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A preposition is a word which precedes a noun (or a pronoun) to show the noun's (or the pronoun's) relationship to another word in sentence. The most important are: In: to refer to the larger and less specific periods as a part of the day, a month, a season or a year. Ex: My birthday is in June. Also in use with the largest, such as cities, shopping, countries, districts and parts of the house: I am in my room. On: when referring to time lags specific days and dates: She was born on September 24th. To speak of places, is used on surfaces such as streets or on other objects: I left the keys on the counter.
At: is used for schedules, specific moments: I will see you at 8 pm. With places, at specific locations attached: We are meeting at the cafe. 
Other examples of prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, among, around, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, down, up, during, for, from, in front of, inside/ outside, instead of, into, like, near, off, out of, over, since, through, till/until, to, towards, under, with/ without, within.
I found the 3 first classes really good and rich in information, at the same time overwhelming...I can usually use phrasal verbs  and I can also spot when something does not sound right. this is because I learned English living in England.
Now the challenge is to learn all these rules to be able to teach them.
there is so much to take in..
Class 2
Hi teacher.How have you been?.I hope it´s all right.In this class I have more questions and I need your help.Could you help me please?.
1)How am I going to know or identify the difference between participle phrasal verbs and preposition phrassal verbs?
2)The following text was taken from class."When the object of a participle verb is a definite pronoun, it can and usually does precede the participle.In contrast, th eobject of a preposition can never precede the preposition."I didn´t understand that explanation.Could explain it to me with examples so that I can understand?.
3)I didn´t understand the topic "Shifting"
4) I have difficult to understand and to how to identify when a phrasal verb is separable and not separable.Coul explain please?
Good afternoon professor ! I must say that this subject scares me a little (too much information and very complex) but I'm giving my best .
 So, lesson 1 was mostly about prepositions (adpositions) that are a grammatically distinct class of words whose most central members characteristically express spatial or temporal realtions (in, under, before...) or serve to mark various syntatic functions and semantic roles (of, for..). 
Prepositions can be classificated as: - BY TYPE: simple vs complex (simple adpositions consist of a single word, while complex adpositions consist of a group of words that act as one unit - ex. next to);  BY POSITION: the position of an adposition with respect ot its complement allows the following susclasses to be defined: preposition > precedes its complement to form a prepositional phrase - ex. I'm happy for you; postposition > follow its complement to form a postpositional phrase. Ex. 'ago' as in 5 years ago; circumposition > consists of two or more parts and it is positioned on both sides of the main word - ex from now on; ambipositions > can appear on either side of their complement - ex through the whole night or the whole night through; interposition >structures like: word for word, page upon page; misconception . ; BY SEMANTIC: adpositions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relations between their complement  and the rest of the context; BY COMPLEMENT: prepositional phrasel generally act as complements and adjuncts of noun phrases (adjectives) and verb phrases (indirect object, prepositional object or adverbs) - ex. the man from China, a student of Science.
 Prepositional phrases are a group of words countaining a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. The preposition stays in front of its object.
 Lesson 2 was about phrasal verbs. It's for sure a really challenging issue for English learners, because: a. one main verb, many prepositions; b. one phrasal verb, different meanings; c. one phrasal verbs, literal, figurative and idiomatic meanings. There are three types of phrasal verbs: 1. Particle Phrasal Verbs > verb+ particle (adverb); 2. Prepositional Phrasal Verbs > verb + preposition; 3. Particle-Prepositional Phrasal Verbs> verb + particle (adverb) + preposition. 
 The variety of examples in this class helped me a lot to understand well, and I considered interesting the explanation about shifting - if the particle phrasal verb is transitive, a shifting is possible, nevertheless, it's possible with a pronoun or a small group of words.
 There are also the Phrasal Nouns (verb + particle complex is nominalized). The particle may come before or after the verb, but an important aspect is that: if the particle is in the first place, then the phrasal noun is never written with a hypen, if the particle comes second, then there is sometimes a hyphen between the two parts.
 Lesson 3 was about prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs. A phrasal verbs acts is a verb and particle (adverb or preposition) that acts as a single semantic unit. So, it's only a phrasal verb if it does in fact change the meaning, and they can be transitive or intransitive. When it takes a direct object, the adverb can be put before or after the object. However, if the object is a pronoun, the adverb must be placed after the object.
 Prepositional verbs (verb + preposition) will have direct object because a preposition always has an object (transitive).
 Particle-prepositional phrasal verbs are made of verb + particle + preposition.
