Sensory Evaluation Techniques Brochure

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“…very comprehensive … the authors have updated statistical theory,
expanded descriptive lexicon related to the Spectrum™ method, cross-
referenced other recently published texts in the field, and devoted dis-
cussion to relationships between sensory, instrumental, and consumer
data … . The third edition is worth updating one’s library, for a num-
ber of reasons … including techniques to better understand data rela-
tionships (sensory-consumer, sensory-instrumental).”
—Food Technology
Step-by-step guide of 
product sensory evaluation
From listing the steps involved in a sensory evaluation
project to presenting advanced statistical methods,
Sensory Evaluation Techniques, Fourth Edition
covers all phases of sensory evaluation. Like its best-
selling predecessors, this edition continues to detail all
sensory tests currently in use, to promote the effective
employment of these tests, and to describe major sen-
sory evaluation practices.
The expert authors have updated and added many areas in this informative
guide. New to this edition are expanded chapters on qualitative and quantita-
tive consumer research and the Spectrum™ method of descriptive sensory
analysis that now contains full descriptive lexicons for numerous products,
such as cheese, mayonnaise, spaghetti sauce, white bread, cookies, and tooth-
paste. Also new in this chapter is a set of revised flavor intensity scales for
crispness, juiciness, and some common aromatics. The book now includes an
overview of Thurstonian scaling that examines the decision processes
employed by assessors during their evaluations of products. Another addition
is a detailed discussion of data-relationship techniques, which link data from
diverse sources that are collected on the same set of examples.
With numerous examples and sample tests, Sensory Evaluation
Techniques, Fourth Edition remains an essential resource that illustrates the
development of sensory perception testing.
Morten C. Meilgaard
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Gail Vance Civille
Sensory Spectrum, Inc, New Providence, New Jersey, USA
B. Thomas Carr
Carr Consulting, Evanston, Illinois, USA
• Explains numerous tests, including sensory, attribute, descriptive, and
affective (consumer) 
• Defines several classic qualitative and quantitative methods for testing
with consumers
• Includes substantial explanations of “fuzzy front end” and Internet
research techniques
• Presents basic concepts for tabular and graphical summaries,
hypothesis testing, and the design of sensory panels
• Examines multifactor experiments and multivariate techniques, such
as cluster analysis, regression analysis, and partial least-squares
• Provides statistical tables as well as guidelines for choosing
techniques and for reporting results
Preface 
INTRODUCTION TO SENSORY 
TECHNIQUES
Introduction 
Development of Sensory Testing
Human Subjects as Instruments
Conducting a Sensory Study 
SENSORY ATTRIBUTES AND THE WAY
WE PERCEIVE THEM
Introduction 
Sensory Attributes 
The Human Senses
Perception at Threshold and Above
CONTROLS FOR TEST ROOM
Introduction 
Environmental Controls
Product Controls
Panelist Controls
FACTORS INFLUENCING SENSORY 
VERDICTS
Introduction 
Physiological Factors
Psychological Factors 
Poor Physical Condition
MEASURING RESPONSES
Introduction 
Psychophysical Theory 
Classification
Grading
Ranking
Scaling
OVERALL DIFFERENCE TESTS: DOES 
A SENSORY DIFFERENCE EXIST
BETWEEN SAMPLES?
Introduction 
The Unified Approach to Difference and
Similarity Testing
Triangle Test
Duo–Trio Test
Two-Out-of-Five Test
Same/Different Test (or Simple Difference Test)
“A” – “Not A” Test
Difference-from-Control Test
Sequential Tests
ATTRIBUTE DIFFERENCE TESTS:
HOW DOES ATTRIBUTE X DIFFER
BETWEEN SAMPLES?
Introduction: Paired Comparison Designs 
Directional Difference Test: Comparing Two
Samples
Pairwise Ranking Test: Friedman Analysis—
Comparing Several Samples in All Possible
Pairs
Introduction: Multisample Difference Tests—
Block Designs 
Simple Ranking Test: Friedman Analysis—
Randomized (Complete) Block Design
Multisample Difference Test: Rating
Approach—Evaluation by Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA)
Multisample Difference Test: BIB Ranking Test
(Balanced Incomplete Block Design)—
Friedman Analysis
Multisample Difference Test: BIB Rating Test
(Balanced Incomplete Block Design)—
Evaluation by Analysis of Variance
See reverse side for continuation of Contents and ordering information
3839 FL
New!
contentscontents
Catalog no. 3839, January 2007, 464 pp.
