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Uncovering the Benefits of 
Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) in Green 
Coffee Bean (GCB) Extract for 
Weight Management,
Maintenance of Healthy Blood Glucose 
Levels Already in the Normal Range, 
Cardiovascular Health, 
and Mental Cognition
Human Clinical, Animal Model, and In Vitro 
Research Summaries
CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Study Summaries, by Benefit . . . . . . 3
Why GCB70™? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cautions and Interactions . . . . . . . . 11
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
™
*
*
*
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Cepham Inc
144 12th Street, Piscataway, NJ 08854
Tel: 201 255 6011 Fax: 201 255 6012
info@cepham.com
www.cepham.com
For several years, the research community has known of an association between 
moderate coffee consumption and the tendency to maintain lifelong healthy blood 
glucose levels (van Dam 2002, Ranheim 2005). More recent clinical and scientific 
studies have explored the possible mechanism of action for this, and other health-
promoting effects. 
It’s clear that coffee’s benefits are not coming from its caffeine content. Indeed, 
caffeine demonstrates undesired effects related to blood glucose levels. But 
there’s more to coffee than caffeine. It is a complex beverage, containing over 
a thousand different chemicals, including vitamins, minerals, and powerful 
antioxidants. The latter have become the subject of mechanism of action 
research—specifically the chlorogenic acid (CGA) that is present in both 
caffeinated and decaffeinated coffees. 
As the studies in this paper show, it’s the CGA in coffee that appears to convey 
the most dramatic effects for human health. Green coffee bean extract (GCB or 
GCE), a source of CGA, has received focused attention for its ability to support 
metabolic health. It appears to convey a whole host of benefits, not only helping 
to maintain healthy blood glucose levels, but also supporting healthy weight 
management goals, maintaining healthy blood pressure levels, and possibly even 
promoting cognitive health.*
The following study summaries explore the most intriguing published studies on 
GCB and CGA effects. After the summaries, this paper highlights the distinct 
advantages of GCB70™, a patent-pending and concentrated source of CGA.
What is Chlorogenic Acid?
Coffee’s benefits can be unpredictable, likely due to natural regional 
variations in its chemical composition (Wei 2012). That includes variance in 
its CGA concentration. GCB (also referred to as GCE) is a reliable source of 
CGA. As a dietary supplement, it can provide consistent dosages of the main 
health-promoting component of coffee.
In chemical terms, CGA is the ester formed when quinic acid and 
caffeic acid are joined. While it can describe a diverse group of quinic 
acid conjugates, when speaking of coffee-derived CGA, it is a family of 
conjugated hydroxycinnamates that are implied.
This material is for physician education purposes only. Not for consumer distribution .2
Coffee’s Secret 
Health-Promoting 
Component
An Introduction to 
Chlorogenic Acid
Thom E. 2007. The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose 
absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used 
long-term in overweight and obese people. Journal of International Medical 
Research 35(6); 900-908.
A preliminary 12-subject human study administered instant coffee enriched with 
CGA in the test group and saw a 6.9% reduction in glucose uptake compared 
to the control group. An ensuing 12-week randomized double-blind study of 
thirty overweight subjects further investigated the effects of the CGA-enriched 
decaffeinated instant coffee, when compared to normal instant coffee. 
Results: In the 12-week study, weight loss in the decaffeinated instant coffee and 
normal instant coffee groups were 5.4 kg and 1.7 kg respectively. There were no 
adverse events reported. 
Conclusion: It appears that CGA conveys significant support for healthy weight 
management and affects blood glucose uptake in a health-promoting manner. 
CGA was found both safe and effective in this study.*
* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 3
SCIENCE – by Benefit
Weight 
Management & 
Lipid Metabolism
Featured Study 1
Animal studies have also confirmed GCB’s ability to help maintain healthy 
weight and maintain healthy BMI and body fat percentages. In one model 
(Shimoda, 2006), effects were achieved when CGA was administered 
at 100 or 200mg/kg/day. CGA also helped maintain healthy hepatic 
triglyceride levels at a dosage as low as 60mg/kg/day. 
Other animal studies (Rodriguez 2002, Cho 2010) have found similar 
effects and observed that CGA positively affects plasma lipid concentrations 
and liver lipid production. In the liver, CGA appears to influence fatty 
acid synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, and acyl-CoA 
cholesterol acyltransferase activities, while simultaneously promoting fatty 
acid beta-oxidation activity. It appears to support normalized lipid production, 
while enhancing thermogenesis (fat burning activity).*
CGA as present in GCB may have similar support for healthy weight 
management and maintaining cardiovascular health in humans as well.*
Johnston KL, Clifford MN, Morgan LM. 2003. Coffee acutely modifies 
gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: 
glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. The American Journal of 
Clinical Nutrition. 78(4):728-33. 
