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5 ; 5 eXH�W<fl+7 5 ;$flb1�fl>_+fl E Y%R�fl E T 5 ���ffM.ffiK�+��;�� E � E ��7 5 ;�RffS È fl E ù{��údfl<ù � ú V$� 5 ;$fl+W E fl+7a��78ffiK��;�� E �ff��M'�I1 7U� E ;�fl»:U��Wi��e�9 5 :8T 5 fi�7U��eL;$fl(Y%Rff��e%: 5iE fl;$fl E fl�v*fl�C 4 ��;���RffW<�¬;�� E �ff��MK�I1 78� E ffi'e%:Gfl>7GW<fl>;�ffi'�7GffiK� E fi�fl+7U��;�� E ��:G] E fl��U9�fl>fi���7 J �ff��MK�I1 78��Y%R�fl E ¯ � 5 e%:G]+Wß:8fl+78W)ffi'eff��ffi E ]}�U9ff��Wi��;ff��;$fl}R�Wi��¦ 5 7GWi� E fl+e%:8fl+eff�+ffi'��M{C m fläR�Wi���+��;�fl+ffiK� β � 5 ;$fl E fl>7 5 ��:GffiK;��Í�i�L��7G:Gffi'7 ;��#¦ 5 78W<� E fl>e�:8fl+eff�+ffi'��M α W<fl>;$ffiK��e%:8fl0�Í����M'ffi'�>��S+T 5 ;$fl3RffW<�,H�e�ffiK�+�Í��7 5 ;$RLS+T 5 V ;$ffi'_+fl>W 5%E Y%R�fl α ;$fl+78ffi.1���;$ffi'78fl�:8��W<fl+e%:Gfl β V 5 R�Y%R�fl β ]Í;$fl+78ffi'1I��;���;$ffi'7Gfl+:8��W)fl>e%:Gfl#;$fl α V 5 Y�Rfffl ;$fl>e 5 :U��W 5�E � 5 7 α ⇒ β C m fl β � 5 ;$fl E fl+7 5 �$:GffiK;���W<flN;$ffi'��e%:GflÍ������M'ffi'�>��S+T 5 ;$fl#R�W´eXH�W<fl+7 5 Ç e�ffi.: 5 ;�fl(�ff7 5 ;$RffS È fl E V�;$ffi._>fl+W 5�E Y%R�fl α ;$fl+78ffi.1�� β flb;$fl+e 5 :8��W 5%E α ∗ ⇒ β C 465 W 5 �iM'ffi.efffi�Rff��fi�fl+W L(G) Vt;$fl Ç e�ffiK;��<�tfl+MK�ifi�7U��Wi�:8ffi'�>�)M.ffi'1 7Gflb;$flb� 5 e%:Gfl+g : 5 G = 〈Ω, Σ, S, P 〉 V(] 5 � 5 e�v*R�e%: 5 ;$fl-: 5 ;�� E � E �ff��MK�I1 78� E ¦ 5 78Wi��;�� E ���Lfl>eff� E � 5 7}fl+M'fl+W<fl+e%: 5�E ;$fl Σ Y�Rfffl � 5 ;�fl+W E fl+7<;$fl+78ffi.1���;�� E ���ff��7�:8ffi.7<; 5-EGâ W3� 5 M 5 ffi'e�ffi'�+ffi'��M S Vkffi E8E�5 fl>Y%R�ffi'1���M'flz;$ffi'_+fl>7)Y%R�fl L(G) = {x ∈ Σ∗ | S ∗ ⇒ x} C 2.3 Forma de Backus-Naur ·¬j 5 78W<�»;$fl n ���Uº R E pr= ��R�7dù n =»jkúy]dRffW<� 5 R$:878�aWi��e�fl+ffi'78�`;�fl E fl6;$fl Ç effffi.7ØM.ffi'e�fi�RL��fi�fl>e E M'ffi.1 78fl E ;$fl � 5 e%:Gfl�g : 5 CB?dMK� ] E fl+W<fl+M'9ff��e�:8fl6�»R�Wi�»fi�78��W<�:GffiK�+�`M'ffi'1%78fl6;�fl6� 5 e%:Gfl�g : 5 V�Wi� E �Lfl>7GW<ffi.:GflaY%R�fl 5 M'��; 5 ;$ffi'7Gfl>ffiH: 5 ;�� E ��7 5 ;�RffS È fl E � 5%EGE Rff���M.fi�R�e Ek5 �Lfl>78��; 5 78fl E CÌ? E8E fl Ed5 �Lfl>78��; 5 78fl EkE fl+7UT 5 ����7Gfl