Aula 03 - Lingua Inglesa Estrutura Basica

Esta é uma pré-visualização de arquivo. Entre para ver o arquivo original

INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In this class, you will be able to:
- Understand the concept of syntagma and the different types of syntagma as well.
- Learn how to identify the essence of phrases in generally in order to classify them as verbal phrase, noun phrase or adjective phrase;
- Perceive the occurrence of verbal phrases inside a sentence.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
After this class, you will be able to:
- Understand the concept of Linguistics
- Understand the concept of Syntax
Identify the elements that constitute of phrases
- Identify Verb Phrases.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Last classes:
The importance of being a techaer;
Morphology X Syntax
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Word order – the importance of syntax
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPyo8-Pr55Q&feature=fvsr
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Morphology X Syntax
For definition, morphology can be understood as the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes appearing in different idioms and other linguistic units, such as words , affixes , parts of speech. 
Morphology – the word study.
Syntax – the sentence study. (combination)
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The first concept to be worked is the concept of Linguistics. It is said that when you can define something it undeniably means that it is forever understood and saved in mental archives ready to be retrieved and used whenever it is necessary. Being so, could you all, maintaining your convictions unshaken, define Linguistics?
What is Linguistics?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Linguistics
Science?
The study of Languages
Linguistics
Philology
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
What is linguistics?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwquqNIsv8s
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Theroretical Linguistics (internal and abstract aspects of language)
Phonology – pronounciation;
Morphology – building words;
Syntax – building sentences;
Semantics – meaning;
Lexis – word choice;
Pragmatics – use in context.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
2. Descriptive Linguistics (observing languages and speakers)
Historical linguistics– language change and language families;
Anthropological Linguistics language and culture;
Socialinguistics– language and society;
Phonetics – speech sound pronunciation;
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
3. Applied Linguistics (language in everyday situations & current issues)
Language acquisition– learning and teaching;
Computational Linguistics - computer models;
Evolutionary linguistics– biology of language;
Phsycolinguistics– language and phsycology;
Neurolinguistics– language and the brain;
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Before the 20th century, the term philology was commonly used to refer to the science of language, which was then predominant. Linguistics was lately designated to name the study of language, sometimes called the science of language.  The subject has become a very technical, splitting into separate fields: sound (phonetics and phonology), sentence structure (syntax, structuralism, deep grammar), meaning (semantics), practical psychology (psycholinguistics) and contexts of language choice (pragmatics). But originally, as practiced in the nineteenth century, linguistics was philology: the history of words. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Philologists tried to understand how words had changed and by what principle. Since Saussre's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, however, this focus has shifted and the term philology is now generally used to designate studies focusing language history, and literary tradition. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
As it can be noticed this is a enormously vast theme and there is an inexhaustible source of material for discussion. However, for now the conceptualization presented so far is more than enough to allow us to move forward. Remember! This is English Language – Basic Structures! Everything has its time.
What is it all about, then?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Syntax is the study of how words combine to form meaningful phrases and sentences. There are many approaches to the formal study of syntax, but certain fundamentals are common to most. It is usually assumed that sentences consist of hierarchical structures, which may be represented graphically (as in the figure below) and some attempt is made to capture the formal rules of a language, the patterns that govern whether a sentence is grammatical or ungrammatical.
Syntax – what is it?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Attention!
The concepts have been discussed. Being so, we can move on. After discussing the first concepts and aspects derived from them it would be quite useful to recover some ideas:
Linguistics is the study of language;
Linguistics believe that at the abstract level, beneath the surface variation, languages are remarkably similar.
Syntax is a branch derived from Linguistics that study how words combine to form meaningful phrases and sentences.
Let´s organize our minds!!
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The syntatic string (tree)
This syntactic string is formed by elements that develop specific functions. The functions vary hierarchically and their organization interferes in the sentence logics. Some of them are indispensable others may be depending on other elements to which they are connect and others perform complementary function. Take a look:
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Language structure – the smallest unit to the largest.
Phonemes
Phrases
Discourse
Morphemes
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In the sentence above we see that we could not take any of the constituents out without damaging the meaning. The constituents require the occurrence of each other. These elements are essential to the sentence economy. They are the following:
A sentence structure
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
SUBJECT - The subject of a sentence or clause is the part of the sentence or clause about which something is being said. It is usually the doer of the action. It is a noun or a pronoun. All of the subjects on this page are italicized.
PREDICATE - The predicate of a sentence is that part of the sentence which says something about the subject. It expresses the action of the sentence or the condition of the subject.
Example: Romans (SUBJECT) were powerful warriors and devoted citizens. (PREDICATE)
Important Concepts
And what about Syntax? – Main concepts
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
DIRECT OBJECT - A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. It answers the question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb. An action verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb.
Example: Josh received a letter.
Important
Concepts
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
INDIRECT OBJECT - An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase.
 Example: She gave me the report.
Syntax
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
A more consistent way to tackle sentences is to divide words into phrases. Phrases are made up of words, which are called constituents of a phrase. Every phrase contains a head, which is the major content or grammatical function word within that phrase. Complements occur next to the head and often clarify or modify the head. Specifiers qualify the head, and occur further from the head. Let's jump into some examples.
head + complement + specifier 
shirt green shirt his green shirt     
book book on the table the book on the table
Sentence
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Types of syntagma (phrases)
Phrases are named after their heads. A noun phrase is headed by a noun, a verb phrase by a verb and a prepositional phrase by a preposition. We often abbreviate phrases (noun phrase as NP, verb phrase as VP, prepositional phrase as PP, and sentence as S). Consider some examples..
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Types of syntagma (phrases)
example 			phrase type 
the book 			NP (noun phrase) 
the Spanish book 		NP (noun phrase) 
in the Spanish book 	PP (prepositional phrase)
gives it to him 		VP (verb phrase)  
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Embedding phrases
There's something else going on in those examples above. Look again at the PP in the Spanish book. Let's strip that example down to in the book. I've said that the head of that phrase is a preposition in, which makes the book a complement of the PP in the book. But didn't I also claim that the book is a noun phrase with a head noun book?  
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Embedding phrases
When we reason this way, we stumble upon a key feature of phrases: they can be built into other phrases. In other words, we embed phrases within phrases. From this perspective, all of syntax is simply a complex system of constituents embedded into phrases embedded into larger phrases. This makes our approach to clauses and sentences more systematic
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 3-Sintagmas da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Next class...
The verbal syntagma
- The verb phrase structure and types
- Modal verbs.
Tema da Apresentação