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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225568412 Heat transfer from extended surfaces subject to variable heat transfer coefficient Article in Heat and Mass Transfer · January 2003 DOI: 10.1007/s00231-002-0338-3 CITATIONS 19 READS 1,000 1 author: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Optimization of hybrid solar- fossil fuel power generation cycles View project Solar thermocatalytic reforming of natural gas View project Esmail M. A. Mokheimer King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 81 PUBLICATIONS 750 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Esmail M. A. Mokheimer on 15 May 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Heat transfer from extended surfaces subject to variable heat transfer coefficient Esmail M.A. Mokheimer Abstract The present article investigates the effect of lo- cally variable heat transfer coefficient on the performance of extended surfaces (fins) subject to natural convection. Fins of different profiles have been investigated. The fin profiles presently considered are namely; straight and pin fin with rectangular (constant diameter), convex parabolic, triangular (conical) and concave parabolic profiles and radial fins with constant profile with different radius ra- tios. The local heat transfer coefficient was considered as function of the local temperature and has been obtained using the available correlations of natural convection for each pertinent extended surface considered. The perfor- mance of the fin has been expressed in terms of the fin efficiency. Comparisons between the present results for all fins considered and the results obtained for the corre- sponding fins subject to constant heat transfer coefficient along the fin are presented. Comparisons, i.e. showed an excellent agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. Results show that there is a considerable deviation between the fin efficiency calculated based on constant heat transfer coefficient and that calculated based on variable heat transfer coefficient and this deviation increases with the dimensionless parameter m. 1 Introduction Extended surface is used specially to enhance the heat transfer rate between a solid and an adjoining fluid. Such an extended surface is termed a fin. In a conventional heat exchanger heat is transferred from one fluid to another through a metallic wall. The rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to the extent of the wall surface, the heat transfer coefficient and to the temperature difference be- tween one fluid and the adjacent surface. If thin strips (fins) of metals are attached to the basic surface, extending into one fluid, the total surface for heat transfer is thereby increased. The use of fins in one side of a wall separating two heat-exchanging fluids is exploited most if the fins are attached to or made an integral part of that face on which the thermal resistivity is greatest. In such a case the fin serve the purpose of artificially increasing the surface transmittance. Thus, fins find numerous applications in electrical apparatus in which generated heat must be effi- ciently dissipated, in specialized installations of single and double-pipe heat exchangers, on cylinders of air cooled internal-combustion engines. Recently, finned surfaces are widely used in compact heat exchangers that are used in many applications such as air conditioners, aircrafts, chemical processing plants, etc… Finned surfaces are also used in cooling electronic components. The general disposition of fins on the base surface is usually either longitudinal (straight fins) or circumfer- ential (radial fins). Fins may also be disposed in the form of continuous spiral on the base surface or in the form of individual rods known as pin-fins or spines. The cross- section shape of the extended surface in a plane normal to the base surface is to be referred to as the profile of the fin or spine. Different fin profiles considered in the present study are shown in Fig. 1. Disposition of fins on the base surface results in increase of the total surface area of heat transfer. It might be expected that the rate of heat transfer per unit of the base surface area would increase in direct proportion. However, the average surface temperature of this strips (fins), by virtue of tem- perature gradient through them, tends to decrease ap- proaching the temperature of the surrounding fluid. So, the effective temperature difference is decreased and the net increase of heat transfer would not be in direct proportion to the increase of the surface area and may be considerably less than that would be anticipated on the basis of the increase of surface area alone. The ratio