ISBN: 978-0-8493-3839-7, $89.95 / £49.99
featuresfeatures
Praise for the Third Edition
3839 FL.qxd 3/5/07 4:30 PM Page 1
DETERMINING THRESHOLD
Introduction 
Definitions 
Applications of Threshold Determinations 
SELECTION AND TRAINING OF PANEL
MEMBERS
Introduction 
Panel Development 
Selection and Training for Difference Tests
Selection and Training of Panelists for
Descriptive Testing
Panel Performance and Motivation
Appendix 1: Prescreening Questionnaires
Appendix 2: Panel Leadership Advice
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Definition
Field of Application
Components of Descriptive Analysis
Commonly Used Descriptive Test Methods
Application of Descriptive Analysis Panel Data 
THE SPECTRUM™ DESCRIPTIVE
ANALYSIS METHOD
Designing a Descriptive Procedure
Myths about the Spectrum Descriptive Analysis
Method
Terminology 
Intensity 
Other Options 
Modified Short-Version Spectrum Descriptive
Procedures for Quality Assurance, Shelf-Life
Studies, etc. 
Appendix 1: Spectrum Terminology for
Descriptive Analysis 
Appendix 2: Spectrum Intensity Scales for
Descriptive Analysis
Appendix 3: A Streamlined Approach to
Spectrum References
Appendix 4: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis
Product Lexicons 
Appendix 5: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis
Examples of Full Product Descriptions 
Appendix 6: Spectrum Descriptive Analysis
Training Exercises
AFFECTIVE TESTS: CONSUMER TESTS
AND IN-HOUSE PANEL ACCEPTANCE
TESTS
Purpose and Applications
The Subjects/Consumers in Affective Tests
Choice of Test Location
Affective Test Methods—Fuzzy Front End
Affective Methods: Qualitative
Affective Methods: Quantitative
Internet Research
Using Other Sensory Methods to Uncover
Insights
Appendix 1: Screeners for Consumer Studies—
Focus Group, CLT, and HUT
Appendix 2: Discussion Guide—Group or 
One-on-One Interviews 
Appendix 3: Questionnaires for Consumer
Studies 
Appendix 4: Protocol Design for Consumer
Studies
Appendix 5: Additional Fuzzy Front End
References
BASIC STATISTICAL METHODS
Introduction 
Summarizing Sensory Data
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Thurstonian Scaling
The Statistical Design of Sensory Panel Studies
Appendix on Probability
ADVANCED STATISTICAL METHODS
Introduction 
Data Relationships
Preference Mapping
The Treatment Structure of an Experimental
Design
GUIDELINES FOR CHOICE OF 
TECHNIQUE
Introduction
GUIDELINES FOR REPORTING RESULTS
Introduction 
Summary 
Objective 
Experimental
Results and Discussion 
STATISTICAL TABLES
Index
References appear at the end of each chapter.
Please indicate quantities next to the title(s) ordered below:
SENSORY EVALUATION TECHNIQUES, FOURTH EDITION
...........Catalog no. 3839, ISBN: 978-0-8493-3839-7 at $89.95 / £49.99 each.
Other titles of interest:
NEW FOOD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: FROM CONCEPT TO
MARKETPLACE, SECOND EDITION
...........Catalog no. 1673, ISBN: 978-0-8493-1673-9 at $99.95 / £44.99 each.
GENETIC VARIATION IN TASTE SENSITIVITY
...........Catalog no. DK1273, ISBN: 978-0-8247-4087-0 at $189.95 / £109.00 each.
HANDBOOK OF FLAVOR CHARACTERIZATION: SENSORY
ANALYSIS, CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSIOLOGY
...........Catalog no. DK2899, ISBN: 978-0-8247-4703-9 at $199.95 / £115.00 each.
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