Aula 05

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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Prof. Fábio Simas
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Study the difference between sentence and clause;
Analyse the types of morphological sentences (declarative, negative, imperative and interrogative);
Analyse the types of answers.
In this class you are going to:
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. When people form sentences, they have different purposes, such as ask questions, make requests, make statements, or exclaim a powerful feeling or emotion. Because sentences convey statements, requests, strong emotion, and questions, they can be classified into four different types of sentences; declarative (or assertive), interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.
In this class, we will take a look at these types of sentences, especially the kinds of interrogative sentences and some types of responses linked to these questions.
Hello everybody!
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
This is the normal order. The most common example of the inverted order of the subject and the verb is seen in questions such as: "Is graffiti ugly?" The English language often uses this kind of inversion to make a question, but this is not the only time that the normal order of the subject and the verb in a sentence is inverted.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A word or group of words that express a complete idea or thought is called a sentence.
A is he teacher. (makes no sense, therefore it is not a sentence)
He is a teacher. (makes complete sense, therefore it is a sentence) 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Sentences can be nominal or verbal.
Nominal: Fire! (without verb)
Verbal: The house is on fire. (with a verb)
A verbal sentence is also called a CLAUSE. 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Morphologically, there are four types of sentences. 
1.Assertive or declarative sentence (a statement)
2.Interrogative sentence (a question)
3.Exclamatory sentence (an exclamation) 
4.Imperative sentence (a command)
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
An assertive or declarative sentence is a sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple statements. They state, assert, or declare something. 
Tomorrow I will do it. 
She did not want to go to the movies with me. 
We drived to the mall yesterday for some gifts.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
An Interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question.
What do you think I should wear the pink shoes or the white sneakers? 
What happened to you yesterday? 
Did you wah your car yesterday?
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses sudden and strong feelings, such as surprise, wonder, pity, sympathy, happiness, or gratitude.
I cannot wait to be a grown-up! 
We beat that other team good! 
I can't believe you told her that! 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
An imperative sentence is a sentence which gives a command, makes a request, or express a wish.
Do the dishes. (an order)
Please do me this favor. (a request)
Have a good time in Moscow. (a wish) 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTES: 
1) According to WILLIAMS, 2005, many people assume that imperative sentences have no subject, but the subject of imperative sentences is YOU, since in these types of sentences, the person that is making the command or request is always asking you to do something. For this reason, the subject in imperative sentences is called YOU UNDERSTOOD because, although the subject may be elliptical in the sentence, it is understood that the subject is you.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
(You) give me a break. 
(You) don’t mess the room. 
This happens even when the person is giving an order to him/herself. Imagine someone who does not like to wake up early, who are ‘night owls’ may need a little incentive to do do:
Wake up!
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
2) FISCHER, 1992, signals that languages may use both syntax and prosody to distinguish interrogative sentences (which pose questions) from declarative sentences (which state propositions). In English, German, French and other languages, questions are marked by a distinct word order featuring inversion – the subject is placed after the verb rather than before it: "You are here" becomes "Are you here?" However, English allows such inversion only with a particular class of verbs (called auxiliary or special verbs), and thus sometimes requires the addition of an auxiliary do, does or did before inversion can take place ("He plays" → "Does he play?").
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Intonation patterns characteristic of questions often involve a raised pitch near the end of the sentence. In English this occurs especially for yes–no questions; it may also be used for sentences that do not have the grammatical form of questions, but are nonetheless intended to elicit information (declarative questions), as in "You're not using this?”, as we are going to see next.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A question is used to make a request for information, or the request made using such an expression.  
The major types of questions fall into three categories: 
Rhetorical: questions used to emphasize a point or to reinforce an idea or statement; 
Closed or dichotomous: questions used to check retention or to focus thinking on a particular point; 
Open: questions used to promote discussion or interaction. 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Rhetorical questions don’t require an answer. Politicians, lecturers, priests and others may use rhetorical questions when addressing large audiences to help keep attention. (BLOSSER, 1975)
Who would not hope to stay healthy into old age?
This is not a question that requires an answer, but our brains are programmed to think about it thus keeping us more engaged with the speaker.