of the actual heat transfer from the fin surface to that would transfer if the whole fin surface were at the same temperature as the base is commonly called as the fin efficiency. Parsons and Harper [1], derived an equation for the ef- ficiency of straight fins of constant thickness in their in- vestigation of airplane-engine radiators. Harper and Brown [2], in connection with air-cooled aircraft engines, in- vestigated straight fins of constant thickness, wedge-shaped straight fins and annular fins of constant thickness; equa- tions for the fin efficiency of each type were presented and the errors involved in certain of the assumptions were evaluated. Schmidt [3] studied the same three types of fin from the material economy point of view. He stated that the Received: 5 February 2001 Published online: 10 September 2002 Springer-Verlag 2002 Esmail M.A. Mokheimer Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, P. O. Box: 279, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia E-mail: esmailm@kfupm.edu.sa On Leave from Ain Shams University The author would like to extend his thanks to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals for the support of this article. The author also would like to offer his sincere thanks to Prof. H. Z. Barakat due to his valuable discussions during this work. Heat and Mass Transfer 39 (2003) 131–138 DOI 10.1007/s00231-002-0338-3 131 Verwendete Distiller 5.0.x Joboptions Dieser Report wurde automatisch mit Hilfe der Adobe Acrobat Distiller Erweiterung "Distiller Secrets v1.0.5" der IMPRESSED GmbH erstellt. Sie koennen diese Startup-Datei für die Distiller Versionen 4.0.5 und 5.0.x kostenlos unter http://www.impressed.de herunterladen. 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/LockDistillerParams false >> setdistillerparams << /PageSize [ 595.276 841.890 ] /HWResolution [ 600 600 ] >> setpagedevice least metal is required for given conditions if the tempera- ture gradient is linear, and showed how the thickness of each type of fin must be varied to produce this result. Finding, in general, that the calculated profiles were impractical to manufacture, Schmidt proceeded to show the optimum di- mensions for straight and annular fins of constant thickness and for wedge-shaped straight fins under given operating conditions. The temperature gradient in conical and cy- lindrical spines was determined by Focke [4]. In this work, Focke, like Schmidt, showed how the spine thickness must be varied in order to keep the material requirement to a minimum; he, too, found that the result impractical and went to determine the optimum cylindrical- and conical- spine dimensions. Murray [5] presented equations for the temperature gradient and the effectiveness of annular fins with constant thickness with a symmetrical temperature distribution around the base of the fin. Carrier and Anderson [6] discussed straight fins of constant thickness, annular fins of constant thickness and annular fins of constant cross- sectional area, presenting equations for fin efficiency of each. In the latter two cases, the solutions were given in the form of infinite series. Avrami and Little [7] derived equations for the tem- perature gradient in thick-bar fins and showed under what conditions fins might act as insulators on the basic surface. Approximate equations were also given including, as a special case, that of Harper and Brown. A rather unusual application of Harper and Brown’s equation was made by Gardner [8], in considering the ligaments between holes in heat-exchanger tube sheets as fins and thereby estimating the temperature distribution in tube sheets. Gardner [9] derived general equations for the temperature gradient and fin efficiency in any extended surface to which a set of idealized assumptions are applicable. In this regard, Gardner [9] presented analytical solutions for fin efficiency Fig. 1a–c. (a) Straight fin profiles and coordinates, (b) Pin fin (spines) profiles and coordinates, (c) Coordinates of Annular fin with rectangular profile 132 for straight fins and spines with different profiles and annular fins of rectangular and constant heat flow area profiles subject to constant heat transfer coefficient. Assuming that the heat transfer coefficient is a power function of the temperature difference of a straight fin of a rectangular profile and that of the ambient, Unal [10] obtained a closed form solution for the one dimensional temperature distribution for different values of the exponent in the power function. An exact solution for the rate of heat transfer from a rectangular fin governed by a power law-type temperature dependence heat transfer coefficient has been obtained by Sen and Trinh [11]. Rong-Hua Yeh [12] presented the optimum dimensions and