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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Aula 9: Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Study the concepts of Denotation, Connotation, Polyseme and Homonym.
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word. It refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions.”
CONNOTATION AND DENOTATION
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word. It refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.
CONNOTATION AND DENOTATION
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
MELIORATIVE OR PEJORATIVE MEANING
 
 
Words that "denote" a core meaning are those that are generally used and understood by the users and the audience to represent an object or class of objects, an act, a quality, or an idea. However, because of usage over time, words that denote approximately the same thing may acquire additional meanings, or connotations, that are either positive (meliorative) or negative (pejorative). 
 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
MELIORATIVE OR PEJORATIVE MEANING
 
 
You may live in a house, but we live in a home.
 
If you were to look up the words house and home in a dictionary, you would find that both words have approximately the same meaning- "a dwelling place." However, the speaker in the sentence above suggests that home has an additional meaning. Aside from the strict dictionary definition, or denotation, many people associate such things as comfort, love, security, or privacy with a home but do not necessarily make the same associations with a house. Why do you think that real-estate advertisers use the word home more frequently than house? The various feelings, images, and memories that surround a word make up its connotation. 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
MELIORATIVE OR PEJORATIVE MEANING
 
For another example of connotations, consider the following:
negative There are over 2,000 vagrants (or bums) in the city.
neutral There are over 2,000 people with no fixed address in the city.
positive There are over 2,000 homeless in the city.
Neutral: smell		Positive: aroma		Negative: stench
I recognized the familiar smell of my roommate's cooking.
 
Neutral: hut		Positive: cabin		Negative: shack
Uncle Henry lives in a hut deep in the woods.
 
Neutral: diner		Positive: bistro		Negative: greasy spoon
We stopped for lunch at a diner in West Virginia.
 
Neutral: conservationists	Positive: environmentalists
Negative: tree huggers
My parents are committed conservationists.
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
MELIORATIVE OR PEJORATIVE MEANING
As other examples, look at these quotations:
Jane marries John because of his "boyish charm"-and divorces him because of his "immaturity."
I am "strong-minded," but you are "opinionated.”
The difference between "vandalism" and a "harmless prank" depends upon whose child has committed it.
Their nation has a "network of spies," but our nation takes "security measures."
They try to change our minds by "propaganda," but we try to change their minds by "information."
When you attack us, it is an "act of war," but when we attack you, it is "a necessary preventive move to maintain our independence and to preserve the peace."
When my candidate reverses his mind after election, it proves he is "open-minded"; when yours does the same thing, it shows him up as "a man of no principle.”
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
HOMONYM - the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. 
An example of a homonym is fluke. Fluke can mean:
A fish, and a flatworm. (O.E. floc "flatfish," related to O.N. floke "flatfish," flak "disk, floe")
The end parts of an anchor. (Low Ger. flügel "wing.")
A stroke of luck. (uncertain origin)
All three are separate lexemes with separate etymologies, but share the one form, fluke.
Other examples:
rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise). 
stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person) 
left (past tense of leave) and left (opposite of right). 
bark (the sound of a dog) and bark (the skin of a tree)
 In all the examples above we have the so called TRUE HOMONYMS. 
 
HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES, HOMOGRAPHS AND POLYSEMES
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
There are two types of homonyms
 HOMOPHONES = same sound, different spelling 
to, too, two
there, their, they’re
read (peruse) and reed (waterside plant)
 
HOMOGRAPHS = different sound, same spelling (Also called in English HETERONYM)
bow (the front of a ship) and bow (a type of knot). 
row (to argue or an argument) and row (as in to row a boat or a row of seats - a pair of homophones).
 
Other examples:
Do you know what a buck does to does?
I like to read. In fact, I read a book yesterday.
With every number I read, my mind gets number and number.
HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES, HOMOGRAPHS AND POLYSEMES
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES, HOMOGRAPHS AND POLYSEMES
POLYSEME = same sound, same spelling, different meaning
Polysemy is the state of being a word with multiple meanings. 
What’s the difference between homonym and polyseme?
HOMONYM = unrelated in origin (they have different origins, they come from different languages, or different words from the same language)
Skate (glide on ice) [From Dutch schaats, stilt, skate (taken as pl.), from Middle Dutch schaetse, from Old North French escache, stilt, perhaps of Germanic origin.]
Skate(a kind of fish) [From Middle English scate, from Old Norse skata.]
 