Responding to evidence that some dietary polyphenols appear to affect glucose 
uptake, this study specifically investigated the effects of chlorogenic acids in 
coffee on glucose uptake systems in the gut. This small 3-way, randomized, 
crossover, human clinical trial involved nine healthy volunteers who consumed 
25g glucose in either: caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee (equiv. to 2.5mmol 
chlorogenic acid/L), or 400mL water as a control. Blood samples were taken at 
regular intervals for the next three hours to monitor blood glucose levels, insulin 
levels, and also levels of key gastrointestinal hormones to attempt to determine 
both effects on glucose metabolism and a possible method of action in the gut.
Results: When compared to both decaffeinated coffee and control beverage 
consumption, caffeinated coffee tended to result in higher plasma glucose and 
insulin concentrations during the first 30 minutes after consumption. This was 
expected due caffeine’s known tendency to encourage a small spike in blood 
glucose levels. 
However, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels—a 
gastrointestinal hormone related to actual glucose uptake in the gut—was higher 
for the control beverage than for either coffee, with decaffeinated coffee eliciting 
the lowest GIP levels. This indicated delayed glucose uptake in the gut, likely due 
to the activity of chlorogenic acid.
Conclusion: Moderate coffee consumption has been found to be related 
with higher likelihood of maintaining healthy blood glucose levels throughout 
an individual’s lifetime. This study lends support to past observations that the 
caffeine content of coffee is not responsible for this health benefit. Rather it is 
likely that caffeine actually aggravates blood glucose metabolism, while another 
component of coffee—namely chlorogenic acid—is responsible for the beneficial 
glucose metabolism effects. Further research is needed to explore the effects of 
chlorogenic acid alone to establish its activity with greater certainty.
This material is for physician education purposes only. Not for consumer distribution .4
Chlorogenic Acid 
and Glucose 
Metabolism
Featured Study 2van Dijk AE, Olthof MR, Meeuse JC, Seebus E, Heine RJ, van Dam RM. 2009. Acute 
effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic 
acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 32(6):1023-25.
This study attempted to shed light on the effects of chlorogenic acid as present in 
decaffeinated coffee and when administered alone as a dietary supplement. This 
15-subject, randomized, crossover trial studied the effects of: 12g decaffeinated coffee 
(equivalent to 264mg chlorogenic acid), 1g chlorogenic acid, 500mg trigonelline, and 
1g mannitol (as placebo). Study participants were required to complete four separate 
visits approximately one week apart. At each visit, subjects ingested one of the tested 
substances thirty minutes before a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Seven 
blood samples were taken: 30 minutes before OGTT, and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 
minutes after OGTT start.
Results: There were no dropouts and no adverse events during the trial. Both 
chlorogenic acid and trigonelline elicited significantly lower insulin and blood glucose 
concentrations 15 minutes after the OGTT when compared to the placebo, with 
chlorogenic acid resulting in the lowest blood glucose levels. Compared to the placebo, 
blood glucose levels continued to be lower for chlorogenic acid at all ensuing blood 
draws, but the difference is statistically insignificant. 
Conclusion: It appears that chlorogenic acid acts on blood glucose metabolism by 
delaying, not fully blocking, glucose uptake. It slightly attenuates the natural blood 
glucose increase after glucose intake. Chlorogenic acid may act on the alpha-
glucosidase and glucose-6-phosphatase pathways in the intestine, as indicated by 
earlier in vitro research.
* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 5
Featured Study 3
Animal studies have also confirmed chlorogenic acid’s ability to attenuate 
postprandial (after meal) plasma blood glucose peak. Such studies confirm that 
chlorogenic acid affects plasma GIP concentrations—a gastrointestinal hormone 
that is released only when glucose is actually absorbed in the gut (Tunnicliffe, 
2011). It appears that CGA affects the enzymatic activities of a-amylase and 
a-glucosidase (Zheng 2007). These findings confirm that chlorogenic acid is 
capable of adjusting glucose uptake in a fashion that supports ongoing healthy 
blood glucose levels.*
It’s been known for some time that chlorogenic acid not only affects glucose 
uptake in the gut, it also influences hepatic glucose production, as indicated 
by findings from a study utilizing animal liver cells (Simon 2000). Chlorogenic 
acid appears to affect the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme system in the liver 
(Hemmerle 1997), which is involved in glucogenesis (normal glucose production). 
