison • Ensure comparison is valid: • Flow rate • % Flow • Turbine efficiency • Transmission efficiency • Generator efficiency • Transformer/inverter efficiency Efficiency Curves 31/10/2015 7 Kaplan Efficiency Kaplan Efficiency Cross-Flow Efficiency 31/10/2015 8 Cross-Flow Efficiency Archimedes Screw
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