POLYSEME = related origin (they have the same origins, they come from the same language or the same word from the same language)
mouth (of a river) and mouth (of an animal). [From Old English mūth.]
 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
HOMONYMS, HOMOPHONES, HOMOGRAPHS AND POLYSEMES
HOMONYM = unrelated in origin (they have different origins, they come from different languages, or different words from the same language)
 
POLYSEME = related origin (they have the same origins, they come from the same language or the same word from the same language)
 
Bank
a financial institution
the building where a financial institution offers services
a synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1
However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TYPES OF HETERONYMS
HOMOGRAPHS = different sound, same spelling (Also calledin English HETERONYM)
NOUN - NOUN 
bow /baw/(the front of a ship) and bow /bow/ (a type of knot).
I stood on the BOW of the ship with my BOW and arrow. 
 
Take a look at the rules of pronunciation:
WORDS IN ‘ATE’ - If the word is a homograph (there is the same form for the adjective, noun and verb) the stress does not change, but the pronunciation does. 
ADJECTIVE OR NOUN (ate=It) VERB ( ate= ei) 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TYPES OF HETERONYMS
WORDS WITH –S: The words differ by the pronunciation of the s. In one form (the verb) it is voiced like zzz, and in the other (the noun) it is voiceless like sss. 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TYPES OF HETERONYMS
NOUN- VERB 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TYPES OF HETERONYMS
NOUN- VERB 
BUT: NUMBER: I broke a NUMBER of bones in my right hand; it's NUMBER than the left. (SAME PRONUNCIATION)
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ADJECTIVE - VERB 
TYPES OF HETERONYMS
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
NOUN-ADJECTIVE
TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES: ADJECTIVE - stressed on the first syllable. X NOUN - stressed on the second.
TYPES OF HETERONYMS
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Denotation and Connotation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bq_5_bj0AXU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfiSFij6SR8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ht3WQcTjMHs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5UwIH600_Q
 
Polysemy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGvkBuLCqU8 – part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZPDuOjUbWQ - part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHs4z6n7ISo – part 3
See a list of polysemes: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polysemes 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
homophones_homonyms_polysemes_manju
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35RDpRpSrJA – part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cu6TGFs82yc – part 2
To exercise on homonyms, go to:
http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/6/1630/417333.cw/index.html
 
Homophones
25 Common Homophones in English
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUa4FqVn2pA
Pronunciation: Homophones
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzRhOQ7oatI
To see a list of homonyms and homophones, go to:
http://www.firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/other/homonyms/homonyms.htm
Homophones: http://www.esldesk.com/common-errors-english
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
LET’S PRACTICE!
1. Select the alternative that is INCORRECT:
a) Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word. It refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ 
b) Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word. It refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. 
c) Homonyms have the same spelling and the same pronunciation but they have different meanings. 
d) Homophones have the same sound and the same spelling. 
e) Homographs have a different sound but the same spelling. 
 
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
LET’S PRACTICE!
2. In which alternative the explanation is WRONG concerning the pronunciation of heteronyms?
a) In words in ‘-ATE’, the verb has an /ei/ sound and the adjective an /i/ sound.
b) In words with –S, the verb is voiceless like /sss/, and the noun is voiced like /zzz/.
c) Whenever ‘number’ is a verb or a noun, it has the same pronunciation.
d) When a word can be an adjective or a verb, the adjective is stressed on the first syllable. And the verb is stressed on the second one.
e) When a word can be a noun or an adjective, the noun is stressed on the second syllable and the adjective is stressed on the first one.
Aspectos Semânticos - Denotação, Conotação E Polissemia – Aula 9
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Studied the concepts of Denotation, Connotation, Polyseme and Homonym.