It is possible chlorogenic acid has a similar multi-pathway ability to help maintain 
healthy blood glucose levels in humans.*
Ong KW, Hsu A, & Tan BK. 2012. Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose 
transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the 
beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. PLOS One. 2012; 7(3): e32718. 
Published online doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718.
Previous studies have examined the effects of chlorogenic acid on glucose uptake 
in the gut. It is possible chlorogenic acid has effects on glucose utilization in other 
cells as well. This mouse study examined the specific effects of chlorogenic acid 
supplementation on both healthy mice and mice with blood glucose challenges. It 
also examined the in vitro effects of chlorogenic acid on mouse skeletal muscle cells.
Results: Chlorogenic acid supplementation was found to promote lower (healthy) 
fasting blood glucose levels in both mouse groups. The study confirmed previous 
research findings about chlorogenic acid’s effect on blood glucose levels when 
administered prior to an OGTT. Muscle cell cultures revealed a more precise 
mechanism of action for chlorogenic acid’s effects outside the gut. It appears that 
chlorogenic acid influences the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 
a regulator of cellular energy. 
Conclusion: Mouse study results confirmed previous findings that chlorogenic 
acid is capable of attenuating typical blood glucose spikes. Cell culture results 
indicate that chlorogenic acid is also capable of promoting glucose uptake and 
utilization in skeletal muscle cells—it supports muscle cells ability to draw glucose 
in and use it as energy. Chlorogenic acid appears to have more than one pathway 
for promoting healthy glucose metabolism.*
This material is for physician education purposes only. Not for consumer distribution .6
Featured Study 4
Kozuma K, Tsuchiya S, Kohori J, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. 2005. Antihypertensive 
effect of green coffee bean extract on mildly hypertensive subjects. 
Hypertension Research 28(9):711-18.
This gold standard, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 
parallel group study examined the effect of green coffee bean extract (GCE) on 
117 male volunteers with blood pressure health goals. Four randomized groups 
received either: a placebo or GCE in doses of 46mg, 93mg, or 185mg per day. 
Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured at study start after 28 days 
of GCE administration.
Results: Significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were seen 
in the 93mg and 185mg dosage groups when compared to the placebo. No 
adverse effects were reported.
Conclusion: GCE administered at 93 – 185 mg/day was both safe and effective 
in promoting healthy blood pressure levels. A similar human study (Watanabe 
2006) confirmed these effects when CGA was administered at 140 mg/day.*
* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 7
Chlorogenic Acid 
and Healthy 
Blood Pressure
Featured Study 5
This material is for physician education purposes only. Not for consumer distribution .8
Mubarak A, Bondonno CP, Liu AH, Considine MJ, Rich L, Mas E, Croft 
KD, Hodgson JM. 2012. Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric 
oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy 
volunteers: a randomized trial. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 
60(36): 9130-36. 
Previous animal studies have noted the normalizing effects of CGA on blood 
pressure. One such study (Suzuki 2006) found evidence that CGA may convey 
its blood pressure benefit through antioxidant effects (which promote endothelial 
function) and by supporting healthy nitric oxide levels (a known vasodilator). 
Further research was needed to confirm whether these pathways are also 
accurate for CGA’s blood pressure effects in humans. 
This human study examined the effects of chlorogenic acid administered at 
400mg/day (equivalent to two cups of coffee). The randomized, double-blind, 
placebo-controlled, crossover trial studied healthy men and women (n=23). 
Plasma CGA concentrations, nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood 
pressure were measured. 
Results: The CGA group had significantly lowered blood pressure levels 
compared to the control group. However markers for nitric oxide status and 
endothelial function were not significantly altered.
Conclusion: CGA shows promise as a natural approach to supporting healthy 
blood pressure levels. Further studies will be required to illuminate the exact 
mechanism of action in humans.
Featured Study 6
* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 9
Cropley V, Croft R, Silber B, Neale C, Scholey A, Stough C, Schmitt J. 2012. 
Does coffee enriched with chlorogenic acidsimprove mood and 
cognition after acute administration in healthy elderly? A pilot study. 
Psychopharmacology 219(3):737-49. 
There has been an association between moderate coffee consumption and 
maintaining healthy cognitive function, and in vitro studies on neurons (brain 
cells) have confirmed this effect (Cho 2009, Kim 2012), isolating CGA as the 
likely active conveying the benefit. It is likely that CGA provides significant 
antioxidant support to protect neurons from normally occurring reactive oxygen 
species (ROS). Further research was needed to confirm the functional effects in 
humans.
