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LITERATURA INGLESA II
Lesson1: Romanticism in England – First impressions
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Class content:
•Europe and England during the Industrial Revolution.
•The reaction of the artists of the time to the new social order.
•Romanticism as a response.
•Romanticism - Theoretical and aesthetic aspects.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The relationship between literature and history is as old as the written word. Early writings influenced the formation of society and how people viewed their communities, if not their very reality. Literature continues to reflect history, as history looks in the mirror that works of literature provide. 
HISTORY AND LITERATURE
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The main connection between literature and history is that literature is used to report and represent history. The two are, therefore, intertwined with one another. The biggest difference between literature and history is that the latter posits itself as fact, while the former is taken to be an artistic form. The twin ideas of fact and entertainment intertwine often within literature and history to produce historical fiction and narrative non-fiction. 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
A watershed event in modern European history, the French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people. 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. This period is appropriately labeled revolution, for it thoroughly destroyed the old manner of doing things; yet the term is simultaneously inappropriate, for it connotes abrupt change. The changes that occurred during this period (1760-1850), in fact, occurred gradually. The year 1760 is generally accepted as the eve of the Industrial Revolution. In reality, this eve began more than two centuries before this date.  
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Romanticism was a literary movement that swept through virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to 1870. 
ROMANTICISM
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
By the late 18th century in France and Germany, literary taste began to turn from classical and neoclassical conventions. The generation of revolution and wars, of stress and upheaval had produced doubts on the security of the age of reason. Doubts and pessimism now challenged the hope and optimism of the 18th century. Men felt a deepened concern for the metaphysical problems of existence, death, and eternity. It was in this setting that Romanticism was born. 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The literary period and movement known as "Romanticism" (c. 1785/1789 - 1830) emerged in an Age of Revolutions and instituted revolutions in literature marked by sharp and conscious departures from past literary philosophies and practices. However, literary movements do NOT emerge out of nowhere and the roots of Romanticism can be traced back to earlier 18th century developments. 
Romanticism began in the late eighteenth century as a broad movement of protest against the aristocratic culture of the Ancien regime and against the neo-classical aesthetic upon which that culture was based.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
England 
Although in literature romantic elements were known much earlier, as in the Elizabethan dramas, many critics now date English literary romanticism from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads (1798). In the preface to the second edition of that influential work (1800), Wordsworth stated his belief that poetry results from "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings," and pressed for the use of natural everyday diction in literary works. Coleridge emphasized the importance of the poet's imagination and discounted adherence to arbitrary literary rules.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Germany - The Sturm und Drang school, with its obsessive interest in medievalism, prepared the way for romanticism. Friedrich Schlegel first used the term romantic to designate a school of literature opposed to classicism, and he also applied the philosophical ideas of Immanuel Kant and J. G. Fichte to the "romantic ideal." Major German writers associated with romanticism include G. E.Lessing, J. G. Herder, Friedrich Hölderlin, Schiller, and particularly Goethe, who had a mystic feeling for nature and for Germany's medieval past.
France and Other European CountriesThe credo of French romanticism was set forth by Victor Hugo in the preface to his drama Cromwell (1828) and in his play Hernani (1830). Hugo proclaimed the freedom of the artist in both choice and treatment of a subject.
 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Resulting in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movements had in common only a revolt against the prescribed rules of classicism. The basic aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of humanity; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the development of nationalistic pride; and the exaltation of the senses and emotions over reason and intellect. In addition, romanticism was a philosophical revolt against rationalism. 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Kant advocated the philosophy of Individualism: that authority could be located in the self (rather than in society, tradition, and received knowledge), yet he did not believe that individuals should look only to the "light of reason" for guidance. In 1781, Kant also published his Critique of Pure Reason, in which he questioned the power of Reason to provide the most significant forms of knowledge, and asserted that Feeling or Sensibility also offered a powerful guide to individuals engaged in ethical struggles to locate, experience, and represent the good. 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Characteristics of Romantic Literature
Romanticism saw a shift from faith in reason to faith in the senses, feelings, and imagination; a shift from interest in urban society to an interest in the rural and natural; 
a shift from public, impersonal poetry to subjectivepoetry; and from concern with the 
scientific and mundane to interest in the mysterious and infinite. Mainly they cared 
about the individual, intuition, and imagination.
1. Imagination and emotion are more important than reason and formal rules;
imagination is a gateway to transcendent experience and truth.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
2. Along the same lines, intuition and a reliance on “natural” feelings as a guide to 
conduct are valued over controlled, rationality.
3. Romantic literature tends to emphasize a love of nature, a respect for 
primitivism, and a valuing of the common, "natural" man; Romantics idealize
country life and believe that many of the ills of society are a result of 
urbanization.
a. Nature for the Romantics becomes a means for divine revelation 
(Wordsworth)
b. It is also a metaphor for the creative process—(the river in “Kubla Khan).
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
4. Romantics were interested in the Medieval past, the supernatural, the mystical, the “gothic,” and the exotic;
5. Romantics were attracted to rebellion and revolution, especially concerned with human rights, individualism, freedom from oppression;
6. There was emphasis on introspection, psychology, melancholy, and sadness. The 
art often dealt with death, transience and mankind’s feelings about these things. 
The artist was an extremely individualistic creator whose creative spirit was 
more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures.
a. The Byronic hero
b. Emphasis on the individual and subjectivity.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
It praised imagination over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science-making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion. In their choice of heroes, also, the romantic writers replaced the static universal types of classical 18th-century literature with more complex, idiosyncratic characters. They became preoccupied with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles and there was an emphasis on the examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Literature of "SENSIBILITY": Influenced by these mid- and later 18th-century philosophies asserting the innate human capacity for "benevolence," "exaggerated forms of sympathy and benevolence became a prominent aspect of eighteenth-century culture and literature. It was a commonplace in popular morality that readiness to shed a sympathetic tear is the sign of both polite breeding and a virtuous heart, and such a view was often accompanied by the observation that sympathy with another's grief, unlike personal grief, is a pleasurable emotion, hence to be sought as a value in itself . . ." (Abrams 190). 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
The idea of a vanished "golden age," variously identified as a "lost Garden of Eden" or the "era of classical Greece" located in humanity's distant past when people "lived naturally, simply, and freely" in a happy, innocent "state of nature" "before society and civilization had even begun," while certainly not a new idea, gained prominence in the 18th century (Abrams, 171, 170; emphasis added). Human history was viewed as a long, steady decline and fall from that ideal state, to the so-called highly "civilized" present with its "increasing degree of artifice, complexity, inhibitions, prohibitions, . . . anxieties and discontents" (Abrams 170, 171). 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
It praised imagination over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science-making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion. In their choice of heroes, also, the romantic writers replaced the static universal types of classical 18th-century literature with more complex, idiosyncratic characters. They became preoccupied with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles and there was an emphasis on the examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities.
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
Romantic style:
- Libertarianism 
 Nature 
 The Lure of the Exotic 
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Lesson1:Romanticism in England – First impressions
LITERATURA INGLESA I
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