An important point is: the phrasal verbs are always inseparable.
I'm going to talk about class number 1.
Class number one was very important to me, I consider prepositions one difficult topic and it's essential to study hard this class of words.
We could understand its function and classification, and also the difference between prepositions and conjunctions, preposition and adverbs and prepositions and particles.
A good point of the class is to observe that sometimes we use unnecessary prepositions.
At the end we learned about prepositional phrases.
I enjoyed it a lot.
Fórum B
    It is called inversion every time the normal order of things is changed. Regarding the English grammar, inversion is made by placing the verbs before the subjects. In brief, it happens in direct questions, tag questions and echo questions, in sentences to emphasize or to make them sound more formal, for example, in exclamations, after negative adverbs and expressions,expressions such as 'Here comes' and 'There goes', after expressions that start with 'only', after adjectives and after 'so' and 'such'. Also, in short affirmative and negative agreements, to add something negative to another negative thing mentioned before, in comparisons after 'as' and 'than' and in direct-speech in story-telling, except when the subject is a pronoun.
Sentence means a group of words that when they are put together, they convey a complete idea, that is, they make sense. Sentences can be either nominal or verbal. Nominal sentences don't have verbs while verbal sentences (also known as 'clauses') do.
E.g. Silence! Teachers always ask for silence.
There are four types of sentences:
Assertive or declarative sentences - They state and declare facts.
E.g. I do my homework every day.
Interrogative sentences - They ask questions.
E.g. Did you do your homework yesterday?
Exclamatory sentences - They express feelings that are strong or appear suddenly.
E.g. What a surprise!
Imperative sentences - They are commands, orders, requests and wishes.
E.g. Do your homework. (command) Do it now! (order) Close the door, please. (request) Have a nice day. (wish)
    When it comes to questions, there are eight ways of answering them. They are the following ones: giving a directand honest answer, lying, giving an answer out of context, partially answering, avoiding the answer by asking another question or calling attention to something else, stalling, distorting the answer and refusing to answer.
About inversions in this lesson 04: Inversion, also known as anastrophe, is a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter. In the English language, there are inversions that are part of its grammar structure and are quite common in their use. For instance, inversion always occurs in interrogative statements where verbs or auxiliaries or helping verbs are placed before their subjects. Similarly, inversion happens in typical exclamatory sentences where objects are placed before their verbs and subjects and preceded by a wh- word, such as the following examples of inversion: What a beautiful picture it is! How wonderful the weather is today! 
Lesson 05: Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent or subordinate clause). e.g. I let the door slip from my fingers and it closed behind me. Sentence: is a group of words that expresses a statement, question, command, or wish. Simple Sentence: also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. e.g. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. Compound Sentence: contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. e.g. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping. Complex Sentences: While his family is still in Wales, John’s staying with friends. Minor: A minor sentence is one without a verb, e.g: First, a word about sentences. America, of all places!
Fontes: http://eslbee.com/sentences.htm & http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/tta/sentence/sentence.htm
In lesson 5 we learned about clauses and sentence in the English language .
When we make the union of two or more words usually say we form a sentence (or a clause ) . But to be considered a sentence , this set of words must mean something . A question , a request , a statement , expressing themselves. There are two types of sentence: nominal (no verb ) and verbal ( which features verb ) . Then we move to the classification of these phrases . When a sentence makes sense , ie , when we understand the judgment call , and when it makes no sense that phrase is just a set of words out of order .
We currently have four types of sentences : declarative or assertive ( a statement ) , interrogative ( a question) , exclamation ( an exclamation ) or imperative ( a command ) .
In the case of interrogative , each type of question can have a number of answers . Direct lie , partial response , out of context , another question ( stalling ) , a distortion or a refusal .
What is clear lesson is that the similarity in syntactic structure with the Portuguese language , where we can easily understand because of the association that automatically make them . 
Just to illustrate:
Sentences may be classified according to the purpose of the speaker or writer.
1. The declarative sentence is used to make a statement of fact, wish, intent, or feeling. 
ex. I have seen that movie twice. I wish I could go on the picnic. 
2. The imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or direction. The subject is always 
"You," even though it may not be expressed in the sentence. 
ex. (You) Be on time for dinner. (You) Open the window, please. 
3. The interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It is followed by a question mark. 
ex. Do you have a sweater? Are you having a bad day? 
4. An exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feeling. It is followed by an exclamation point. 
ex. Don't burn yourself out! Keep out! He screamed, “Help!”

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