This pilot study examined the effects of regular caffeinated coffee, plain 
decaffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee enriched with additional CGA, and 
a placebo. Thirty-nine healthy, mature adults participated in this randomized, 
double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Mood and cognitive processes 
were measured by behavioral tasks and event-related potentials (ERPs). 
Performance measurements were taken at baseline and after the equivalent of 
three cups of coffee.
Results: Caffeinated coffee showed the most significant effects on higher-level 
mood and attention measurements. However, the CGA-enriched decaffeinated 
coffee demonstrated some improvement in mood and behavioral measures, 
when compared to the plain decaffeinated coffee and placebo.
Conclusion: Caffeine is not the only component in coffee that alters cognition. 
CGA shows some benefit even in a short-term, small trial. More research is 
needed to explore the cognition effects of CGA consumption on the long-term.
Chlorogenic Acid 
and Cognitive 
Function
Featured Study 7
• US patent pending for novel GCB70™ manufacturing process 
• Leading CGA Concentration: 70 percent total chlorogenic acid
• Only 1 percent caffeine – suitable for stimulant-free blends 
 (spec limit is 2 percent)
• US GLP Safety Study – Acute oral toxicity established at greater than 
 5,000mg/kg of body weight
• No toxicity or lethality at 1000mg/kg/day for 28 days 
• GMO-free and non-mutagenic according to Ames’ bacterial reverse mutation assay
• Water soluble – Optimal bioavailability and manufacturing versatility
• Manufactured in NSF-GMP certified plant
This material is for physician education purposes only. Not for consumer distribution .10
Choose Higher Quality and Concentration to Craft a Weight 
Management Product that is Both Safe and Effective
GCB70™ is a novel, patent-pending and concentrated source of CGA. The most 
common GCB ingredients on the market are 45 to 50 percent total CGA with 
15 percent 5CQA. In contrast, GCB70™ is enriched with 70 percent chlorogenic 
acids, which includes 35 percent 5CQA (the most potent of CGAs).
GCB70™ has approximately 1 percent caffeine (equivalent to decaffeinated coffee 
and qualifying it as a decaffeinated material), qualifying it for use in stimulant-free 
weight management formulas. It is water soluble and easy to combine with other 
nutraceutical ingredients.*
SAFETY: GCB has been used for years in human clinical studies with no adverse 
effects reported that were associated with the CGA content. When unwanted 
effects have been reported, they have been related to added caffeine content. 
This is not an issue with GCB70™, which has a negligible caffeine composition, 
equivalent to that of decaffeinated coffee.
GCB70™ has undergone an animal-model safety study, establishing its acute 
oral toxicity at amounts greater than 5,000mg/kg of body weight, which 
demonstrates its broad spectrum safety. A dosage of 1000mg/kg/day for 28 
days did not exhibit any lethality or toxicity. Ames’ bacterial reverse mutation assay 
demonstrated the non-mutagenic potential of GCB70™.
NON-GMO: Cepham’s GCB70™ ingredient does not contain any genetically 
modified DNA or proteins or any raw materials originating from a GM-crop or GM-
microorganism. Cepham does not process any GM-derived material its production 
processes. GM-labeling within the EU is not required for this ingredient.
Why GCB70™
The GCB70 
Difference
™
Chlorogenic acid is a unique, naturally occurring constituent of coffee, which 
deserves continued scientific attention. It conveys defined effects for supporting 
weight management goals. It appears to support healthy thermogenesis, normal 
lipid metabolism, and the maintenance of healthy blood glucose levels. The latter 
effect likely explains its reported ability to normalize the human craving response.*
Beyond its ability to promote healthy metabolic function, as a powerful antioxidant, 
CGA also helps maintain cardiovascular health. It also may convey antioxidant 
support to neurons, thereby helping maintain healthy mental cognition and 
balanced mood.*
These whole health benefits address the often concomitant goals of promoting 
healthy weight management, supporting cardiovascular health, and maintaining a 
balanced mood. GCB70™ as a novel, patent-pending and concentrated source of 
CGA, is an optimal choice for weight management products that are marketed as 
truly natural and non-stimulant.
Products that incorporate standardized GCB of any source should encourage the 
consumer to pair the supplement with a healthy diet and exercise plan and to use 
supplements only with the guidance of their healthcare provider. Consumers ought 
to measure their weight, BMI, and body fat percentages before beginning the 
supplement protocol and after one month. If advised by a physician, they should 
also check their blood glucose levels regularly. 
CGA-containing supplements can affect homocysteine levels (Olthof 2001). 
They should not be taken long-term. It is advisable to take a B-complex vitamin 
while using CGA-containing supplements. Consumers who have questions about 
homocysteine effects should speak with their primary healthcare provider. 
