IOB-149-Aula 11

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Ambientes Redutores
Cold seeps:
– Margens passivas e ativas
Whale falls
Outros ambientes redutores
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Distribuição de cold seeps
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Cold Seeps no Mundo:
• 24 áreas – Atlântico, Pacífico e Mediterrâneo
• Margens ativas e passivas
• Profundidades entre 400 e 6000 metros
• Percolação de fluidos ricos em metano e sulfeto
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Margens Passivas
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Margens Ativas
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Golfo do México:
Espécies de 
Cold seep
Lamellibrachia sp.
Seepia jonesi
Bathymodiolus
childressi
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Bathymodiolus childressi
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
O ice worm, Hesiocaeca methanicola, GoM
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Hesiocaeca methanicola: o ice worm
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Barbados Accretionary Prism
Grenada
Tobago
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
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Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Japan Trench N. Barbados Prism
S. Barbados Prism
S. Barbados Prism
Nankai Wedge
S. Barbados Prism N. Barbados
Prism
Peru Trench Nankai Prism
From Sibuet & Olu 1998 DSR II 45, 517-567
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Barbados Accretionary Prism
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Barbados Accretionary Prism: Distribuição de bivalves
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
POCKMARKS NA COSTA BRASILEIRA
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
-42-40-38-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10
Escala de BSBS em dB
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
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Corais de Mar Profundo
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“Outros Habitats Quimiossintéticos”
Naturais:
 - Whale falls
 - Macroalgal falls/accumulações
 - “Wood” falls
 - Zonas de Oxigênio Mínimo
Antropogênicos:
 - Naufrágios 
 - Pontos de descarga de dejetos orgânicos?
 
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
WHALE FALLS
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Whale Falls
Fontes de compostos químicos reduzidos:
-H2S (& CH4) da decomposição anaeróbica de 
tecidos moles & lipídios dos ossos
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Years Since Arrival at Seafloor
San Diego Trough
San Clemente Basin
San Nicolas*
Santa Cruz Basin
Santa Catalina Basin*
* - Minimum Age (actual age could be >10 yrs older)
19
87
19
88
19
91
19
95
19
99
20
03
19
95
19
95
20
00
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
98
19
99
19
99
20
02
20
03
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
1987 - Santa Catalina Basin – 1240 m
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
~ 1 m
 1987 
Santa Catalina Basin 
 1240 m 
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
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Sucessão Ecológica em Whale Falls
• Sleeper sharks
• Peixes: cara-de-rato; feiticeiras
• Anfípodes e caranguejos
• Duração: ~6 meses
MOBILE SCAVENGER STAGE
 
 n = 2
 - 5000 kg gray whale in San Diego Trough
 - 35,000 kg gray whale in Santa Cruz Basin
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
35 ton gray whale at 1.5 mo – 1760 m Santa Cruz Basin
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Mobile scavengers on 35,000 kg Santa Cruz Carcass at 
t = 1.5 months
Species Abundance Biomass (kg)
Eptatretus deani 400 - 800 40 - 80
Lysianassid 
 amphipods 105 – 106 ? 10 –100 ? 
Somniosus 
 pacifica 1 - 3 50 - 1000
Totals 105 – 106 ? 100 - 1200
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
MSS Stage Duration?
35 ton carcass
1.5 mo – Largely Intact
18 mo – Skeletonized!
- 5 ton carcass stripped 
 in ~ 4 mo 
Duration ~ 4 – 18 mo
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Sucessão Ecológica em Whale Falls
ENRICHMENT OPPORTUNIST STAGE
 
