EXERCÍCIOS ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA

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ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
1) Read the following paragraph and and choose the alternative the best reflects the relation between anthropologists and culture. All anthropologists share a reliance upon the culture concept, which they take as a starting point for understanding human experience regardless of subdiscipline, specialization, or theoretical orientation. Being so,
	
	a. anthropologists define culture differently from common usage and have extended its meaning and applicability beyond a simple term to a comprehensive theoretical paradigm. 
2)  According to the following statement, choose the option which can best complete it.Because the self emerges in social interaction within the context of a complex, organized, differentiated society, it has been argued that the self must be complex, organized and differentiated as well.
	
	So the self reflects society
3) Sociology is a science which has a rich and varied history. Whether it be the social systems approach or the social exchange tradition, it is deeply committed to the development of sociological theory in the service of addressing fundamental sociological questions about the empirical world. What has sociology been concerned with, since its beginning?
	
	It has been concerned with the relationship between the individual and society, the role of culture in social life and how identity develops in a social context.
4) The political and moral problems in valuing some cultures above others has led many sociologists to adopt a more relativistic position when thinking about and comparing cultures. In this view,
	
	 No one culture is "correct"- rather, different cultures are simply different and should be tolerated as such. 
5) Choose the correct alternative:
	
	Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, social Darwinist paradigms of the period. 
6) Sociology is one of the Human Sciences that has as subjects:
	
	society, its social organization and the processes that connect persons in groups, institutions and associations.
7) What alternative refers to the three thinkers analyzed the way in which society is constructed in great part from its relationship to economic conditions; specifically the division of labor.
	
	Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber 
8) What is a 'civilization'?
	
	The broadest construction of cultural identity
9) ´´The bureaucracy is phenomenal. The technical capacity of the Brazilian state to produce infrastructure . . . is very low´´, said Christopher Gaffney, visiting professor in architecture and urbanism at Rio's Federal Fluminense University.
Porque muitas construções de hotéis não estarão prontas até lá. Há obras inacabadas como o Hotel na Gávea, por exemplo. 
A burocracia é fenomenal, a capacidade técnica do governo Brasileiro para produzir infraestrutura é precária/ ineficiente. 
10) Choose the option which best completes the following statement: The nature of society from a Marxist point of view is one in which unnatural systems of power must be made to seem as though they are a natural and organic outgrowth of the progress of ------------
	
	civilization
11) The process of commodification is also seen as creating false needs, making people purchase objects/products they do not really need in order to provide capitalists with ---------------.
	
	profits
12) Action theory describes the -------------------- that influence action and serve as the foundation for society. In developing his theory, Weber distinguished between the concepts of behavior and action.The option which best completes the previous statement is
	
	subjective factors
13) Choose the WRONG alternative
	
	Micro level correspond to the bigger picture: what people actually do, and what they think about what they do.
14) Choose the WRONG alternative
	
	Identity is essential if meaningful interaction is to take place amongst a society of thinking, creative, conscious and active individuals 
15) Which theoretical perspective on cultural development rests on the logic of evolution?
	
	sociobiology
16) Choose the only option which does NOT describe culture according to sociological action:
	
	It´s a process but not a fluid one.
17) When people consider the influence of security policies developed by the police in their daily lives we can say that they are studying society
	
	a micro level
- For Erving Goffman, humans are creative in the sense that they think about the interactions they have and the contexts in which these interactions take place, and about their and other’s motives for action.
- Humans are seen as being able to think about their position within structures and to think about their actions – they have ‘knowledgeability’ of themselves and their place. Equally, knowledgeable actors can change structures through their actions over time.
- Habermas explains how rational thought is used by ordinary social actors to help them to engage in rational action, especially when they communicate with others.
18) Mark the only option which does not suit Habermas´ ideas: Habermas seeks a society in which unrestricted communication can occur, a society free from domination, free from the constraints of ideology. The existence of ideology is seen to
	
	Individual acceptance to promote changes 
19) Which definition does not characterize Modernity?
	
	The decrease of Nationalization
20) What are the main features of a culture?
	
	All of the above
21) Goffman´s dramaturgical analogy is so called because he compares social life to the theatre. Mark the only option which does not suit the statement:
	
	people believe they have no way out
22) Habermas´ seeks a society in which unrestricted communication can occur, a society free from domination, free from the constraints of ------------
	
	ideology
23) Why are Giddens concepts criticized? Because
	
	he exaggerates the degree of choice that individuals have over their own lives, and plays down the fact that often our lives are not of our own choosing. 
Adorno and Horkheimer described the media as a  ‘culture industry’
• The Frankfurt School saw the masses as highly passive victims of ideology
Willis suggests that the culture of “ordinary people” is by no means a reflection of passive acceptance of an uncritical low culture, but is highly creative.
24) The highly conservative view of the popular/mass culture of the working classes which need the high culture to become better educated, provides intellectual justification for the continuation of the -----------------in society.
	
	class system
25) According to the Post-Modernity phenomenon, globalization
	
	may alter time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers.
26) The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is called
	
	cultural transmission.
27) Post modernity is a sociocultural and esthetics condition that prevails upon common concepts of a modern era. It has as its main principles:
	
	a consequential depreciation of ideological concepts from the modern era, the ideology crisis from the XX century and the occasional downfall of the Berlin Wall.
28) The consumption of cultural products commodities- under a capitalist economy creates -------------------which in turn safeguards the dominance of the ruling group. In this respect consumerism is ideological.
	
	fetichism
29) Which one is seen as a product of human action, has an aim and has a physical presence?
	
	Artefacts
30) What is the official language of 20 percent of the world's people?
	