heat transfer characteristics of spines with different profiles. In this study, the temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficient is assumed to be a power-law type. Rong-Hua Yeh [12] did not present the fin efficiencyof spines subject to temperature dependent heat transfer coefficient. Performance and optimum dimensions of longitudinal and annular fins and spines with a tempera- ture dependent heat transfer coefficient have been presented by Laor and Kalman [13]. In this work, Laor and Kalman considered the heat transfer coefficient as a power function of temperature and used exponent values in the power function that represent different heat transfer mechanisms such as free convection, fully developed boiling and radiation. Few studies presented experimental investigation on free convection heat transfer from rectangular fin arrays. Starner and McManus [14] presented average heat transfer coefficient for four fin arrays positioned with vertical, 45 degree, and horizontal base while dissipating heat to room air. Average heat transfer coefficients were found to be strongly affected by the fin array positioning. Average heat transfer coefficients have been also presented by Harahap and Mcmanus [15] for fin array positioned with their base oriented horizontally. Jones and Smith [16] reported experimental average heat transfer coefficients for free convection cooling of arrays of isothermal fins on hor- izontal surfaces and introduced a simplified correlation. They also suggested an optimum arrangement for maximum heat transfer and a preliminary design method including weight consideration. Sobhan et al. [17] presented an experimental study for free convection heat transfer from fins and fin arrays attached to a heated horizontal base. Local values of heat flux, temperature, heat transfer coefficient, local and overall Nusselt numbers have been obtained for three cases namely, an isothermal vertical flat plate, a single fin attached to a heated horizontal base and a fin array. Correlation was presented relating the overall Nusselt number with the relevant non-dimensional parameters in these cases. Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] and Gu¨vence and Yu¨ncu¨ [19] presented experimental investigation on performance of fin arrays in free convection on horizontal and vertical base, respectively. These studies reported that for a given base- to-ambient temperature difference, the convection heat transfer rate from fin array takes a maximum value as a function of fin spacing and fin height. Optimization of the ratio of the fin height to the distance between fins in an array of rectangular vertical fins was obtained experimentally by Welling and Wooldridge [20]. The variation of this ratio with fin temperature was also presented. The effect of fin parameters on the radiation and free convection heat transfer from a finned horizontal cylindrical heater has been studied experimentally by Karaback [21]. The fins used were circular fins. The experimental set-up was capable of analyzing the effect of fin diameter and spacing on heat transfer. From the thorough literature survey summarized above, the author found that there is no theoretical or experimental work in the literature reported the effect of temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficient on the fin efficiency of horizontal fins with different profiles subject to natural convection except the work presented by Rong- Hua Yeh [12] and Laor and Kalman [13]. No attention has been given in the literature to the effect of local variations of the heat transfer coefficient on the upper and lower surfaces of horizontal straight fins with different profiles subject to natural convection. The aim of the present ar- ticle is to present a numerical study for the effect of temperature-dependent free convection heat transfer coefficient on the fin efficiency for different types of hor- izontal fins. This type of study would be of direct use by the heat-transfer equipment designers and rating en- gineers. 2 Mathematical model and assumptions In some situations, the heat-transfer coefficient un- doubtedly does vary from point to point on the fin. For example; for free convection, the heat transfer coefficient is proportional to the temperature difference between the surface and the adjacent fluid raised to the power of (1/4). This proportionality index ranges between 1/7 to 3 for the cases having fully developed boiling and equals to 3 for radiation [22]. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of the local heat-transfer coefficient along the fin on the fin performance represented by the fin efficiency for straight fins and spines with different profiles (e.g., con- stant, convex parabolic, conical, and concave parabolic profiles, i.e., variable cross section area) as well as radial fins of constant thickness for cases with temperature de- pendent heat transfer coefficient specially if the natural convection is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the fluid surrounding the fin. The fin profile is defined according to the variation of the fin thickness along its extended length. The general equation of the fin profiles studied during the present article are; Straight fins: The thickness may vary thus y ¼ yb 1 � x L � �1�2n 1�n Spines: The circular section diameter may vary thus y ¼ yb 1 � x L � �1�2n 2�n Annular (radial) fins: The thickness of the radial fins considered in this study will be constant. 133 The general partial differential equation governing the steady heat transfer from all fins can be written as: d dx ksAx dh dx � � � Pxhxh ¼ 0 Where: ks is the fin material thermal conductivity which is assumed constant, Ax is the cross-section area perpendi- cular to the heat flow, Px is the perimeter of that section and hx is the local convection heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient, hx ¼ NuxkfDx Where; kf is the ambi- ent fluid thermal conductivity, Dx is the local characteristic length and Nux is the local Nusselt number which can be calculated based on the empirical natural convection equations for plates and cylinders, for straight fins and spines, respectively [23]. Straight fins: Upper surface Nux ¼ 0:54 Ra1=4x Lower surface Nux ¼ 0:27 Ra1=4x Spines: Nux ¼ 0:6 þ 0:387 Ra 1=6 x 1 þ ð0:559=PrÞ9=16 h i8=27 8>< >: 9>= >; 2 Where: Rax ¼ gbhD 3 x ma Where Dx is the local surface area over the perimeter for the straight fins and the local diameter for the spines. The fin profile exponent n and the form of the partial differential equation for each type of fin studied will be summarized in the following table 1. These equations will be solved for thermal boundary conditions of having the base kept at constant and uniform temperature and the fin tip is kept thermally insulated. The above nonlinear ordinary differential equations have been converted to algebraic equations using the finite difference techniques. The final finite difference form of the gov- erning equation is summarized in the following table. 3 Results and discussions The finite difference equations presented have been tested for the effect of mesh size on the accuracy of the solution. The numerical solution for a pin fin with concave para- bolic profile has been obtained via numerical meshes of 5, 10, 15 and 20 grid points. The numerical solution for this case showed independence on the grid size for mesh with grid points of 15 and above. The difference between the fin efficiency that is obtained numerically via a grid of 15 points with respect to that obtained via a grid of 20 points was 0.015%. So, a grid of 15 points has been adopted through out the work. Moreover, the present numerical scheme, the solution algorithm and the solution computer code have been first bench-marked via providing the nu- merical solution for simple cases that have readily avail- able closed form analytical solution. These cases are namely; straight fins, spines and cylindrical fins with constant profiles with constant heat transfer coefficient along the fin surface. The numericalsolution and the analytical solution for the aforesaid cases were almost ty- pical. Such a comparison was a validation for the finite difference scheme, the solution algorithm and the com- puter code used during the present study. Moreover, the present work has been also validated via a comparison with experimental work of the research group lead by professor Yu¨ncu¨. In their investigation on fin per- formance of rectangular fins on horizontal base in free convection, Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] reported the heat transfer rates from a horizontal flat plate as function of the surface and ambient temperature difference. They pre- sented these heat transfer rates as the limiting values of heat transfer rates from vertical fin arrays on horizontal base when the fin heights become very small. Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] reported the heat transfer rates from a horizontal flat plate with dimensions of 0.25 · 0.10 m with the surface and ambient temperature difference ranges between 20 to 130 �C. An intermediate temperature difference within this range, namely 90 �C, has been selected for comparison. The heat transfer rate from such a plate with temperature dif- ference of 90 �C was found to be 14.23 W as experimentally reported by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18]. This is equivalent to 569.231 W/m2 of the plate surface area. A special run of the presently developed computer code has been carried out to calculate the heat transfer rate from a horizontal rectangular fin of the same dimensions mentioned above with a base-to- ambient temperature difference of 90 �C. The present code calculate the actual heat transfer rate based on variable temperature along the fin and accordingly a variable Table 1. Governing equations of all types of fin considered Profile n Governing Equation Straight Fins Constant thickness (Rectangular) 1/2 d 2h dX2 � ðhuþhlÞkyb L2h ¼ 0 Convex parabolic 1/3 ð1 � XÞ1=2 d2hdX2 � 12 ð1 � XÞ�1=2 dhdX � ðhuþhlÞkyb L2h ¼ 0 Triangular 0 ð1 � XÞ d2hdX2 � dhdX � ðhuþhlÞkyb L2h ¼ 0 Concave parabolic ±¥ ð1 � XÞ2 d2hdX2 � 2ð1 � XÞ dhdX � ðhuþhlÞkyb L2h ¼ 0 Spines Constant diameter 1/2 d 2h dX2 � 4hXkyb L2h ¼ 0 Convex parabolic 0 ð1 � XÞ1=2 d2hdX2 � ð1 � XÞ�1=2 dhdX � 4hXkyb L2h ¼ 0 Conical –1 ð1 � XÞ d2hdX2 � 2 dhdX � 4hXukyb L2h ¼ 0 Concave parabolic ±¥ ð1 � XÞ2 d2hdX2 � 4ð1 � XÞ dhdX � 4hXkyb L2h ¼ 0 Annular Constant thickness – d 2h dX2 � 1X dhdX � ðhuþhlÞkyb L2h ¼ 0 134 temperature-dependent natural convection heat transfer coefficient. It also calculates the maximum possible heat transfer rate from the fin if it were kept at the maximum possible surface to ambient temperature as that of the base while the heat transfer coefficient varies as function of the local temperature as well as if it is taken constant as that of the base. The actual heat transfer per unit surface area of the horizontal rectangular (0.25 · 0.10 m) fin with base tem- perature of 90 �C as calculated from the present code was 515.049 W/m2 which is less than the experimental value reported by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] by 9.52%. This is at- tributed to the fact that during the experiment, the flat horizontal plate was kept isothermal at a constant tem- perature. Accordingly, this isothermal plate would have a uniform natural convection heat transfer coefficient along its surface. So, for the sake of comparison, the author found that the maximum possible heat transfer rate from the fin is the most appropriate value to be compared with the only available experimental results mentioned above. This maximum possible heat transfer from the fin is obtained if its surface acquires the maximum possible temperature and is subjected to the maximum possible heat transfer coeffi- cient as that of the base. This maximum possible heat transfer from the (0.25 · 0.10 m) fin with base to ambient temperature difference of 90 �C has been calculated by the present code and was found to be 542.07 W/m2 of the fin surface area. This is less than the experimental value re- ported by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] by 4.77%. This deviation might be attributed to the difference between the heat transfer coefficient calculated by the code as function of temperature using the correlation given by [23] and pre- sented earlier in this article and that calculated and used by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18]. It is worth mentioning that the maximum heat transfer coefficient used for this particular run calculated from the correlation [23] base on a based temperature to ambient temperature of 90 �C was 6.02 (W/ m2 Æ K) while the heat transfer coefficient during the ex- perimental work as reported by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] ranged between 5.889 and 7.361 (W/m2 Æ K). This also might be attributed to measurement accuracy and approximations in calculating the heat transfer by free convection from the plate during the experiment. It is worth mentioning here that the heat transfer by free convection from the plate was calculated as reported by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18] by sub- tracting the estimated heat transfer by radiation from the measured total heat transfer from the plate. The radiation heat transfer from the plate was estimated using a relation that includes an experimentally evaluated parameters. It is worth mentioning also that, according to Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18], the deviation between their experimentally obtained Nusselt number for the free convection from a horizontal plate and that obtained from McAdams correlation [24] was 9%. So, a deviation of 4.77% between the experimentally obtained heat transfer rate and that obtained numerically from the present code for the same operating conditions is within the numerical and experimental errors. This com- parison reveals an excellent agreement between the present theoretical results obtained numerically via the presently developed code and the pertinent experimental results re- ported by Yu¨ncu¨ and Anbar [18]. After the validation of the numerical model and the computer code as summarized above, the