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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Aula 3: Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Learn the definition of Prepositional Phrases;
Analyze the meaning of some prepositional phrases;
Analyze the particularities of some prepositional phrases.
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. Phrases may be classified by the type of head taken by them:
PHRASES
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object.
The bolded phrases are examples of prepositional phrases in English:
She is on the computer. 
He could hear her across the room. 
Sarah walked down the ramp. 
They walked to their school. 
Garrett ate in the kitchen. 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES – EXAMPLES - SONG
In the 4th grade classroom
Over by the bay
Underneath the schoolbus
Toward the busy highway
At the grocery store
For the hundredth time
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
After several minutes, we located the key for the door.
after several minutes = prepositional phrase
after = preposition
several minutes = object of preposition
 
The flock of tiny swallows flew over the trees near the lake
a) of tiny swallows = prepositional phrase
of = preposition
tiny swallows = object of preposition
b) over the trees = prepositional phrase
over = preposition
the trees = object of preposition
c) near the lake = prepositional phrase
near = preposition
the lake = object of preposition
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Some verbs need a preposition before an object or another verb. The preposition is only grammatical, it doesn't change the meaning of the verb. 
 
A prepositional phrase should not be confused with the sequence formed by the particle and the direct object of a phrasal verb, as in turn on the light. 
This sequence is structurally distinct from a prepositional phrase. In this case, "on" and "the light" do not form a unit; they combine independently with the verb "turn". A word that looks like a preposition but is actually part of a verb is called a Particle.
 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Four armed men held up the bank. (Held up is a verb meaning “to rob.”)- Therefore, up is not a preposition, and bank is not the object of a preposition. Instead, bank is the direct object of the verb held up.
Other examples:
1. He came by the office in a hurry (by = preposition – PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
He came by his fortune honestly (by = particle – NOT A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
 
2. She turned up that street (up = preposition – PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
She turned up her nose (up = particle)
 
3. Tom lived down the street (down = preposition – PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
We finally lived down that accident (down = particle)
 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
MADE OF / MADE FROM
"This shirt is made of cotton“ - The cotton in the shirt is still cotton 
"This house is made of bricks" - they're still bricks
"The keyboard I use on my computer is made of plastic.“ - the plastic in my computer keyboard is still plastic.
 
On the other hand, the trees in the example where we say:
"The paper is made from trees." - These trees are not trees anymore – they stopped being trees when they became paper. 
"Wine is made from grapes." - The grapes are no longer grapes – they've been changed into a different type of stuff – a different type of substance - in this case, wine. "This cake is made from all natural ingredients." - And the flour and the eggs and the sugar in the example about the cake; these have all changed their forms as well when they became cake.
 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
MADE OF / MADE FROM
So this is the rule:
If something keeps its form, we use 'made of'.
But if the form is changed during the process of making, then we use 'made from'. 
If there is a list of ingredients, we use ‘made with’.
The table is made of wood. (It is still recognizably wood)
Wine is made from grapes (We cannot see the grapes in the wine)
The cake was made with flour, butter, eggs, sugar and fruit. (a number of different ingredients)
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
POSITION OF A PREPOSITION 
When Can a Sentence End with a Preposition?
English has a type of verb called a phrasal verb. These are verbs made up of multiple words, and one is always a preposition. “Cheer up,” “run over,” “log on,” and “leave off” are all examples of phrasal verbs, and often sentences that use phrasal verbs end with a preposition: 
I wish he would cheer up.
You should leave it off.
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
It’s also OK to end a sentence with a preposition sometimes even when you aren’t using a phrasal verb. For example, although you could rewrite the following sentences to avoid ending them with a preposition, you don’t need to. 
She displayed the good humor she’s known for. (Could be rewritten as “She displayed the good humor for which she’s known.”)
I want to know where he came from. (Could be rewritten as “I want to know from where he came.”)
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
When Can't You End a Sentence with a Preposition?
But, you can't always end sentences with prepositions. When you could leave off the preposition and it wouldn't change the meaning, you should leave it off. Here is a cell phone commercial:   
Where are you at?
The problem is that “Where are you at?” doesn't need the preposition at the end. If you say “Where are you?” it means the same thing. So the "at" is unnecessary. You should leave it off. 
POSITION OF A PREPOSITION 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A preposition initiates a noun, adjective or adverb.
A conjunction initiates a clause.
An adverb is never followed by an object.
Before/after/since the end of the summer. - PREPOSITION
Before/after/since the summer ended. - CONJUNCTION
It looks like another rainy day. - PREPOSITION
It looks like it's going to rain again today. - CONJUNCTION
He wants to color outside. - ADVERB
He wants to color outside the lines. - PREPOSITION
It will be some time before his schedule settles down. -ADVERB
One need only look down the roster to see the impact of so much travel. PREPOSITION
 