Another example would be: Do you think I was born yesterday?
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Still according to BLOSSER, 1975, closed questions invite a short focused answer- answers to closed questions can often (but not always) be either right or wrong.  The choice of answer is limited - they can be effectively used early in conversations to encourage participation and can be very useful in fact-finding scenarios such as research.Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
1.YES-NO QUESTIONS  
Do you like this picture?
Would you like to go out?
2. ALTERNATIVE QUESTION OR CHOICE QUESTION
Would you like beef, chicken or the vegetarian option? 
Did you travel by train or car today?
Amelia: Are you coming or going?Viktor Navorski: I don't know. Both.(Catherine Zeta-Jones and Tom Hanks in The Terminal, 2004)
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
3.TAG QUESTIONS. 
Tag questions are a grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the "tag").
You remembered the eggs, right? 
It's cold today, isn't it?
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Matching questions have a content area and a list of names or statements which must be correctly matched against another list of names or statements. For example "Match the Capital with the Country" with the two lists "Canada, Italy, Japan" and "Ottawa, Rome, Tokyo". 
4. MATCHING QUESTION TYPE 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
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The IT capital of India is
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mexico
Hyderabad
5. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION TYPE
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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
6. EMBEDDED ANSWERS OR CLOZE TEST OR GAP FILL 
A cloze test (also cloze deletion test) is an exercise, test, or assessment consisting of a portion of text with certain words removed (cloze text), where the participant is asked to replace the missing words.
Today, I went to the ________ and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going to rain, but I forgot to take my ________, and ended up getting wet on the way ________.	
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
7.TRUE/FALSE 
In response to a question (that may include an image), the respondent selects from two options: True or False. 
8. DECLARATIVE QUESTION
A declarative questions is a yes-no question that has the form of a declarative sentence but is spoken with rising intonation at the end. Declarative sentences are commonly used in informal speech to express surprise or ask for verification. The most likely response to a declarative question is agreement or confirmation.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
You think I'm kidding you? You think it's a joke to have to walk home on a clear night with an umbrella? You think that because I'm quirky I don't hurt? You've got it backwards. I'm quirky because I hurt."(Jack Weston as Danny in The Four Seasons, 1981)
Henry Rowengartner: Wow, you ate that whole thing? Frick: Why, sure! It wasn't that much. (Rookie of the Year, 1993)
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTE: A declarative question differs from a rhetorical question in two ways: 
A rhetorical question has the form of a question: Was I tired?
A declarative question seeks an answer. A rhetorical question requires no answer since it is semantically equivalent to an emphatic declaration 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
By contrast to closed questions, open questions allow for much longer responses and therefore potentially more creativity and information.   There are lots of different types of open question; some are more closed than others.   (BLOSSER, 1975)
1) LEADING OR ‘LOADED’ QUESTIONS (FACTUAL OR DISPLAY QUESTIONS)
A leading question, usually subtly, points the respondent’s answer in a certain direction.  It suggests the expected answer. 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
They are asked to identify a certain piece of information (called ‘wh- questions’), again with a limited set of answers. It solicits reasonably simple, straight forward answers based on obvious facts or awareness. 
What is your name? 
What time does the supermarket open?
Where did you go to University?
NOTE: These use interrogative words (wh-words) such as when, which, who, how, etc. to specify the information that is desired. The name derives from the fact that most of the English interrogative words (with the exception of how) begin with the letters wh. 
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
These are the types of question sometimes referred to in journalism and other investigative contexts as the Five Ws.
The Five Ws, Five Ws and one H, or the Six Ws are questions whose answers are considered basic in information-gathering. 
Who is it about?
What happened?
When did it take place?
Where did it take place?
Why did it happen?
How did it happen?
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
According to WILLIAMS, 2005, these are the types of loaded questions:
1.1) Simple Bits of Information 
Who was the leader of the Free French forces during W.W.II? 
Who is the main character in Margaret Mitchell's novel, Gone With the Wind? 
During which century did Shakespeare live? 
What is the Spanish verb meaning to run? 
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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
1.2) Facts Organized into a Logical Order (Sequence of Events) 
What are the steps a bill goes through before it becomes a law?
How did Robinson Crusoe react when he discovered footprints in the sand? 
What is the commercial method for producing hydrochloric acid?
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
1.3) Embedded questions
Embedded question is a question included in another question or statement. Embedded questions feel less abrupt, and so have a softening effect. For example, compare the following:
 