 n = 3
 - 5000 kg gray whale in San Diego Trough
 - 10,000 kg gray whale San Clemente Basin
 - 35,000 kg gray whale in Santa Cruz Basin
Poliquetas: 2000 m-2!!!
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Santa Cruz carcass – 18 mo
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0
12500.0000
25000.0000
37500.0000
50000.0000
0 8 15 23 30
MACROFAUNAL ABUNDANCE
DISTANCE FROM WHALE (m)
Sediment Macrofauna at Santa Cruz Whale Fall – 18 mo
N
U
M
B
ER
 P
ER
 M
2
0
3.75
7.50
11.25
15.00
0 8 15 23 30
 SULFIDE AND Corg IN TOP 2 CM 
DISTANCE FROM WHALE (m)
Sulfide
% Organic Carbon
SU
LF
ID
E 
(m
M
) o
r C
or
g (
%
)
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0
7500.0000
15000.0000
22500.0000
30000.0000
0 8 15 23 30
DOMINANT INFAUNAL SPECIES
DISTANCE FROM WHALE (m)
Gastropod juv.sp. J
Bivalve juv sp. A
Cumella sp. A
Ophryotrocha sp. A
Ampharetid sp. A
Cumacean sp. K
Cirratulid sp. A
N
U
M
B
ER
 P
ER
 M
2
0
0.2250
0.4500
0.6750
0.9000
0 9 18 26 35
MACROFAUNAL DIVERSITY
IN
D
EX
 V
A
LU
E
DISTANCE FROM WHALE (m)
Shannon H'
Shannon J'
Rarefaction E(51)/20
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0
7.3
14.7
22.0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000
Santa Cruz Basin whale fall
Se
di
m
en
t d
ep
th
 (c
m
)
[H2S] (mM)
0 m 1 m 3 m 9 m
100 m
35 ton whale carcass
4.5 yr 
1670 m Santa Cruz Basin
Sulfide concentrations:
 
Sediments – up to 10 mM
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Summary of Enrichment Opportunist Stage for 
5000 – 35,000 kg carcasses
-High-abundance, low-diversity assemblages
-Rapid colonization by enrichment generalists 
 (Ophryotrocha, Cumella) and whale fall 
 specialists(?) (Vigtorniella)
-Duration of stage: < 3.2 yr
-Potential for some affinities to vent-seep fauna 
 (bivalve juveniles, dorvilleids)
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
 SULFOPHILIC STAGE
 
