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SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA:ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
 
 
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Nesta aula você irá:
Reconhecer a pesquisa ação como uma forma de refletir sobre o ensino e promover mudanças;
Reconhecer a observação de aula como metodologia de pesquisa; 
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 The aim of professional people who take their profession seriously is invariably to progressively improve their practice. It is not different for language teachers. However, this improvement can only be achieved if teachers are willing to change their attitudes and behavior. 
In this case, one strategy these professionals can use in order to achieve this end is to carry out a type of research that is basically a way of reflecting on one’s teaching and changing future practice. It is called action research.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
ACTION RESEARCH
 Ferrance (2000) defines action research as:
“… a process in which participants examine their own educational practice systematically and carefully, using the techniques of research.”
 As teachers, we invariably face problems in our professional careers and we must find ways of turning them into positive experiences. One method of doing this is through action research.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Action research can be used in different settings and for a number of reasons. In fact, action research is appropriate whenever specific knowledge is required for a specific problem in a specific situation. In other words, as long as there is a problem involving people, tasks and procedures or whenever some change is required, this method can provide useful outcomes.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 Carr and Kemmis (1986) argue that,
 “In practical action research, participants monitor their own educational practices with the immediate aim of developing their practical judgment as individuals. Thus the facilitator’s role is Socratic: to provide a sounding-board against which practitioners may try out ideas and learn more about the reasons for their own action, as well as learning more about the process of self-reflection.” 
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 Action research is:
(adapted from Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2007)
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 We have already discussed the importance of undertaking classroom research in order to improve one’s practice. Besides contributing to the improvement of one’s practice, Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2007) stress that action research benefits teachers in an additional way – it contributes to a theory of education that could be made accessible to other teachers going through the same situation. 
 
Nunan (2007) also advocates the exploration of classroom teaching and learning processes as he cites Allbright and Bailey (1991):
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
“The teacher is the researcher’s link with learners, and also the learners’ link with research. The teacher is contracted to help learners learn, but can do so better by knowing about previous research and by using the procedures of classroom research to understand better what is happening in his or her classroom. In this way, the exploratory teacher will not only improve achievement but will also contribute to our general research knowledge about how language classrooms work.”
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 Blum (1959) explains that action research can be carried out in two stages. These are:
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Nunan (2007), on the other hand, identifies seven steps involved in action research and argues that one of the advantages of an investigation of this sort is that it can easily be replicated by other teachers.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
WHO UNDERTAKES ACTION RESEARCH IN SCHOOLS?
According to Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2007), three possibilities present themselves as an answer to this question:
A teacher on his/her own
A group of teachers working collaboratively
A teacher or teachers working alongside a researcher or researchers
 The authors explain that the second and the third possibilities tend to be the ones most favored by the advocates of action research. This is due to the fact that they believe that little can be achieved if only one person is involved in changing ideas and practices. Hill and Kerber (1967) argue that,,
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 “Action research functions best when it is co-operative action research. This method of research incorporates the ideas and expectations of all persons involved in the situation. Co-operative action research has the concomitants of beneficial effects for workers, and the improvement of the services, conditions, and functions of the situation. In education this activity translates into more practice in research and problem-solving by teachers, administrators, pupils, and certain community personnel, while the quality of teaching and learning is in the process of being improved.” 
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 As most teachers are willing to develop themselves professionally in a continuing basis, action research provides an opportunity for them to reflect on interesting and / or problematic issues in a structured way. It is considered user-friendly and, as mentioned before, provides an effective method for improving professional action.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Language classrooms are the places where teaching and learning take place. Therefore, it is reasonable enough to collect data about what goes on there as a means of getting a better understanding on language learning and use. This can be done through classroom observation. Classroom observation provides the practitioner with valuable information that could not possibly be obtained in other ways.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
There are two different types of classroom observation:
 
The teacher focuses on procedures for observing students’ behaviors in class;
Another teacher or an administrator focuses on procedures for observing the teacher’s behaviors in class;
 
In the first type, the teacher might observe, for instance, how interaction among students contributes to L2 acquisition. S/he might also explore which types of interaction best facilitate acquisition.Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
The second type of research is also very important because most of the time teachers are unaware of their behavior in class. Therefore, direct observation from an ‘outsider’ is the best methodology available for studying how teachers teach. If an inadequate behavior is observed, the two professionals can discuss it after class, think of possible solutions, and schedule another classroom observation.  
 
The idea of classroom observation might, in some contexts, encourage teachers to observe one another, and depending on what they find out, this might lead them to develop other types of research. In a context like this, where people work as a team, teachers might feel more enthusiastic about their work, knowing that they can share problems, solutions and goals.
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Get the Image!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDVH0u4tUWo
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Nesta aula você:
Reconheceu a pesquisa ação como uma forma de refletir sobre o ensino e promover mudanças;
Reconheceu a observação de aula como metodologia de pesquisa;  
Na Próxima Aula:
O questionário como ferramenta de pesquisa
Aula 08: Research Traditions: Action Research and Classroom observation
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
BONS ESTUDOS E ATÉ A PRÓXIMA AULA!
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