	Chinese 
31) Many contemporary sociologists, especially postmodernists,are interested in the role played by popular culture in the creation of identity.They define it as
	
	Popular culture ¿ or sometimes mass culture ¿ is usually defined as media and other cultural products that are readily available, often cheap to consume and have popular or mass appeal. Popular culture ¿ especially fashion and music ¿ is also seen to be major feature of youth subcultures. 
32) Although young people are criticized by their bad behavior by the media, they are also controlled by the same media and are said to be
	
	wonderful consumers
33) Howard Becker thinks the behavior that people exhibit may sometimes be labeled deviant by others, but on other occasions it may be regarded as acceptable and even normal. The group who support this idea is called
	
	Subculture
34) Becker gives us an example of a brawl involving young people. In a low-income neighborhood, it may be defined by the police evidence of delinquency; in a wealthy area as evidence of high spirits. The acts are the same, but the meanings given to them by the audience differ. He thinks that happens because
	
	there is no such thing as a deviant act
35) Roland Barthes' concepts embrace multiple themes of knowledge. In his book "Elementos de semiologia", he retakes the concepts of 'signo' used in the past by the first writers and explains his main concepts as for example
	
	the outcome of 'signo' as a social communication way where we find a relation between significante (o manifesto) e o significado (o conotado).
36) Who saw all languages as made up of a collection of ´signs´, that is, collection of symbols that stand for, represent, ´symbolize´ something outside the language?
	
	Saussure
37) Para Habermas, a estrutura social é formada por convenções que delimitam o campo de ações, estabelecendo as condições pelas quais escolhemos uma determinada ação, pensando ter feito a melhor escolha possível. A linguagem é o instrumento que utilizamos para isso, sendo essa estrutura a maior responsável por determinar a forma como ela é usada. A partir dessa concepção, podemos dizer que
	
	a estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não.
38) In The Savage Mind (1962), Claude Lévi-Strauss defines the concept of BRICOLAGE as
	
	a method of expression through the selection and synthesis of components culled from surrounding culture. 
39) Choose the alternative that correctly fills the blanks in the following fragment: ______ is associated with the work of ______, a linguist lecturing at the University of Geneva at the star of the twentieth century. Saussure´s Course in General Linguistics (1983) marked the start of a new and highly influential way of thinking about ______.
	
	Semiology, Ferdinand de Saussure, language. 
40) Semiology is a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life. This is said by
	
	Saussure 
41) All of the following typically generate cultural change, except:
	
	ethnocentrism.
42) Functionalism main goal is
	
	analyze key elements of a social system, trying to understand how these elements are related to other elements of the same social system and to social system as a whole.
43) Choose the alternative that is correct in relation to Post modernism and identity:
	
	Postmodernists such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are free to become who they wish, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles. 
44) Durkheim thoughts revealed the independent existence of social facts in relation to persons. He created the expression collective conscious, which means
	
	the standardized manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group.
45) Advertising plays an important role in the economic life of almost every market economy. Why is it so? Because ...
	
	consumption is based on the instant gratification of needs. 
46) About the Feminism phenomenon, we can say that
	
	In spite of its expressivity, the lack of studies to rescue the feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, is still a preoccupation.
47) The strength of postmodern feminism is that it moves beyond simplistic notions of identity based on distinctions between opposites, such as being either male or female, or black or white. It suggests that identity is more -------------.
	
	pluralistic.
48) Feminism ideology can take many different forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a theory which helped to explain their oppression. By the 1980's, feminists started disagreeing on particular issues linked to feminism. What was once one theory, began to branch out into many theories that focused on different feminist issues. 
What is the main focus of radical feminism? 
	
	Radical feminism focuses on men as oppressors. Radical feminists view prostitution as a reinforcement, perpetuation, subordination, and exploitation of women.
49) Mark the correct option as far as the Post-Structuralism movement is concerned:
	
	One important factor is that the Post-Structuralism inaugurates and registers Nietzsche's French reception, which provided inspiration to many of his theoretical innovations.
50) All women must be free from the constraints of belonging to a specific gender. This is called
	
	global feminism.
51) One of the best results of Feminism in our contemporary society is
	
	A process of intense and global consciousness about women's dignity and emancipation.
52) What is the difference between a common scientist and an applied scientist?
	
	A common scientist is interested in the way something functions, whereas an applied scientist is interested in constructing this knowledge and applying it to obtain useful results.
53) People's concept of nation is generally distorted and called by scholars as 'the imagined nation'. Why is that imagined nation considered limited and overvalued simultaneously?
	
	Because the power of liberty depends on the State.
54) What is religious fundamentalism?
	
	
	
	A type of political protest against the West or prevailing institutions
A reaction to modernity
Extreme religious revivalism
	
	All of the above
55) According to the Reflexive Modernization theory, politicians are not to be blamed for all of their decisions because
	
	the political decisions that influence everyday life the most are not from formal political resolution, but from informal spheres of society.
56) The illusion of a hegemonic society in a world level has brought some problems, as for example:
	
	The evidence that social inequality, prejudice, racial segregation and intolerance in general are still prevailing.
57) Since the last decades our planet has been suffering with an exaggerated consumerism. Mark one of the consequences of this social problem:
	
	The exhaustion of natural resources, especially raw material and energy.
58) The word 'Sociology' was created in 1838 by Auguste Comte. However, it was Émile Durkheim's who founded
and explained its concept. Discuss Durkheim's contribution to Sociology.
Durkheim was responsible for tracing the first steps of Sociology, by defining its meaning and
purposes. Starting from Durkheim's study and concepts that it was possible to later sociologists to come to the
Sociology we know today.
59) Functionalism main goal is to analyze key elements of a social system, trying to understand how these elements
are related to other elements of the social system. What is the influence of functionalism in relation to culture?
It allows us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole,explains the process of
socialization and how culture can create order in society.