1.1.1.a Storyboard Launch

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*!
**!
Lanthanides!
Actinides!
*!
**!
Major elements in living things!
Trace elements in living things!
Prevalence of Elements by Weight!
Elements! Human Body!
Earth’s!
Crust!
Oxygen! 65%! 49%!
Carbon! 18%! <1%!
Hydrogen! 10%! <1%!
Nitrogen! 3%! trace!
Calcium! 2%! 3%!
Iron! <0.05%! 5%!
Aluminum! <0.001%! 8%!
Silicon! trace! 26%!
>95%!
C
H2
CH
C
H2
H2
C
C
H2
C
C
H2
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
C
H2
H2
C
C
H2
H2
C
C
H2
H2
C
C
H2
CHH
C
CH
H
C
CH H
C
linear chain!
branched chain!
cyclical structure!
6 

C!
Carbon!
!
12.0!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
2!
x-!
axis!
y-axis!
z-axis!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
2!
x-!
axis!
y-axis!
z-axis!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
2!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
2!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
2!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
2!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
2!
4!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
# of !
covalent!
bonds!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
2!
4!
C
H
H
H
H
Methane (CH4)!
sp3!
sp3!
sp3!
sp3!
C!
109.5°!
1s! sp3! sp3! sp3! sp3!
hybrid orbitals: 25% s, 75% p!
4!
C C
H
H
H
H
Ethylene!
(C2H4)!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! sp2! sp2! sp2! 2pz!
3 hybrid orbitals!
sp2!
C!
120°!
sp2!
sp2!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! sp2! sp2! sp2! 2pz!
3 hybrid orbitals!
sp2!
C!
120°!
sp2!
sp2!
2pz!
2pz!
2pz!
sp2!
2pz!
sp2!
sp2!sp2!
sp2!sp2!
σ	
π	
sideways!
overlap!
head-to-head!
overlap!
C C
H
H
H
H
Ethylene!
(C2H4)!
π-overlap!
sp2!sp2!
sp2!sp2!
σ-overlap!2pz! 2pz!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! sp! sp! 2py! 2pz!
2 hybrid orbitals!
sp!sp! C!
180°!
1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
1s! sp! sp! 2py! 2pz!
2 hybrid orbitals!
sp!sp! C!
2pz!
2py!
2pz!
2py!
σ	
π	
π	
sp! sp! sp!sp!
2pz!
2py!2pz!
2py!
2pz!
2py!2pz!
2py!
C CH H Acetylene!(C2H2)!
sp! sp!σ-overlap!
π-overlap!
π-overlap!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
Bond! Length (Å)!
Bond 
strength!
(kcal/mol)!
ΔEN!
C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
ΔEN = difference in electronegativity 
between the 2 atoms!
Image credits:
Tomatoes image: Public Domain. Captured by Scott Bower of the USDA.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NRCSHI07018_-_Hawaii_(716072)
(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg
Periodic table: Public Domain. Authors: Cepheus (original) and InverseHypercube (derivative).
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White_periodic_table.svg