Phonetics and Phonology Work Resulution

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English Course 1st Year 
Date: 09th November 2017 
Groups Names:
António Caero
Gervacio Chambal
Fernando Borge Mafuca
Petrosse Laissone
Phonetics and Phonology Test One
Date: 07th November 2017
					Duration: 90 minutes
Answer:
Phonetics
According to Fromkin (2011: 229), when one knows a language, they the sounds of that particular language as well as the rules that govern the way sounds are combined into words.
(a) Discuss the scope of Phonetics (3.0 points).
Phonetics is a branch of Linguistics that deals with physical and physiological aspects of speech production. It studies speech sounds in terms of their production, combination, description and representation by written symbols. It is concerned with how humans produce, transmit and receive speech sounds.
(b) What is the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds? (2.0 points)
R: The difference between voiced and voiceless sounds is, the reason for this is that, in the production of the sounds [b] and [g], the vocal cords (folds) are drawn together, causing some ‘friction’ as the air flows, what results in some vibration. In the production of the sounds [k] and [s], however, the vocal cords are spread apart during airflow, and the air flows freely, causing no friction, vibration in the vocal tract.
2. Identify passive and active articulators in the following sounds (3.0 points).
(a) R: [v]	
Active: lower lip
Passive: upper teeth	
	
(b) [ð]	
Active: Tongue
Passive: upper teeth	
(c) [t]	
Active: tongue 
Passive: The roof of the mouth
(d) [m]
Active: Lower lip 
Passive: upper lip
3. Following the VPM – label, classify the following sounds (2.0 points)
(a) R: [b]- Voiced, bilabial, Plosives
(b) [t∫]-Voiceless, Palatal alveolar, affricates 
			
(c) [ʒ]- Voiced, Palatal, fricatives
			
(d) [ŋ]- Voiced, alveolar, nasals
4. What are diphthongs? How do they differ long vowels? (2.0 points)
R: Diphthongs are sounds formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side) and diphthongs differ from long vowels because they consist of movements or glides from one vowel to another while the long vowels are mainly characterised by the presence of colon (:) in their composition. The long vowels are: [i:, u:, ɜ:, ɔ: and a:] found in words like [si:d], [gu:z], [blɜ:d], [pɔ:] and [pa:t] respectively.
5. Provide the regular English spelling for the following phonetic transcriptions (4.0 points)
(a) nom tʃamski ɪz e lɪngwɪst hu titʃəz æt em aɪ tɪ
Noam Chomsky is a linguist who teaches at ITI 
(b) fənetɪks ɪz ðə stʌdi əv spitʃ saʊndz
R: Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.
(c) sʌm pipəl θɪŋk fənetɪks ɪz veri ɪntərestɪŋ
R: Some people think phonetics is very interesting.
(d) wɒt aı sɔ: ǝt ðǝ klʌb jestǝdeɪ wǝz rɪǝlɪ dɪsgʌstɪŋ
What I sew at the club yesterday was really disgusting.
6. Write the phonetic symbol for the first sound in each of the following
words according to the way you pronounce it (4.0 points)
(a) Judge- [dʒ] (b) Thought [θ]
(c) Though [θ] (d) Contact [k ]
(e) Thomas [ð] (f) Phone [f] 		
(g) Civic [s]	 (h) Usual [j]
Phonetics and Phonology Test One
Date: 29th September 2014
Duration: 90 minutes
Phonetics
Phonetics may be defined as a branch of Linguistics that deals with physical and physiological aspects of speech production.
In terms of manner of articulation, sounds fall under two major groups. What are they? Characterize them! (3.0 marks)
R: The active articulators and passive articulators.
The active articulators are the movable parts of the vocal apparatus such as the lower lip, the velum, the tongue and the lower jaw.
The Passive Articulators are the parts of the vocal tract that cannot move but they provide the active articulators with points of reference. 
Explain the notion of lateral sounds. How do they differ from nasals? (2.0 marks)
R: Lateral sounds it is when the air escapes around the sides of the tongue. 
 The difference between nasal sounds and lateral sounds is that in nasal sounds there is a complete closure in the mouth produced with the velum raised while Lateral sounds it is when the air escapes around the sides of the tongue.
Following the VPM label, classify the following sounds (2.0 marks)
/v/		ii. /t/		iii. /p/		iv. /k/
R: i /v/ Voiceless, labiodentals, fricative
ii. /t/ voiceless alveolar, plosive
iii. /p/ voiceless, bilabial, plosive
iv. /k/ voiceless, velars, plosive
Explain the difference between diphthongs and thriphthongs. (3.0 marks) 
R: Diphthongs are similar to long vowels in which the first part of it is longer and stronger than the second part and they consist of movements from one vowel to another whereas thriphthongs the most complex sounds of the vowel in English. They are considered to be rather difficult to pronounce and very difficult to recognise resulting from two glides.
Why the /ʌ/ sound is considered a pure vowel? (2.0 marks)
R: it is considered pure vowel because they remain constant and do not glide or move.
Phonology
What is the difference between a minimal pair and a minimal set? (2.0 marks)
R: Minimal pair are two words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed While minimal set are words differentiated by each having one sound different from all others or is what makes the meaning of the words different.
What is a syllable? What are the components of it? (2.0 marks)
R: Syllable is a unit of pronunciation typically larger than a single sound and smaller than a word. Their components are onset and rhyme.
In your own, what is the difference between a stressed and an unstressed syllable? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between stressed and unstressed syllable is that stressed syllable are more prominent and often marked by the symbol ['] while unstressed syllable are not prominent or the voice remain in the normal standard. 
Explain the psychological function of intonation. (2.0 marks)
R: Psychological function of Intonation segments speech into units that are easy to perform process and memorise. Long strings of arbitrary numbers can be very easily remembered if they are split into units of two, three, four, etc. 
 
