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SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
Profª. Claudia de Freitas Lopes
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
CLASS CONTENT:
Conceitos básicos da linguagem;
A diferença entre comunicação humana e comunicação animal;
As funções da linguagem;
Texto e discurso.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.
Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 6,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in graphic writing, braille, or whistling.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Human language has the properties of productivity, recursivity, and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems, 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
We live in a world of language. We talk to our friends, our associates, our wives and husbands, our lovers, our teachers, our parents, our rivals, and even our enemies. 
We talk to bus drivers and total strangers. We talk face-to-face and over the telephone, and everyone responds with more talk. Television and radio further swell this torrent of words.
Hardly a moment of our waking lives is free from words, and even in our dreams we talk and are talked to.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
We also talk when there is no one to answer. Some of us talk aloud in our sleep. We talk to our pets and sometimes to ourselves.
The possession of language, perhaps more than any other attribute, distinguishes humans from other animals.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Human language is unique in comparison to other forms of communication, such as those used by non-human animals. Communication systems used by other animals such as bees or non-human apes are closed systems that consist of a closed number of possible things that can be expressed.
In contrast, human language is open-ended and productive, meaning that it allows humans to produce an infinite set of utterances from a finite set of elements and to create new words and sentences. 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
This is possible because human language is based on a dual code, where a finite number of meaningless elements (e.g. sounds, letters or gestures) can be combined to form units of meaning (words and sentences). Furthermore, the symbols and grammatical rules of any particular language are largely arbitrary, meaning that the system can only be acquired through social interaction.The known systems of communication used by animals, on the other hand, can only express a finite number of utterances that are mostly genetically transmitted
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
The Ballad Of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
I 
He did not wear his scarlet coat, 
For blood and wine are red, 
And blood and wine were on his hands 
When they found him with the dead, 
The poor dead woman whom he loved, 
And murdered in her bed. 
He walked amongst the Trial Men 
 In a suit of shabby grey; 
 A cricket cap was on his head, 
 And his step seemed light and gay; 
 But I never saw a man who looked 
 So wistfully at the day. 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
I never saw a man who looked 
 With such a wistful eye 
 Upon that little tent of blue 
 Which prisoners call the sky, 
 And at every drifting cloud that went 
 With sails of silver by. 
 I walked, with other souls in pain, 
 Within another ring, 
 And was wondering if the man had done 
 A great or little thing, 
 When a voice behind me whispered low, 
 'THAT FELLOW'S GOT TO SWING.' 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Dear Christ! the very prison walls 
Suddenly seemed to reel, 
And the sky above my head became 
Like a casque of scorching steel; 
And, though I was a soul in pain, 
My pain I could not feel. 
I only knew what hunted thought 
Quickened his step, and why 
He looked upon the garish day 
With such a wistful eye; 
The man had killed the thing he loved, 
And so he had to die. 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Yet each man kills the thing he loves, 
By each let this be heard, 
Some do it with a bitter look, 
Some with a flattering word, 
The coward does it with a kiss, 
The brave man with a sword! 
Some kill their love when they are young, 
And some when they are old; 
Some strangle with the hands of Lust, 
Some with the hands of Gold: 
The kindest use a knife, because 
The dead so soon grow cold. 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Some love too little, some too long, 
Some sell, and others buy; 
Some do the deed with many tears, 
And some without a sigh: 
For each man kills the thing he loves, 
Yet each man does not die. 
He does not die a death of shame 
On a day of dark disgrace, 
Nor have a noose about his neck, 
Nor a cloth upon his face, 
Nor drop feet foremost through the floor 
Into an empty space. 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Language certainly figures centrally in our lives. We discover our identity as individuals and social beings when we acquire it during childhood. It serves as a means of cognition and communication: it enables us to think for ourselves and to cooperate with other people in our community. It provides for present needs and future plans, and at the same time carries with it the impression of things past.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Truly, human language has certain characteristics that cannot be found in the communication systems of other animals. One of these characteristics is creativity. 
arbitrariness. 
To say that words are arbitrary means that there is no natural resemblance between the forms of linguistic signs and their meaning. 
duality. Duality refers to the two levels of structure in which language operates. it can operate with both spoken and written media. 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Language Functions - a lot of what we say is for a specific purpose. Whether we are apologizing, expressing a wish or asking permission, we use language in order to fulfill that purpose. Each purpose can be known as a language function. Savignon describes a language function as “the use to which language is put, the purpose of an utterance rather than the particular grammatical form an utterance takes” (Savignon, 1983). 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
It has to do with the way speakers organize language in order to fulfill a specific purpose, therefore making their speech
more meaningful.
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
The Referential Function corresponds to the factor of Message and describes a situation, object or mental state. The descriptive statements of the referential function can consist of both definite descriptions and deictic words, e.g. "The autumn leaves have all fallen now.“
The Expressive (alternatively called "emotive" or "affective") Function relates to the Addresser (sender) and is best exemplified by interjections and other sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add information about the Addresser's (speaker's) internal state, e.g. "Wow, what a view!"
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
The Conative Function engages the Addressee (receiver) directly and is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives, e.g. "Tom! Come inside and eat!“
The Poetic Function focuses on "the message for its own sake"[3] (the code itself, and how it is used) and is the operative function in poetry as well as slogans.
The Phatic Function is language for the sake of interaction and is therefore associated with the Contact factor. The Phatic Function can be observed in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers. It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the communication channel: "Hello?", "Ok?", "Hummm", "Bye"...The Metalingual (alternatively called "metalinguistic" or "reflexive") Function 
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
Discourse (Latin: discursus, “running to and from”) denotes written and spoken communications such as: [1]
In semantics and discourse analysis: A generalization of the concept of conversation within all modalities and contexts.
The totality of codified language (vocabulary) used in a given field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, et cetera.[2]
In the work of Michel Foucault, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired: discourse describes “an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are enouncements (énoncés)”.[3]
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA DISCURSO LITERÁRIO
AULA 4 - LINGUAGEM 
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