 n = 3
 - 10,000 kg gray whale San Clemente Basin
 - ~40,000 kg baleanopterid San Nicolas slope
 - 70,000 kg baleanopterid Santa Catalina Basin
 Michael Rothman
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Sucessão Ecológica em Whale Falls
Estágio Sulfofílico
Cocculina craigsmithi
Bactérias
Idas washingtonia
Calyptogena
~4-30 meses
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Taxon San Clemente (3.4 yr.) San Nicolas (>5 yr.) Santa Catalina 
(>4-15 yr.)
Mytilid
 Idas washingtonia > 20,000 > 10,000 > 10,000
Limpets
 Cocculina craigsmithi - 300 1,100
 Pyropelta corymba - 1,200 1,000
 Pyropelta musaica - 280 1,000
 Other Limpets - 1,800 1,200
Snails
 Mitrella permodesta 3? 1,800 1,800
 Provanna lomana - 1,500 -
 Eulimella lomana ~1,000 - -
 Juveniles and Others 1,800 1,700 800
Crustaceans
 Illyrachna profunda 900 500 1,800
 Amphipods < 400 800 500
 Galathaeids 800 ~50 ~100
 Misc. Crustaceans 9,000 8,000 4,000
Polychaetes
 Nereid sp. 1 ~50 ~50 ~50
 Ampharetids 50? 2,500 100
 Misc. polychaetes 1,800 10,000 8,000
Total Individuals >40, 000 >40,000 > 30,000
Total Species >103 >191 >180
Estimated Population Sizes of Whale-Fall Fauna in Sulfophilic Stage
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Sulfide concentrations in Bones? 
Unmeasured but presumably high due to development 
 of microbialmats and other chemosynthetic biota.
Santa Cruz Basin – 4.5 yr
Santa Catalina 
Basin - 39 yr
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Escarpia spicata
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Semelhanças entre as Faunas de Vents, Seeps e Whale Carcasses
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Semelhanças entre as Faunas de Vents, Seeps e Whale Carcasses
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Semelhanças entre as Faunas de Vents, Seeps e Whale Carcasses
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
 Species Whale Sk. Guay. Vents JdF Vents NEP Seeps GOM Seeps
BIVALVES Vesicomya gigas ++ ++ ++
 Calyptogena kilmeri + ++
 Calyptogena elongata + + ++
 Calyptogena pacifica? ++ ++ ++
 Idas washingtonia ++ + + +
GASTRO. Pyropelta corymba ++ +
 Pyropelta musaica ++ + ++
 Cocculina craigsmithi ++ + +
 Neoleptopsis sp.? + +
 Astyris permodesta ++ +
 Provanna lomana ++ ++
 Eulimella lomana ++ + ++
 ISOPODS Illyrachna profunda ++ +
 Janiridae sp. + ++
 POLYCH. Bathykurila guaymasensis + +
 Syllid sp. A + ++
 Sabellid sp. A + +
 Maldanid sp. C + +
 Dorvelleid sp. + +
 Scale Worm sp. ++ +
VESTIMENT. Escarpia spicata + + ++ +
ENTOPROCTS Entoproct sp. B + +
TOTALS VENTS 10 SEEPS 19
Species Overlap With Other Reducing Habitats
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
“These data support the recent invasion of vents and seeps by 
modern mytilid taxa, and suggest that decomposing wood and 
bone may have served as vectors for the transport of mytilid 
species to vents and seeps”
Distel et al. Nature
“Calculations that suggest sulfide-rich whale falls may be 
surprisingly abundant (with an average spacing of about 25 
Km in the deep northeast Pacific) lead to the hypothesis that 
whale falls might provide dispersal stepping stones for deep-
sea dwelling species that are dependent on chemosynthesis”
Smith 1992. Oceanus
Whale falls have evolved a specialized fauna while serving 
as refugia (and stepping stones?) for species from 
hydrothermal vents (10) and cold seeps (19). C.R. Smith
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Abundância estimada & distribuição de 
comunidades quimiossintéticas de carcaças de 
baleias? 
Assumindo - 
 - uma taxa anual de mortalidade para as 9 espécies de grandes 
baleias de 69.000 por ano
 - um tempo de residência dos hábitats ricos em sulfeto de 10 anos 
Smith & Baco (in press) calculam um standing stock de 690.000 
comunidades quimioautotróficas de carcaças no oceano global. I.e., whale 
falls são comuns.
Distribuição de comunidades de carcaças de baleia? Muito provavelmente 
cosmopolitas, mas concentradas em áreas de alta productividade oceânica.
Pesquisas Recentes
Smith & Baco no Pacífico NE 
Naganuma et al. no Atlântico NW?
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Tempos de persistência hábitats 
quimiossintéticos de carcaças?
No sedimento 
circunjacente: 0.5 
ano a > 4.5 anos
Nos ossos ricos em 
lipídios: >2.5 anos – 
>80 anos!
4.5 y Santa Cruz 50 yr Catalina Basin
80 yr San Nicolas
0
0.2500
0.5000
0.7500
1.0000
0 18 37 55 73 92 110
Known Age Whale Bones 
21
0P
b 
/ 2
26
R
a
Age Since Death (years)
museum bones
bones experimentally implanted on seafloor in 1992
ingrowth curve
 
