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LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE INGLÊS
Aula 8: The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Main topics:
- The Natural Approach and The Lexical Approach upon a diacronich point of view.
- Recognize principal features of The Natural Approach and The Lexical Approach.
 
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Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Abordagem Natural (The Natural Approach)
 
Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding.
(Stephen Krashen, professor emeritus at the University of Southern California)
Nossa fluência numa segunda língua é resultante do que adquirimos, não do que aprendemos.
(Stephen Krashen)
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
The Natural Approach was developed by Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen, starting in 1977. It came to have a wide influence in language teaching in the United States and around the world. The Communicative view of language is the view behind the Natural Approach. Particular emphasis is laid on language as a set of messages that can be understood.  
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Principal Features:
Language acquisition (an unconscious process developed through using language meaningfully) is different from language learning (consciously learning or discovering rules about a language) and language acquisition is the only way competence in a second language occurs. (The acquisition/learning hypothesis)
Conscious learning operates only as a monitor or editor that checks or repairs the output of what has been acquired. (The monitor hypothesis)
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
3. Grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable order and it does little good to try to learn them in another order.(The natural order hypothesis).
4. People acquire language best from messages that are just slightly beyond their current competence. (The input hypothesis)
5. The learner's emotional state can act as a filter that impedes or blocks input necessary to acquisition. (The affective filter hypothesis)
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
A abordagem Natural é também conhecida como o Modelo do Monitor ou do Input (Monitor or Input Model). Stephen Krashen delineou cinco hipóteses, que são as teorias norteadoras para esse modelo:
Monitor Model five hypotheses
The acquisition-learning hypothesis: there is a strict separation between conscious learning of language and subconscious acquisition of language, and only acquisition can lead to fluent language use;
The monitor hypothesis: language knowledge is consciously learned and it can only be used to monitor output, not to generate new language. Monitoring output requires learners to be focused on the rule and to have time to apply it;
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
The input hypothesis: language is acquired by exposure to comprehensible input at a level a little higher than that the learner can already understand;
The natural order hypothesis: learners acquire the grammatical features of a language in a fixed order, and this is not affected by instruction;
The affective filter hypothesis: learners must be relaxed and open to learning in order for language to be acquired. Learners who are nervous or distressed may not learn features in the input that more relaxed learners would pick up with little effort.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
As principais características da abordagem Natural são:
 
- the aim of this approach is to develop communicative skills, and it is primarily intended to be used with beginning learners.
- language is seen as a vehicle for communicating meanings and messages.
- the teacher is the primary source that generates understandable inputs for the students.
- the teacher must create an interesting atmosphere, fun but with a few filters in order to assure effective learning, and should find material of high interest for the students.
- students are not forced to speak. They decide when and how to start producing talking.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
the exercises of learning, such as those of grammar, must be part of the program, and together with the teacher the students must decide how much time to devote and how to correct them.
- lessons in the natural approach focus on understanding messages in the foreign language, and place little or no importance on error correction, drilling or on conscious learning of grammar rules. The lessons also emphasize learning of a wide vocabulary base over learning new grammatical structures.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
language acquisition cannot take place unless the acquirer understands messages in the target language and has developed sufficient vocabulary inventory. Vocabulary is considered prior to syntactic structures.
- students take an active role to ensure the comprehensibility of input. They will learn how to manage and use the main techniques of conversation to adjust the input.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
students provide information on the specific objectives and focus on topics and situations according to their needs.
it is expected that students participate and communicate with each other: students’ interaction.
- activities in the classroom are carried out and associated with common classroom materials, such as books, photographs, plans, brochures, maps, and so on. The use of these materials will depend on the level and on the age of the students. Use of visual aids to help comprehension.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
classroom activities that can facilitate language acquisition: content (culture, subject matter, new information, reading); affective-humanistic (students' own ideas, opinions, experiences); games; problem solving (focus on using language to locate and use information).
mistakes are considered part of the learning process.
- effective learning process takes place in a stress free environment.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Comparing...
 
Total Physical Response: command drills.
The Direct Method: activities of mime, gestures and context are used to elicit questions and answers.
- Communicative Language Teaching (Communicative Approach): group work activities where learners share information to complete a task.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Não há críticas registradas à abordagem Natural, porém, por se tratar de uma abordagem de ensino de LE comunicativa, é válida a seguinte reflexão de Ricardo Schütz, considerando o panorama da educação brasileira (SCHÜTZ, [20-]):
 
O ensino de inglês noBrasil, na rede de escolas de ensino médio, de forma geral, ficou encalhado no método de tradução e gramática do início do século, enquanto que os cursinhos particulares, na sua maioria, ficaram encalhados no método audiolinguístico dos anos 60. Isto porque a abordagem natural-comunicativa, hoje predominantemente aceita, depende fundamentalmente do elemento humano qualificado e esbarra na dificuldade de se obtê-lo no Brasil, evidenciando uma flagrante deficiência de nossos cursos superiores na área de línguas.
 