code has been used to solve the heat transfer governing equation for the three considered types of fins subject to variable heat transfer coefficient that varies as a function of the local temperature along the fin surface. The program is used to solve the finite difference equations for all cases under study that are summarized in table 2 to get the temperature distribution along the fin. To solve these equations, one needs to evaluate the local values of the dimensionless parameter m which is function of the local heat transfer coefficient which is in turn is a function of the local tem- perature. Hence, the solution had to be of iterative nature. So, a special computer code has been designed and devel- oped to solve the governing equations iteratively and obtain the local temperature distribution along the fin. This tem- perature distribution is then used to calculate the actual local heat transfer rate along the fin. This local heat transfer is numerically integrated to calculate the overall actual heat transfer rate through the whole fin surface. The maximum Table 2. Finite difference re- presentation of the governing equations for all types of fin considered Subject to boundary conditions: at X = 0, h = 0 and at X = 1, dh dX ¼ 0 Profile m Finite Difference Form Straight Fins Constant thickness (Rectangular) L ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðhuþhlÞ kyb q hi ¼ hi�1þhiþ12þm2ðDXÞ2 Convex parabolic L ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðhuþhlÞ kyb q hi ¼ ð1�XiÞ 1=2ðhiþ1þhi�1Þ�ð1�XiÞ �1=2DX 4 ðhiþ1�hi�1Þ 2ð1�XiÞ1=2þm2ðDXÞ2 Triangular L ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðhuþhlÞ kyb q hi ¼ ð1�XiÞðhiþ1þhi�1Þ� DX 2 ðhiþ1�hi�1Þ 2ð1�XiÞþm2ðDXÞ2 Concave parabolic L ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðhuþhlÞ kyb q hi ¼ ð1�XiÞ 2ðhiþ1þhi�1Þ�ð1�XiÞDXðhiþ1�hi�1Þ 2ð1�XiÞ2þm2ðDXÞ2 Spines Constant diameter L ffiffiffiffiffi 4h kyb q hi ¼ hi�1þhiþ12þm2ðDXÞ2 Convex parabolic L ffiffiffiffiffi 4h kyb qhi ¼ ð1�XiÞ 1=2ðhiþ1þhi�1Þ�ð1�XiÞ �1=2DX 2 ðhiþ1�hi�1Þ 2ð1�XiÞ1=2þm2ðDXÞ2 Conical L ffiffiffiffiffi 4h kyb q hi ¼ ð1�XiÞðhiþ1þhi�1Þ�DXðhiþ1�hi�1Þ2ð1�XiÞþm2ðDXÞ2 Concave parabolic L ffiffiffiffiffi 4h kyb q hi ¼ ð1�XiÞ 2ðhiþ1þhi�1Þ�2ð1�XiÞDXðhiþ1�hi�1Þ 2ð1�XiÞ2þm2ðDXÞ2 Annular Constant thickness L ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðhuþhlÞ kyb q hi ¼ ðhiþ1þhi�1Þ�DX2Xiðhiþ1�hi�1Þ 2þm2ðDXÞ2 135 possible heat transfer rate is also calculated locally based on the local heat transfer while the temperature was considered as if it were constant as that of the base. This local max- imum possible heat transfer rate is integrated numerically to calculate the total maximum possible heat transfer rate through the fin. The ratio of the total actual heat transfer rate and the total maximum possible heat transfer rate was used during the present study as the fin efficiency, as used by Gardner [9] and all heat transfer textbooks. The fin ef- ficiency is then plotted against the dimensionless parameter m that is given in table 2 and averaged along the fin. Results obtained for fins subject to variable heat transfer coefficient are presented in Fig. 2 for straight fin with different profile, Fig. 3 for spines with different pro- files and Fig. 4 for radial fins with rectangular profile for different radius ratio. In all of these three figures (Figs. 2, 3, 4), the available analytical solution has been plotted as dotted lines to illustrate the deviation between the fin ef- ficiency based on the constant heat transfer coefficient and that is based on the variable heat transfer coefficient as a function of the local temperature along the fin. Moreover the fin efficiency calculated using constant heat transfer coefficient along the fin (as given by Gardener [9] and most of the heat transfer textbooks) have been compared with the efficiency calculated through the present work based on the variable heat transfer coefficient along the fin as function of the temperature, for selected values of the dimensionless parameter m, is summarized in tables (3, 4, 5) for straight fins, spines with different fin profiles and radial fins with rectangular profile and different radius ratio. These results show that the assumption of constant heat transfer coefficient along the fin in heat transfer situations that is dominated by natural convection mode, would lead to a real underestimation of the fin efficiency. Thus, the use of the fin efficiency predicted by the present study based on variable heat transfer coefficient as function of the local temperature along the fin would result in a considerable reduction of the fin material since the surface area required would be reduced. This can be simply shown by using the equation of heat transfer from fins; qf ¼ gf Ahhb It is clear from this equation that the fin surface area re- quired to transfer a specific amount of heat under certain Fig. 2. Comparison of straight fin efficiencies for different profiles, (1) Rectangular profile, ———— its analytical solution, (2) Convex parabolic profile, (3) Triangular profile, (4) Concave parabolic profile Fig. 3. Comparison of pin fin efficiency for different profiles; (1) Constant diameter profile, ———— its analytical solution, (2) Convex parabolic profile, (3) Conical profile, (4) Concave parabolic Fig. 4. Comparison of radial fin efficiencies with rectangular profile for different radius ratio, ———— analytical solution for ro/ri = 1 136 operating conditions is inversely proportional to the fin efficiency. So, if the designer used the above equation to estimate the area of a fin subject to variable heat transfer coefficient would obtain less values for the area if he used the fin efficiency calculated in the present paper based on variable heat transfer coefficient than that he would obtain if he used the fin efficiency given in heat transfer text books that is calculated based on constant heat transfer coefficient. The results show also that the deviation between the fin efficiency calculated based on constant heat transfer coefficient and that calculated based on variable heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the di- mensionless parameter m. This deviation reaches, at m = 5, a value of 32% for straight fins, 38% for spines with constant profile and 39% for radial fins with rectangular profile and radius ratio of 4. Table 3. Comparison of the fin efficiency for straight fins Profile n Gardener [9] Present Difference % m =1 Rectangular 1/2 0.762 0.7790 2.18 Convex Parabolic 1/3 0.700 0.7540 7.162 Triangular 0 0.735 0.7235 –1.548 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.618 0.6537 5.492 m = 2 Rectangular 1/2 0.484 0.5190 6.743 Convex Parabolic 1/3 0.458 0.4970 7.868 Triangular 0 0.432 0.4750 9.136 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.389 0.4430 12.099 m = 3 Rectangular 1/2 0.332 0.3786 12.414 Convex Parabolic 1/3 0.316 0.3673 14.040 Triangular 0 0.300 0.3580 16.201 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.279 0.3468 6.788 m = 4 Rectangular 1/2 0.250 0.3050 18.090 Convex Parabolic 1/3 0.242 0.2999 19.273 Triangular 0 0.232 0.2961 21.816 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.219 0.2943 25.609 m = 5 Rectangular 1/2 0.200 0.2622 31.1 Convex Parabolic 1/3 0.189 0.2608 27.47 Triangular 0 – 0.2606 – Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.179 0.2629 31.95 Table 4. Comparison of the fin efficiency for pin fins Profile n Gardener [9] Present Difference % m =1 Constant diameter 1/2 0.6280 0.6573 4.4576 Convex Parabolic 0 0.7180 0.7340 2.1798 Conical –1 0.7780 0.7780 0 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.8421 0.8540 1.3946 m =2 Constant diameter 1/2 0.3510 0.4059 13.378 Convex Parabolic 0 0.4536 0.5007 9.4060 Conical –1 0.5288 0.5542 4.5830 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.6368 0.6699 4.9410 m = 3 Constant diameter 1/2 0.2356 0.3006 21.623 Convex Parabolic 0 0.320 0.3811 16.032 Conical –1 0.389 0.4290 9.3240 Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.500 0.5461 8.4460 m = 4 Constant diameter 1/2 0.1770 0.2538 30.2600 Convex Parabolic 0 0.2470 0.3187 22.4976 Conical –1 – 0.3587 – Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.4105 0.4642 11.5683 m = 5 Constant diameter 1/2 0.1420 0.2302 38.3145 Convex Parabolic 0 0.2000 0.2847 29.7506 Conical –1 – 0.3172 – Concave Parabolic ±¥ 0.3470 0.4111 15.5923 137 4 Conclusion Heat transfer from extended surfaces subject to locally variable heat transfer coefficient has been studied. The local heat transfer coefficient as function of the local temperature has been obtained using the available corre- lations of natural convection for each pertinent extended surface considered. The results showed that the assump- tion of constant heat transfer coefficient along the fin in such cases leads to a significant underestimation of the fin efficiency. The deviation between the fin efficiency calcu- lated based on constant heat transfer coefficient and that calculated based on variable heat transfer coefficient in- creases with the dimensionless parameter m. The use of the present results by the designer of heat transfer equipment that involve extended surface subject to natural convection heat transfer mode would result in a con- siderable reduction in the extended surface area and hence a significant reduction in the weight and size of the heat transfer equipment. References 1. Parsons, S. R. and Harper, D. R., Radiators for Aircraft Engines, U. S. Bureau of Standards, Technical Paper no. 211, 