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6/13/2016 Serial Position Effect | Simply Psychology http://www.simplypsychology.org/primacyrecency.html 1/4 (http://www.simplypsychology.org) Serial Position Effect Some of the strongest evidence for the multistore model (multistore.html) (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) comes from serial position effect studies and studies of brain damaged patients. Experiments show that when participants are presented with a list of words, they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are more likely to forget those in the middle of the list. This is known as the serial position effect. The tendency to recall earlier words is called the primary effect; the tendency to recall the later words is called the recency effect. Murdock (1962) Experiment Procedure Murdock asked participants to learn a list of words that varied in length from 10 to 40 words and free recall them. Each word was presented for one to two seconds. Results He found that the probability of recalling any word depended on its position in the list (its serial position). Words presented either early in the list or at the end were more often recalled, but the ones in the middle were more often forgotten. This is known as serial position effect. The improved recall of words at the beginning of the list is called the primary effect; that at the end of the list, the recency effect. This recency effect exists even when the list is lengthened to 40 words. 6/13/2016 Serial Position Effect | Simply Psychology http://www.simplypsychology.org/primacyrecency.html 2/4 +6Rose Conclusion Murdock suggested that words early in the list were put into long term memory (longtermmemory.html) (primacy effect) because the person has time to rehearse each word acoustically. Words from the end of the list went into short term memory (shortterm memory.html) (recency effect) which can typically hold about 7 items. Words in the middle of the list had been there too long to be held in short term memory (STM) (due to displacement) and not long enough to be put into long term memory (LTM). This is referred as a asymptote. In a nutshell, when participants remember primary and recent information, it is thought that they are recalling information from two separate stores (STM and LTM)./p> Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) Experiment Procedure Glanzer and Cunitz presented two groups of participants with the same list of words. One group recalled the words immediately after presentation, while the other group recalled the words after waiting 30 seconds. These participants had to count backwards in threes (the BrownPeterson technique), which prevented rehearsal and caused the recency effect to disappear. Both groups could free recall the words in any order. Results The words at the end of the list are only remembered if recalled first and tested immediately. Delaying recall by 30 seconds prevented the recency effect. References Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K. W., & Spence, J. T. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press. pp. 89–195. Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A. R. (1966). Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5(4), 351360. Murdock, B. B. (1962). The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(5), 482–488. How to cite this article: McLeod, S. A. (2008). Serial Position Effect. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/primacyrecency.html Comments (9) Sort by: Date Rating Last Activity ∙ 118 weeks ago In my opinion you need to underline the specific aspects of the study ie the aim method results and conclusion and also you need to need to be 6/13/2016 Serial Position Effect | Simply Psychology http://www.simplypsychology.org/primacyrecency.html 3/4 Home (/) | About (saulmcleod.html) | AZ Index (simplypsychologyindex.html) | Privacy Policy (privacy.html) ReportReply +10Saul Mcleod (http://www.simplypsychology.org/) 63p ReportReply (http://www.simplypsychology.org/) 7Polina ReportReply +13Saul Mcleod (http://www.simplypsychology.org/) 63p ReportReply (http://www.simplypsychology.org/) +3tom ReportReply +5Meg ReportReply +1Shannon ReportReply 0Vicky ReportReply Enter text right here! Name Email Comment as a Guest, or login: Displayed next to your comments. Not displayed publicly. Submit Comment more precise on certain aspects because to me this looks like a good site however some elements do let it down as I am only in year 10"and have just started to learn about this subject i think you need to give detail 1 reply ∙ active 110 weeks ago ∙ 110 weeks ago Thanks for your feedback. I have updated the article. ∙ 110 weeks ago In Murdock's study (1962) the list was varied in length up till 40 words, not 30 1 reply ∙ active 9 weeks ago ∙ 110 weeks ago Thanks for your feedback. I have updated the article. ∙ 30 weeks ago i need more info ∙ 24 weeks ago I'm struggling to find some sort of conclusion on Glanzer and Cunitz findings. An evaluation for both studies to meet my A02 content would be fab! If you could do these things then this article is a complete success! ∙ 15 weeks ago How do these studies then back up the MultiStore Model of memory? That is the bit i don't understand. 1 reply ∙ active 9 weeks ago ∙ 9 weeks ago By showing that there are multiple stores. If you are given a list of words, you can rehearse the words at the beginning which transfers them into LTM. The words in the middle are not rehearsed (presumably due to time constraints) and are pushed out of STM by the new words at the end if the list, due to the limited capacity of STM. When a distraction task is introduced we see the words at the beginning have been rehearsed and so are in LTM, the words in the middle are pushed out of STM by the incoming new words, and the words at the end are pushed out of STM by the need to use that space to concentrate on the distraction task. Hope this helps! Post a new comment Subscribe to None 6/13/2016 Serial Position Effect | Simply Psychology http://www.simplypsychology.org/primacyrecency.html 4/4 Follow us This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercialNo Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/byncnd/3.0/). 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