4.5 yr Santa Cruz
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Lipid Summary SCB V. 18
(Implanted 1991-1998)
SA = Surface Area of coin-shaped x-section covered by specific zone
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Zone 2 = 
45.4%
Zone 1 = 
55.1%
Zone 3 = 
21.5%
V18 1991
Total Lipids =
41.9%
Zone 3 = 
Zone 3 = 
19.4%
Zone 2 = 35.8%
Zone 1 = 54.1%
V18 1999
Total Lipids =
31.2%
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Lipid Summary SCB V. 21
(Implanted 1991-1998)
SA = Surface Area of coin-shaped x-section covered by specific zone
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Zone 1 = 60.1%
Zone 2 = 54.6%
Zone 3 = 
31.4%
V21 1991
Total Lipids =
44.5% 
Zone 1 = 
50.0%
Zone 2 = 31.8%
Zone 3 = 22.8%
V21 1999
Total Lipids =
30.2%
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
1.3 % lipids per year
1.8 % lipids per year
Lipid Degradation Results
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0
0.2500
0.5000
0.7500
1.0000
0 18 37 55 73 92 110
Known Age Whale Bones 
21
0P
b 
/ 2
26
R
a
Age Since Death (years)
museum bones
bones experimentally implanted on seafloor in 1992
ingrowth curve
 
Calculated 
age of SCB 
skeleton =
54 years
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0
3.8
7.5
11.3
15.0
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000
100 kg kelp parcel, Santa Catalina Basin (0 meters)
Se
di
m
en
t d
ep
th
 (c
m
)
[H2S] (mM)
3 months old
6 months old
Acúmulos de Macroalgas
Fontes de compostos reduzidos & 
 concentrações? 
 - Decomposição anaeróbica da 
 matéria orgânica
 - H2S até 1 mM em sedimentos
 - Períodos de persistência ~ 6 meses 
a anos (dependente do tamanho)?
100 kg kelp parcel at 3 months
Santa Cruz Basin (1670 m)
(Smith and Baco, unpub.)
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Fauna de hábitat reduzido conhecida? 
 - Bivalves tiasirídeos, mexilhões 
batimodiolíneos, Beggiatoa
Distribuição conhecida? – Pacífico NE 
Abundância estimada & distribuição? 
 - Provavelmente comuns próximos a 
costas com grande produção de macroalgas 
(especialmente em canyons) 
Pesquisas recentes?
 - Smith & Baco, Pacífico NE 
 
Kelp and surfgrass La 
Jolla Canyon 33 m
Kelp and surfgrass 
La Jolla Canyon 
30 m
Eric Vetter
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
0
3.8
7.5
11.3
15.0
0.000 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000
200 kg wood island - Santa Cruz Basin (0 meters)
Se
di
m
en
t d
ep
th
 (c
m
)
[H2S] (mM)
6 months old
3 years old
Parcelas de madeira
200 kg wood fall at 3 yr Santa Cruz 
Basin (1670 m) 
Smith and Baco, unpub.
Fontes químicas reduzidas & 
concentrações?
 - Decomp. anaeróbica, H2S até ~ 
 0.1 mM no sedimento
Tempo de persistência? 
 - Anos
Fauna de hábitat reduzido conhecida?
 - mexilhões batimodiolíneos 
Distribuição conhecida e abundância? 
 - Cosmopolitas e comuns
Pesquisa recente? 
 - Smith & Baco, Pacífico NE 
 - Voight, Gorda Ridge 
 - de Forges et al., New Caledonia 
 
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Zonas de Oxigênio Mínimo como hábitats quimiossintetizantes
 Altas concentrações de 
sulfeto (e metano?)
 Persistem por décadas a 
milênios 
 Abrigam Beggiatoa etc., 
dorvilleídeos, vescomídeos, 
lucinídeos, 
 Comuns onde ZOM corta 
taludes & montes submarinos
 Pesquisa recente 
 - Margem Paquistanesa
 - Bacia de Socal
 - Talude do Peru-Chile
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Hábitas quimiossintetizantes antropogênicos:
 - Naufrágios:
 - cargas orgânicas podem produzir H2S (Dando et al., 1992)
 
 - persistem por anos a décadas?
 - podem abrigar vestimentíferos e batimodiolíneos
 - conhecidos somente na Espanha, mas naufrágios são 
comuns (>3000 de 1971 – 1990) 
- Emissários de esgoto?
 - Hábitats quimiossintetizantes do futuro?
 
Wednesday, December 2, 2009