A:What time is it? (simple question)    
B:Sorry. I don't know the time. (simple statement)
A:Do you know what time it is? (embedded question in a question)
B:Sorry. I don't know what time it is. (embedded question in a statement)
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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Embedded questions are a little more formal and polite. We use them when talking to a person we don’t know very well, or in professional situations, and their form is a little different.
Phrases for Embeded Questions
Could you tell me…
Do you know…
I was wondering…
Do you have any idea…
I’d like to know…
Would it be possible…
Is there any chance…
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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
In embedded questions with is/are, the verb (is) comes after the subject (Market Street).
Direct: Where is Market Street?
Embedded: Could you tell me where Market Street is?
 
In embedded questions, we don’t use the auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Also, you can see that the verb is “open” in the direct question, and “opens” in the indirect question.
Direct What time does the bank open?
Embedded: Do you know what time the bank opens?
 
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Again, there is no auxiliary verbdid in the embedded questions. In fact, this question isn’t even a question – it’s more of a statement that invites the other person to give more information.
Direct: Why did you move to Europe?
Embedded: I was wondering why you moved to Europe.
 
The auxiliary verbs have and has can be used in both the direct and embedded questions – but in the direct question, “has” comes before the subject (he), and in the embedded question, “has” comes after the subject.
Direct: How has he managed to get in shape so quickly?
Embedded: Do you have any idea how he’s managed to get in shape so quickly?
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To form the embedded question, remove does and change “cost” to “costs.”
Direct: How much does this motorcycle cost?
I Embedded: I’d like to know how much this motorcycle costs.
 
For direct questions with can, we can use the phrase “would it be possible…” to make it embedded.
Direct: Can you finish the project by tomorrow?
Embedded: Would it be possible for you to finish the project by tomorrow?
“Is there any chance…” is another option for forming embedded questions with can.
Direct: Can we change the meeting to Thursday?
Embedded: Is there any chance we could change the meeting to Thursday?
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Yes/No Direct Questions –> “If” in Embedded Questions
If the direct question is a “yes or no” question (it has no question word such as what, who, when, where, why, or how), then the embedded question will have if.
Direct: Does Tom like Italian food? 
Embedded: Do you know if Tom likes Italian food?
Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner? Embedded: Could you tell me if your parents are joining us for dinner?
NOTE:  We often use embedded questions in professional situations. 
 (Extracted from WILLIAMS, 2005)
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
1.4) Indirect questions
Indirect questions are almost the same as embedded questions, only there is no phrase before them:
Amber: Are you busy?(Yes/No Question)
Amber asked, “Are you busy?” (Direct)
Amber asked (me) if/whether I was busy. (Indirect)
Ryan: Who did this?(Wh- Question - Subject)
Ryan asked, “Who did this?” (Direct)
Ryan asked (me) who had done that. (Indirect)
Judy asked, “Where do you live?” (Direct)
NOTE: For some authors, embedded questions are the same as indirect questions.
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1.5) Echo question
 
A type of direct question that repeats part or all of something which someone else has just said.
Telemachus: We're waiting for Odysseus to come home.Antinuous: You're waiting for who to do what? (Albert Ramsdell Gurney, The Comeback, 1993)
 
Mary: What do you want? 
George Bailey: What do I want? Why, I'm just here to get warm, that's all! (It's a Wonderful Life, 1946)
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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
"I used to play checkers with her all the time." "You used to play what with her all the time?" "Checkers."(Holden Caulfield and Stradlater in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, 1951)
 
We use echo questions either because we did not fully hear or understand what was said, or because its content is too surprising to be believed. For example: 
(It cost £5,000.) HOW much did it cost?
(His son's an osteopath.) His son's a WHAT?
 