We do not recommend CGA-containing supplements for pregnant or lactating 
women and those with liver or renal disease.
 
* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 11
Conclusion
Cautions & 
Interactions
Bassoli BK, Cassolla P, Borba-Murad GR, Constantin J, Salgueiro-Pagadigorria CL, Bazotte RB, da Silva RS, de Souza HM. 
2008. Chlorogenic acid reduces the plasma glucose peak in the oral glucose tolerance test: effects on hepatic glucose 
release and glycaemia. Cell Biochemistry and Function 26(3):320-28.
Cho AS, Jeon SM, Kim MJ, Yeo J, Seo KI, Choi MS, Lee MK. 2010. Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and 
improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48(3):937-43.
Cho ES, Jang YJ, Hwang MK, Kang NJ, Lee KW, & Lee HJ. 2009. Attenuation of oxidative neuronal cell death by coffee 
phenolic phytochemicals. Mutation research, 661(1-2):18-24. 
Cropley V, Croft R, Silber B, Neale C, Scholey A, Stough C, Schmitt J. 2012. Does coffee enriched with chlorogenic 
acids improve mood and cognition after acute administration in healthy elderly? A pilot study. Psychopharmacology 
219(3):737-49. 
Hemmerle H, Burger HJ, Below P, Schubert G, Rippel R, Schindler PW, Paulus E, Herling AW. 1997. Chlorogenic acid and 
synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. Journal of Medicinal 
Chemistry, 40(2):137-45
Ishikawa A, Yamashita H, Hiemori M, Inagaki E, Kimoto M, Okamoto M, Tsuji H, Memon AN, Mohammadio A, Natori 
Y. 2007. Characterization of inhibitors of post-prandial hyperglycemia from the leaves of Nerium indicum. Journal of 
Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo) 53(2):166-73.
Johnston KL, Clifford MN, Morgan LM. 2003. Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose 
tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 
78(4):728–33. 
Kim J, Lee S, Shim J, Kim HW, Kim J, Jang YJ, Yang H, Park J, Choi SH, Yoon JH, Lee KW, Lee HJ. 2012. Caffeinated 
coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and the phenolic phytochemical chlorogenic acid up-regulate NQO1 expression and prevent 
H2O2-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. Neurochemistry International 60(5):466-74. 
Kozuma K, Tsuchiya S, Kohori J, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. 2005. Antihypertensive effect of green coffee bean extract on mildly 
hypertensive subjects. Hypertension Research 28(9):711-18.
Mubarak A, Bondonno CP, Liu AH, Considine MJ, Rich L, Mas E, Croft KD, Hodgson JM. 2012. Acute effects of 
chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. 
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60(36):9130-36. 
Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Zock PL, Katan MB. 2001. Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, 
or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 
73(3):532 38.
Ong KW, Hsu A, & Tan BK. 2012. Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: 
a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. PLOS One. 2012; 7(3): e32718. Published online doi: 
10.1371/journal.pone.0032718.
Rodriguez de Sotillo DV, Hadley M. 2002. Chlorogenic acid modifies plasma and liver concentrations of: cholesterol, 
triacylglycerol, and minerals in (fa/fa) Zucker rats,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 13(12):717-26.
Shimoda H, Seki E, Aitani M. 2006. Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight 
gain in mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6:1-9. 
Simon C, Herling AW, Preibisch G, Burger HJ. 2000. Upregulation of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase gene expression in rats 
treated with an inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate translocase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 373(2):418-28.
Suzuki A, Yamamoto N, Jokura H, Yamamoto M, Fujii A, Tokimitsu I, Saito I. 2006. Chlorogenic acid attenuates 
hypertension and improves endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Hypertension 
24(6):1065-73.
Thom E. 2007. The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body 
mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people. Journal of International Medical Research 35(6):900-908.
Tunnicliffe JM, Eller LK, Reimer RA, Hittel DS, Shearer J. 2011. Chlorogenic acid differentially affects postprandial 
glucose and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide response in rats. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism 
36(5):650-59.
van Dijk AE, Olthof MR, Meeuse JC, Seebus E, Heine RJ, van Dam RM. 2009. Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and 
the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 32(6):1023-25.
Watanabe T, Arai Y, Mitsui Y, Kusaura T, Okawa W, Kajihara Y, Saito I. 2006. The blood pressure-lowering effect and safety 
of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 
28(5):439-49. 
Zheng YN, Liu K, Jia GY, et al. 2007. Effect of hot-water extract of coffee seeds on postprandial blood glucose 
concentration in rats. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 42(1):32-35.
* These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
This material is for physician education purposes only. Not for consumer distribution .
12
References

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