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Get the Image!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_766650&feature=iv&src_vid=AazPkAD-65w&v=eTVbdstastI
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Abordagem Lexical (The Lexical Approach)
 
Why do English Language teachers love rules? After lots of studies on corpus linguistics, formulaic language, usage (native speakers’ performance), etc., why do teachers keep clinging to the traditional rule system? […]
Teachers want to teach rules, learners don’t want to learn them. Learners want to learn how to make real use of the language for communicative purposes. They want to use the language without having to struggle with rules and terminology. […]
(Denilso de Lima, ELT professional in Brazil)
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Instead of words, we consciously try to think of collocations, and to present these in expressions. Rather than trying to break things into ever smaller pieces, there is a conscious effort to see things in larger, more holistic, ways.
(Michael Lewis, “Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach”, 1997)
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
As principais características da abordagem Lexical são:
 
- lexis is central in creating meaning, grammar plays a secondary role in managing meaning.
- successful language is a wider concept than accurate language. Emphasis is on successful communication not grammatical mastery.
- language is not learned by learning individual sounds and structures and then combining them, but by an increasing ability to break down wholes into parts. 
- emphasis on language patterns and collocations.
- grammar is acquired by a process of observation, hypothesis and experiment. 
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
- grammar exploration instead of grammar explanation.
- intensive and extensive listening and reading in the target language.
- first and second language comparisons and translation — carried out chunk-for-chunk, rather than word-for-word — aimed at raising language awareness.
- repetition and recycling of activities.
- activities of guessing the meaning of vocabulary items from context.
- the language activities consistent with a lexical approach must be directed toward naturally occurring language and toward raising learners’ awareness of the lexical nature of language.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
- use of dictionaries and other reference tools.
- early emphasis on receptive skills, especially listening, is essential.
- the importance of contrast in language awareness must be recognized.
- teachers should employ extensive, comprehensible language for receptive purposes.
- extensive writing should be delayed as long as possible.
- nonlinear recording formats (e.g., mind maps, word trees) are intrinsic to the Lexical Approach.
- reformulation should be the natural response to students’ mistakes.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Algumas críticas à abordagem Lexical:
 
- lexis still refers to only one component of communicative competence. It remains to be convincingly demonstrated how a lexically based theory of language and language learning can be applied at the levels of design and procedure in language teaching, suggesting that it is still an idea in search of an approach and a methodology.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
- students doubtless benefited from an enhanced repertoire of lexical phrases, but over-encouraged to seek the safety of the fixed forms, they still lost control of their larger meaning and found themselves stranded on phrasal islands of incongruous correctness by the error-infested nature of the larger sentence.
- adult language knowledge consists of a continuum of linguistic constructions of different levels of complexity and abstraction. Constructions can comprise concrete and particular items (as in words and idioms), more abstract classes of items (as in word classes and abstract constructions), or complex combinations of concrete and abstract pieces of language (as mixed constructions). Consequently, no rigid separation is postulated to exist between lexis and grammar.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Atenção!
- polywords (polipalavras): combinações de palavras usadas de modo fixo (quase que impossíveis de serem alteradas), geralmente compostas por preposições ou outras palavras sem muito valor semântico (ou seja, sem muito significado quando estão sozinhas).
Ex.: by the way (por falar nisto, a propósito), upside down (de cabeça para baixo, de pernas para o ar), up to now (até agora), from now on (de agora em diante), on the other hand (por outro lado), put up with (tolerar), look forward to (aguardar ansiosamente por), all at once (tudo de uma só vez, tudo de uma vez só).
- collocations: refere-se ao modo como uma palavra-chave combina com outras palavras em uma língua. Collocations são de todos os tipos e ocorrem com todas as palavras. 
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Alguns exemplos:
 
com verbos:
shut the door – fechar a porta
slam the door – bater a porta com força, fechar a porta com força
lock the door – trancar a porta, passar a chave na porta
unlock the door – destrancar a porta
answer the door – ver quem está batendo (tocando a campainha)
break the door down – derrubar a porta, arrombar a porta
 
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
com adjetivos que combinam com a palavra door:
big door – porta grande
great door – porta grande
huge door – porta grande, enorme
glass-panelled door – porta com vidro (não é a porta de vidro)
revolving door – porta giratória
 
Fontes: Denilso de Lima, disponível em: <http://www.inglesnapontadalingua.com.br/2008/07/polywords-o-que-isto.html> e <http://www.inglesnapontadalingua.com.br/2007/02/collocations-voc-j-ouviu-falar.html>.
Tema da Apresentação
The Natural Approach e The Lexical Approach - Aula 8
LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA AO ENSINO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Look at the screen!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GJ_qRBY6TQ&list=TLXPqTKz0yIKY
Tema da Apresentação