 
PREPOSITION OR ADVERB OR CONJUNCTION?
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Prepositional phrases can have the following syntactic function:
ADVERBIAL (adverb) - When, where, how, why, to what degree?
PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (noun) – preposition + what or who?
INDIRECT OBJECT (noun) – preposition + what or who?
ADNOMINAL ADJUNCT (adjective) - What kind of? Which one? (comma)
PREDICATIVE(adjective) - What kind of? Which one? (no comma)
 
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES – SYNTACTIC FUNCTION 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA IShe ran under him. (ADVERBIAL) 
A student of physics. (ADNOMINAL ADJUNCT)
 
She argued with him. (PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT) 
The man from China was enjoying his noodles. (PREDICATIVE)
She handed the money TO ME. (INDIRECT OBJECT) 
Give this man your name. (INDIRECT OBJECT WITH PREPOSITION UNDERSTOOD)
The boy from the shop (PREDICATIVE) is waiting at the corner (ADVERBIAL)
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A HORSE WITH NO NAME - AMERICA
ON THE FIRST PART OF THE JOURNEY I was looking AT ALL THE LIFE There were plants and birds and rocks and things There was sand and hills and rings The first thing I met was a fly WITH A BUZZ And the sky WITH NO CLOUDS The heat was hot and the ground was dry But the air was full OF SOUND
I've been THROUGH THE DESERT ON A HORSE WITH NO NAME It felt good to be OUT OF THE RAIN IN THE DESERT you can't remember your name 'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain La, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la (2X) 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A HORSE WITH NO NAME - AMERICA
AFTER TWO DAYS IN THE DESERT SUN my skin began to turn red AFTER THREE DAYS IN THE DESERT FUN I was looking AT A RIVER BED And the story it told OF A RIVER that flowed Made me sad to think it was dead
You see I've been THROUGH THE DESERT ON A HORSE WITH NO NAME It felt good to be OUT OF THE RAIN IN THE DESERT you can't remember your name 'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain 
AFTER NINE DAYS I let the horse run free 'cause the desert had turned TO SEA There were plants and birds and rocks and things There was sand and hills and rings The ocean is a desert WITH ITS LIFE UNDERGROUND AND A PERFECT DISGUISE ABOVE UNDER THE CITIES lies a heart made OF GROUND
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A HORSE WITH NO NAME - AMERICA
But the humans will give no love
You see I've BEEN THROUGH THE DESERT ON A HORSE WITH NO NAME It felt good to be OUT OF THE RAIN IN THE DESERT you can't remember your name 'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain La, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la (3X) 
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
LET’S ANALYZE
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
LET’S ANALYZE
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
WATCH OUT!
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Prepositional Phrases
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53U6E2MPYNg
Prepositional Phrases
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FXKYff6dnQ
 Prepositional Phrase
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFV6oGbqSzM
Prepositional Phrases - Quiz 1
http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/bl_prepphrase1.htm
Prepositional Phrases
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Yellow%20Level/Y18%20Prepositional%20Phrases.html
Prepositional Phrase Examples
http://quizlet.com/9004073/prepositional-phrase-examples-flash-cards/
Preposições – Sintagma Preposicional – Aula 3
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Learned the definition of Prepositional Phrases;
Analyzed the meaning of some prepositional phrases;
Analyzed the particularities of some prepositional phrases.

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