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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Aula 8: Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Conteúdo Programático desta aula Investigate the so-called linguistic creativity Study the concepts of language, variation, idiom, convention and idiomatic expressions. Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. Variability is inherent in human language: a single speaker will use different linguistic forms on different occasions, and different speakers of a language will express the same meanings using different forms. LANGUAGE AND VARIABILITY Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIMENSIONS OF VARIATION Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIMENSIONS OF VARIATION Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIALECT VS. ACCENT A dialect is a variation in grammar and vocabulary in addition to sound variations. It is usual to distinguish between dialect and accent. Both terms are used to identify different varieties of a particular language. ‘ACCENT’ - used for varieties which differ from each other only in matters of pronunciation ‘DIALECT’ - covers differences in such things as vocabulary and grammar. Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIATOPIC VARIATION In different places and regions of the linguistic area, different dialects and accents are spoken Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIACHRONIC VARIATION Variants and even historical stages follow each other on the diachronic axis. Middle English describes dialects of English in the history of the English language between the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the three centuries between the late 12th and the late 15th century. Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIACHRONIC VARIATION MODERN ENGLISH VERSION: And certainly our language now used varies from that which was used and spoken when I was born. For we Englishmen are born under the domination of the moon, which is never steadfast but ever wavering, waxing one season, and wanes and decreases another season. (William Caxton) MIDDLE ENGLISH VERSION: And certaynly our langage now vsed varyeth ferre from that whiche was vsed and spoken whan I was borne. For we engglysshe men ben born vnder the domyna-cyon of the mone, whiche is neuer stedfaste but euer wauerynge, wexynge one season and waneth and dyscreaseth another season. (William Caxton - 1422-1491) Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIAPHASIC VARIATION or STYLISTIC VARIATION It considers the variation in different communicative settings and different levels of style/register used in different social groups (according to age, sex, profession ...). Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I What are the differences between Spoken and Written English? Are there advantages and disadvantages for each form of communication? Note: instead of "spoken", some people say "oral" (relating to the mouth) or "aural" (relating to the ear). Speech uses tone groups, and a tone group can convey only one idea. Writing uses sentences, and a sentence can contain several ideas. Speech is spontaneous whereas writing is planned. Repetition is usually found in speech. Writing avoids repetition. Speaking and writing are different, and each should be seen in its own terms. The following two text samples are from the same person and tell about the same incident. DIAMESIC VARIATION Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Transcript of a recording: Um, well it was something that happened when I was living in Western Samoa um, I rented a house and, er, my bedroom my bedroom was actually separate from the rest of the house and, one night um, it was quite late. I was lying in bed. I was awake and, er, my flatmate was away at the airport meeting some relatives and so I was all alone and I started hearing noises on the roof of my bedroom it was a tin roof and um, I heard footsteps and creaking sounds on the the tin and an, another noise. I couldn’t quite tell what it was but it but it was something strange and I was scared really scared um, and my problem was that I couldn’t get to a phone without unlocking my bedroom door walking across the lawn unlocking the front door and going into the house the thought of doing this while there was somebody on the roof er, w-was not very, er possible so there I am lying there thinking what on earth will I do and I finally figured that probably the person there thought there was no one home and was just trying to break in trying to rob the place so I had a brainwave and immediately the person ran across the roof and jumped off er, and landed on the lawn I heard a thud, so then I unlocked the door and went across to the house and phoned the police well they were they were there really quickly I'd say within a couple of minutes. Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I DIAMESIC VARIATION - COMPARING SPEAKING AND WRITING A written account of the incident by the same person: When I lived in Western Samoa I shared a rented house with a flatmate. Late one night when he was away meeting some relatives at the airport, I heard strange noises like footsteps on the tin roof of my bedroom, which was separate from the rest of the house. In order to get to a phone, I would have had to walk over to the main part of the house and unlock the front door. I decided against this course of action, switching the light on instead, and this had the desired effect of driving away the intruder, who obviously had been thinking there was no one home. Whoever it was ran across the roof and jumped off, landing with an audible thud on the lawn before running away. The police arrived very soon after I had called them. Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I NONSTANDARD ENGLISH (AKA: NONSTANDARD DIALECT, NON-STANDARD VARIETY) (1) Any dialect of English other than Standard English. (2) A term used disapprovingly by some non-linguists to describe "bad" or "incorrect" English. It is no simple matter to define the difference between a standard and a nonstandard variety of language. However, for our purposes, we can define a standard dialect as one that draws no negative attention to itself. On the other hand, a nonstandard dialect does draw negative attention to itself; that is, educated people might judge the speaker of such a dialect as socially inferior, lacking education, and so on. A nonstandard dialect can thus be characterized as having socially marked forms, such as ain't. A socially marked form is one that causes the listener to form a negative social judgment of the speaker. Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I NONSTANDARD ENGLISH (AKA: NONSTANDARD DIALECT, NON-STANDARD VARIETY) Examples of widespread nonstandard grammatical forms in English include multiple negation, the difference between sittingand sat, the amount of and the number of. He don’t care about me anymore. (He doesn’t care about me anymore) Sign at the checkout of a supermarket: “Ten items or less”. (Ten items or fewer) I'm not speaking to nobody in this class. (I'm not speaking to anybody in this class.) I should have went to school yesterday. (I should have gone to school yesterday) If I was in a different situation,..." (If I were…) The amount of people he knows is unbelievable. (The number of people…) I was sat in the chair. ( I was sitting in the chair) Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Off the beaten track - remote from populous or much-traveled regions; "they found a quiet out-of-the-way resort”. Right Up one’s street - If something is ideal for you, it is right up your street. At the crack of dawn - at the earliest light of the day. Jane was always awake at the crack of dawn. The birds start singing at the break of dawn. To be in one’s element - In a natural or comfortable situation or environment. Sally is in her element when she's working with algebra or calculus. Bob loves to work with color and texture. When he's painting, he's in his element. IDIOMS Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I An idiom is a combination of words that has a figurative meaning, due to its common usage. An idiom's figurative meaning is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made. Idioms are numerous and they occur frequently in all languages. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in the English language Let's take a very simple word such as "hand" and make a literal sentence that is not an idiomatic expression: Bill has two hands, a right hand and a left hand. (literal sentence) Now, using the same word "hand", we will make a typical idiomatic expression. Bill is an old hand in the store.(This means that Bill has a lot of experience in the store. An "old hand" refers to a person with experience.) IDIOMS Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Idiomatic expressions have different forms and structures. They can be short with only one word or they can be long using combinations of words. She is pulling my leg. - to pull someone's leg means to tease them by telling them something untrue. She took me to the cleaners. - to take someone to the cleaners means to cause them to lose a lot of money. When will you drop them a line? - to drop someone a line means to phone or send a note to someone. You should keep an eye out for that. - to keep an eye out for something means to watch for it. IDIOMS Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Literal translation (word-by-word) of opaque idioms will not convey the same meaning in other languages. In English, ‘to kick the bucket’ means ‘to die’. In Portuguese, the expression chutar o balde 'to kick the bucket‘ means 'to give up on a difficult task (since a person coming to the end of their patience might kick a bucket in frustration)'. Some idioms, in contrast, are transparent. Much of their meaning does get through if they are taken (or translated) literally. For example, lay one's cards on the table meaning to reveal previously unknown intentions, or to reveal a secret. Transparency is a matter of degree; spill the beans (to let secret information become known) and leave no stone unturned (to do everything possible in order to achieve or find something) are not entirely literally interpretable, but only involve a slight metaphorical broadening. TRANSLATING IDIOMS Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I TAKE A LOOK! IDIOMS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHll_4taG0M http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/ What's An Idiom? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdT9_EmjZmw Famous Idioms - Famous Sayings http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdr8N5OIspM Fun English Idioms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYDgsnRg7Bw Idioms in Movies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7nJ7APp8iM Everyday Idioms - made easy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVHlVbIgUH0 Cockney http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=327s3lo-q0w Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I TAKE A LOOK! How To Do A Cockney Accent http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2ybcPTdTRo How to Speak Middle English: Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbjqzWex1uw How to Speak Middle English: Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUs4Ufo_GpM Middle English Pronunciation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaPSRCPREDI Rude Americans - Do you speak English? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tyzG_ZKVfU Learn English Through Song Lesson 96 Nonstandard Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88UD2tNh0fk British English vs American English http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZDFs9-dMwk Expressões Idiomáticas - Linguagem, Variação E Convenção – Aula- 8 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Conteúdo Programático desta aula Investigated the so-called linguistic creativity Studied the concepts of language, variation, idiom, convention and idiomatic expressions.
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