NOTE: Echo questions are usually spoken with a rising intonation, and with a strong emphasis on the wh-word (what, who, how and so on)."
http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/echoquestionterm.htm
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 2) MULTIPLE QUESTIONS
These questions have two or more distinct parts, each requiring an answer:
What do you think of this issue? Do you agree with it, and if not, why, and what other issues would you see as being relevant to this specific case?
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3) FUNNELLING
We can use clever questioning to essentially funnel the respondent’s answers – that is ask a series of questions that become more(or less)  restrictive at each step, starting with open questions and ending with closed questions or vice-versa.
Tell me about your most recent holiday. What did you see while you were there? Were there any good restaurants? Did you try some local delicacies? Did you try Clam Chowder?
http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/question-types.html
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4) PROBING QUESTIONS
This type of question helps to get under the surface of an initial answer. It requires to go beyond the first response
Types
4.1) Clarifying 
What, exactly do you mean?
Will you please rephrase your statement? 
Could you elaborate on that point? 
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4.2) Increasing Critical Awareness 
What are you assuming? 
What are your reasons for thinking that is so? 
Is that all there is to it? 
How many questions are we trying to answer here? 
How would an opponent of this point of view respond? 
4.3) Refocusing 
If this is true, what are the implications for . . . ? 
How does John's answer relate to . . . ? 
Can you relate this to . . . ? 
Let’s analyze that answer. 
http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/question-types.html
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5) HYPOTHETICAL OR DIVERGENT QUESTIONS 
These are questions that set up a possible situation or problem and ask the interviewee for a possible course of action. They are questions with no right or wrong answers, but which encourage exploration of possibilities. They require both concrete and abstract thinking to arrive at an appropriate response.
How would the story have been different if John had been a tall, strong boy instead of disabled?
If you were stuck on a desert island and the only tool you had was a screwdriver, what use might you make of it?
http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/question-types.html
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6) CONVERGENT QUESTIONS
Answers to these types of questions are usually within a very finite range of acceptable accuracy. These may be at several different levels of cognition -- comprehension, application, analysis, or ones where the answerer makes inferences or conjectures based on personal awareness, or on material read, presented or known.
On reflecting over the entirety of the play Hamlet, what were the main reasons why Ophelia went mad? 
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NOTE: Example of divergent questions that are both essential and divergent:  
Like many authors throughout time, Shakespeare dwells partly on the pain of love in Hamlet. Why is painful love so often intertwined with good literature. What is its never ending appeal to readers?  
7) HIGHER ORDER QUESTIONS
Questions which require people to figure out answers rather than remember them. They require generalizations related to facts in meaningful patterns.
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Types
7.1) Evaluation
Requires judgment, value or choice based upon comparing of ideas or objects to established standards. 
Which of the two books do you believe contributed most to an understanding of the Victorian era? Why?
Assuming equal resources, who would you rate as the most skillful general, Robert E. Lee or Ulysses S. Grant? Why? 
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7.2) Inference 
Requires inductive or deductive reasoning 
Inductive: Discovery of a general principle from a collection of specific facts. 
Deductive: Logical operation in which the worth of a generalization is tested with specific issues. 
We have examined the qualities these world leaders have in common. What might we conclude, in general, about qualities necessary for leadership? Why? (Inductive) 
If the temperature of the gas remains the same, but gas is taken to an altitude of 4000 feet higher, what happens to the pressure of the gas? Why? (Deductive) 
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7.3 Comparison 
Requires the person to determine if ideas/objects are similar, dissimilar, unrelated, or contradictory. 
Is a mussel the same thing as a clam? 
What similarities and differences exist between Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and Pericles' Funeral Oration?
What is the connection between Social Darwinism and the Supreme Court actions of the late nineteenth century? 
http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/question-types.html
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According to BLOSSER, 1975, theorists have tried to define the types of responses that people may have to questions, the main and most important ones are:
A direct and honest response – this is what the questioner would usually want to achieve from asking their question.
A lie – the respondent may lie in response to a question.  The questioner may be able to pick up on a lie based on plausibility of the answer but also on the non-verbal communication that was used immediately before, during and after the answer is given.
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Out of context – The respondent may say something that is totally unconnected or irrelevant to the question or attempt to change the topic.  It may be appropriate to reword a question in these cases.
Partially Answering – People can often be selective about which questions or parts of questions they wish to answer.
Avoiding the answer – Politicians are especially well known for this trait.  When asked a ‘difficult question’ which probably has an answer that would be negative to the politician or their political party, avoidance can be a useful tact.  Answering a question with a question or trying to draw attention to some positive aspect of the topic are methods of avoidance.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Stalling (enrolando)– Although similar to avoiding answering a question, stalling can be used when more time is needed to formulate an acceptable answer.  One way to do this is to answer the question with another question.
Distortion – People can give distorted answers to questions based on their perceptions of social norms, stereotypes and other forms of bias.  Different from lying, respondents may not realise their answers are influenced by bias or they exaggerate in some way to come across as more ‘normal’ or successful.  People often exaggerate about their salaries.
Refusal – The respondent may simply refuse to answer, either by remaining silent or by saying, ‘I am not answering’.
Aula 5: As Relações Sintáticas. Frase e Oração. Tipos de Frase. Tipos de respostas.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
In this class, you:
Studied the difference between sentence and clause;
Analysed the types of morphological sentences (declarative, negative, imperative and interrogative);
Analysed the types of answers.