1922, pp. 327–330 2. Harper, D. R. and Brown W. B., Mathematical Equations for Heat Conduction in the Fins of Air-Cooled Engines, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, report no. 158, 1922 3. Schmidt, E., Die Warmeubertrgung durch Rippen, Zeit. V. D. I., Vol. 70, 1926, pp. 885–889, and 947–951 4. Focke, R., Die Nadel als Kuhelemente, Forschung auf dem Ge- biete des Ingenieurwesens, Vol. 13, 1942, pp. 34–42 5. Murray, W. M., Heat Dissipation Through an annular Disk or Fin of Uniform Thickness, Journal of applied Mechanics,Trans. ASME, Vol. 60, 1938, p. A-78 6. Carrier, W. H. and Anderson, S. W., The Resistance to Heat Flow through Finned Tubing, Heating, Piping and air conditioning, Vol. 10, 1944, pp. 304–320 7. Avrami Melvin and Little, J. B., Diffusion of Heat Through a Rectangular Bar and the cooling and insulating Effect of Fins, I. The Steady State, Journal of applied Physics, Vol. 13, 1942, pp. 225–264 8. Gardner, K. A., Heat Exchanger Tube Sheet Temperature, Refiner and Natural Gasoline Manufacturer, Vol. 21, 1942, pp. 71–77 9. Gardner, K. A., Efficiency of Extended Surface, Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer, Vol 67, 1945, pp. 621–631 10. Unal, H. C., Determination of the Temperature Distribution in an Extended Surface with a non-Uniform Heat Transfer Coefficient, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 28, No. 12, 1985, pp. 2270–2284 11. Sen, A. K. and Trinh, S., An exact Solution for the Rate of Heat Transfer From Rectangular Fin Governed by a Power Law-Type Temperature Dependence, Transactions of ASME, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 108, 1986, pp. 457–459 12. Rong-Hua Yeh, On Optimum Spines, Journal of Thermo- dynamics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1995, pp. 359–362 13. Laor, K. and Kalman, H., Performance and Optimum Dimensions of Different Cooling Fins with a Temperature Dependent Heat Transfer Coefficient, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, No. 9, 1996, pp. 1993–2003 14. Starner, K. E. and McManus, H. N., JR., An Experimental In- vestigation of Free-Convection Heat Transfer From Rectangular- Fin Arrays, Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the ASME, August 1963, pp. 273–278 15. Harahap, F. and McManus, H. N., JR., Natural Convection Heat Transfer From Horizontal Rectangular Fin Arrays, Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the ASME, February 1967, pp. 32–38 16. Jones, C.D. and Smith, L. F., Optimization of Rectangular Fins on Horizontal Surfaces for Free Convection Heat Transfer, Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the ASME, February 1970, pp. 6–10 17. Sobhan, C. B., Venkateshan, S. P. and Seetharamu, K. N., Ex- perimental Studies on Steady Free Convection Heat Transfer from Fins and Fin Arrays, Wa¨rme-und Stoffu¨bertragun (Heat and Mass Transfer), Vol. 25, 1990, pp. 345–352 18. Yu¨ncu¨, H. and Anbar, G., An Experimental Investigation on Performance of Rectangular Fins on a Horizontal Base in Free Convection Heat Transfer, Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 33, 1998, pp. 507–514 19. Gu¨vence, A. and Yu¨ncu¨, H., An Experimental Investigation on Performance of Fins on a Horizontal Base in Free Convection Heat Transfer, Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 37, 2001, pp. 409– 416 20. Welling, J. R. and Wooldridge, C. B., Free Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients from Rectangular Vertical Fins, Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the ASME, November 1965, pp. 439–444 21. Karaback, R., The Effect of Fin Parameter on the Radiation and Free Convection from a Finned Horizontal Cylindrical Heater, Energy Convers. Mgmt., Vol. 33, No. 11, 1992, pp. 997–1005 22. Holman, J. P., Heat transfer (SI Metric Edn). McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989 23. Incropera, F. P. and Dewitt, D.P., Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, 1996 24. McAdams, W. H., Heat Transfer, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 1954, New York Table 5. Comparison of the fin efficiency for annular fins with rectangular profile Profile Gardener [9] Present Difference % Radius Ratio m =1 1 0.7615 0.7792 2.274 2 0.6920 0.7243 4.460 3 0.6420 0.6883 6.731 4 0.6105 0.6622 7.802 m =2 1 0.4820 0.5190 7.130 2 0.3915 0.4452 12.069 3 0.3320 0.4015 17.319 4 0.3115 0.3714 16.119 m = 3 1 0.3310 0.3787 12.585 2 0.2560 0.3132 18.263 3 0.2142 0.2751 22.129 4 0.1895 0.2493 23.985 m = 4 1 0.2498 0.3050 18.008 2 0.1873 0.2485 24.633 3 0.1560 0.2156 27.631 4 0.1316 0.1934 31.932 m = 5 1 0.2000 0.2622 23.719 2 0.1445 0.2133 32.265 3 0.1189 0.1843 35.469 4 0.1000 0.1644 39.167 138 View publication statsView publication stats
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