E fl>e%:8��; 5�E � E fl>fi�R�ffi'7NC ÞÌ Á ¢�£� (α | β) u�½^W ; 5�E fl>M.fl>W<fl+e%: 5%E fl+e%:87Gflz�ff��7�I+e%:Gfl E fl E ù α 5 R β ú� 5 ;$fl E fl+70R$:Gffi'M'ffi._N��; 5 eL� ����M'ffi'�>��S+T 5 ;ff�0�ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 C ��������� �} �� � ��$��� �����& �� ff� ��� �ff��fi�fl2">/� !)��o i i i i i i i i ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ£½"x)Ü\ÛB×*Ò¾<ÖØÜy¾V¿@Ð X++ ">/ fZ5 7`fl�g$fl>W)�ffM 5 V E flJ:8ffi.1�] E8E fl>W 5%E �0�ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 � S → a(b | c | d)e � 5 ;�fl+7 â ��W 5%E :Gfl+7 � E ;$fl>7Gffi'1���S È fl E � S ⇒ abe S ⇒ ace S ⇒ ade 5 Y%R�fl E ffi'fi�effffi Ç �>�0Y%R�flb�)M'ffi.efffi�Rff��fi�fl+W fi�fl+7U��;��0] {abe, ace, ade} C ½^Wi�#¹JA 4 fl>Y%R�ffi'1���M'fl+e%:Gfl�)fl E8E � n =»j E fl>7GffiK� S → abe S → ace S → ade ökfl*v���W 5%E`5 R�:G7 5 fl+g fl>W<��M 5 � S → (c(aSa | bSb)c | λ) fi�fl>78�)�+��;$fl+ffiK� E ; 5 :8ffi.� 5 � S ⇒ caSac ⇒ cacaSacac ⇒ cacacbSbcacac ⇒ cacacbbcacac =^fl EGE flb�+� E�5 V �i¹JA 4 flNY�Rffffi.1���M'fl+e%:8fl E fl+78ffiK� S → λ S → caSac S → cbSbc Ç<6�µ t Á [α] uͤY%R�fl fl E :8ffi.1�fl+7afl+e%:87Gfl 5�E � 5 M'�U9fffl�:Gfl E � 5 ;$fl E fl+7aR$:Gffi'M'ffi._N��; 5)5 RäeffT 5 eff�)����M'ffiK�+��S>T 5 ;�� �ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 C fZ5 7`fl�g$fl>W)�ffM 5 V E flJ:8ffi.1�] E8E fl>W 5%E �0�ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 � S → a[bcd]e � 5 ;�fl+7 â ��W 5%E :Gfl+7 � E ;$fl>7Gffi'1���S È fl E � S ⇒ ae S ⇒ abcde 5 Y%R�fl E ffi'fi�effffi Ç �>�0Y%R�flb�)M'ffi.efffi�Rff��fi�fl+W fi�fl+7U��;��0] {ae, abcde} C ökfl*v���W 5%E`5 R�:G7 5 fl+g fl>W<��M 5 � ��������� �} �� � ��$��� �����& �� ff� ��� �ff��fi�fl2"+�, !)��� i i i i i i i i "+� Î`ÏaЬÏÎ`ÏaÒ(ÓBÔZÕ)ÖÌ×*Õ«ÖØÐÙÎ`ÏaÐ�Úd×*ÛØÜ»Ý<ÏaÕ S → a[(A | B)c]d A → a[a] B → [b] fi�fl>78�)� E �>��;$fl>ffi'� E � S ⇒ ad S ⇒ aAcd ⇒ aacd S ⇒ aAcd ⇒ aaacd S ⇒ aBcd ⇒ abcd S ⇒ aBcd ⇒ acd 5 R E fl�v���VPfi�fl>78�#�ÍM.ffi'e�fi�Rff��fi�fl+W {ad, aacd, aaacd, abcd, acd} C ½»W<�ä¹JA 4 flNY%R�ffi.1���M.fl>e�:8fl0�Ífl E8E � n =»j E fl>7GffiK��� S → ad S → aAcd S → aBcd A → aa A → a B → b B → λ = 5 :Gfl»��ffi.eff;ff�Y�Rfffl^R�Wi�J��7 5 ;�RffS+T 5 ; 5 :Gffi'� 5 α → β[γ]δ ] E fl>W<��7Gfl»fl>Y%R�ffi'1I��M.fl>e%:Gfl J ��7 5 ;$RffS+T 5 α → β(γ | λ)δ C È %@ µ ¢�£ff t¡ ¶à�µ{Â3t=É�  (α)∗ u,¤¨Y�RffflÍfl E :Gffi'1�fl>7bfl+e%:87Gfl#�L��7�I+e%:Gfl E fli� 5 ;$fl E fl+70R E ��; 5 R�W´eXH�W<fl+7 5 Y%Rff��MKY%R�fl+7);$fl 1�fl+_>fl E eL�`����M'ffi'�>��S>T 5 ;��a��7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 fld� 5 ;$fld:U��W3�t]+WêeffT 5^E fl>7ÌR E ��; 5 ù§7Gfl>�Lfl+:GffiK; 5 e�fl>e�9 R�Wi� 1�fl+_Iú C fZ5 7`fl�g$fl>W)�ffM 5 V E flJ:8ffi.1�] E8E fl>W 5%E �0�ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 � S → a(b)∗c :Gfl>7 â ��W 5%E � 5 W 5 7Gfl E RffMH:U��; 5 �)M.ffi'e�fi�RL��fi�fl>W ´ ����V����t��V������P��Vff�������P��VBC'C'C4µ%C 465 W 5 Y%Rff��MKY%R�fl+7 5 R$:G7U� n = jFV�� 5 ;$fl>W 5�E fl>eff� 5 e�:878��7aR�Wi�#¹JA 4 � 5 7878fl E � 5 eff;$fl+e%:8fl�V$� 5 W 5 V � 5 7`fl�g$fl>W)�ffM 5 � S → aZc Z → bZ Z → λ 465 W 5<5 R$:87 5 fl+g fl>W<��M 5 V$� 5 ;$fl>W 5�E :Gfl>7»� n =»jF� S → a(b | c)∗d ��������� �} �� � ��$��� �����& �� ff� ��� �ff��fi�fl2"No� !)�%q i i i i i i i i ÎZÜ»ÚOu+Ô(ÖØÛFÏ£½"x)Ü\ÛB×*Ò¾<ÖØÜy¾V¿@Ð X++ "No Y%R�flbfi�fl+7U�): 5 ;�� E � E �>��;$fl>ffi'� E Y%R�flbffi'e�ffiK��ffiK��W � 5 W a V�:Gfl>7GW<ffi'eff��W � 5 W d flb:�I+W«fl+e%:G78flbfl E :Gfl E^5 λ 5 R}Y%Rff��MKY%R�fl+7^�>��;$fl>ffi'�3¦ 5 78Wi��;��)� 5 7 b fl c C È %@ µ ¢�£ffÑ�t¡ ¶à�µ{Â3t=É�  (α)+ uQ¤æY%R�fl�fl E :Gffi'1�fl>7ifl+e%:G78fl}�ff��7�I+e%:8fl E flä� 5 ;$fl E fl+7iR E ��; 5 R�Wi� 5 RQWi��ffi E 1�fl>_+fl E eff� ����M'ffi'�>��S+T 5 ;ff�0�ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 CZ· �ff7 5 ;$RffS>T 5 α → β(γ)+δ ](flNY%R�ffi.1���M.fl>e�:8flb� α → βγ(γ)∗δ C · E fl>fi�R�ffi'7>V R$:8ffi.M'ffi'_>��78fl+W 5%E � n =»j��ff��78�0;$fl Ç effffi.7^�3e 5�E8E �3M.ffi'e�fi�Rff��fi�fl+W X++ C m fl>783fl�¦ fl+:GRff��;�� R�Wi�};$fl E ��78ffiKS+T 5 ;$fliY�RL��ffi E(E T 5 � E fl E :87GR$:8R�7U� E ;��zM.ffi'e�fi�RL��fi�fl>Wæ7Gfl>��78fl E fl+e%:8��;�� E fl+W
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