Phonetics and Phonology Test One
Date: 07th November 2017
Duration: 90 minutes
Answers:
Phonetics is defined as a branch of Linguistics that deals with physical and physiological aspects of speech production.
a. Establish the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics. (2.0 marks)
R: difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics is that, Articulatory Phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are made or articulated by the vocal organs. It is often referred to as physiological phonetics as it derives much of its terminology from fields of anatomy and physiology, while auditory phonetics It is also known as Perceptual Phonetics, is the branch of phonetics that studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.
b. What is the importance of forensic phonetics? (2.0 marks)
R: Forensic phonetics is very important because it is very useful in crime investigation as it can be used to decode disputed utterances. It is very helpful in speaker identification, voice line-ups, speaker profiling. Through forensic phonetics, it is possible to identify speakers’ linguistic or dialect backgrounds and reveal whether two recorded speakers – one known and the other unknown – are the same person or different individuals.
2. Discuss the difference between active and passive articulators. Give two examples of each. (3.0 marks)
The Active Articulators - the movable parts or bits ofthe vocal apparatus such as the lower lip, the velum (also known as soft palate), the tongue (with all its parts: tip, blade, front, back and root, See Fig. 2) and the lower jaw; while the Passive Articulators – The parts of the vocal tract that cannot move but they provide the ‘active’ articulators with points of reference. Examples of these of these sorts of articulators are the roof of the mouth (where we find the alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate or velum and uvula), and upper lip.
3. What is the difference between dentals and labiodentals? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between dentals and labiodentals is, Bilabials, as the name suggests, are produced when the lips are brought together. This happens with the sounds [p], [b] and [m]. While Labiodentals are made when the lower lip is raised towards the upper front teeth. This happens with the voiceless [f] and the voiced [v] in fat and vat.
4. following the VPM label, classify the following sounds: (3.0 marks)
a. R: [t∫] voiceless, palato alveolar, affricates
		
b. [v] voiced, labiodentals, fricative
		
c. [ð] voiced, dental, fricative	
	
d. [ŋ] voiceless, velar, plosive
5. Can you talk about the particularity that helps distinguish vowel from consonant sounds? (2.0 marks)
6. What is the difference between long vowels and diphthongs? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between long vowels and diphthongs is that, the long vowels are mainly characterised by the presence of colon (:) in their composition. The long vowels are: [i:, u:, ɜ:, ɔ: and a:] found in words like [si:d], [gu:z], [blɜ:d], [pɔ:] and [pa:t] respectively while diphthongs consist of movements or glides from one vowel to another.
7. Provide the phonetic transcription of the following sentence. (2.0 marks)
‘I feel we need to talk about this issue.’
R: aɪ fiːl wi niːd tə tɔːk əbaʊt ðɪs ɪʃuː
8. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between phonetics and phonology is, phonetics is the study of acoustics and physiology of speech production, speech perceptions and speech sounds while phonology is the study of the sound patterns of language. 
 
Phonetics and Phonology Test One
Date: 07th November 2017
Duration: 90 minutes
Answers:
Phonetics is defined as a branch of Linguistics that deals with physical and physiological aspects of speech production.
a. Establish the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics. (2.0 marks)
R: difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics is that, Articulatory Phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are made or articulated by the vocal organs. It is often referred to as physiological phonetics as it derives much of its terminology from fields of anatomy and physiology, while auditory phonetics It is also known as Perceptual Phonetics, is the branch of phonetics that studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.
b. What is the importance of forensic phonetics? (2.0 marks)
R: Forensic phonetics is very important becauseIt it is very useful in crime investigation as it can be used to decode disputed utterances. It is very helpful in speaker identification, voice line-ups, speaker profiling. Through forensic phonetics, it is possible to identify speakers’ linguistic or dialect backgrounds and reveal whether two recorded speakers – one known and the other unknown – are the same person or different individuals.
2. Discuss the difference between active and passive articulators. Give two examples of each. (3.0 marks)
The Active Articulators - the movable parts or bits of the vocal apparatus such as the lower lip, the velum (also known as soft palate), the tongue (with all its parts: tip, blade, front, back and root, See Fig. 2) and the lower jaw; while the Passive Articulators – The parts of the vocal tract that cannot move but they provide the ‘active’ articulators with points of reference. Examples of these of these sorts of articulators are the roof of the mouth (where we find the alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate or velum and uvula), and upper lip.
3. What is the difference between dentals and labiodentals? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between dentals and labiodentals is, Bilabials, as the name suggests, are produced when the lips are brought together. This happens with the sounds [p], [b] and [m]. While Labiodentals are made when the lower lip is raised towards the upper front teeth. This happens with the voiceless [f] and the voiced [v] in fat and vat.
4. following the VPM label, classify the following sounds: (3.0 marks)
a. R: [t∫] voiceless, palato alveolar, affricates
		
b. [v] voiced, labiodentals, fricative
		
c. [ð] voiced, dental, fricative	
	
d. [ŋ] voiceless, velar, plosive
5. Can you talk about the particularity that helps distinguish vowel from consonant sounds? (2.0 marks)
6. What is the difference between long vowels and diphthongs? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between long vowels and diphthongs is that, the long vowels are mainly characterised by the presence of colon (:) in their composition. The long vowels are: [i:, u:, ɜ:, ɔ: and a:] found in words like [si:d], [gu:z], [blɜ:d], [pɔ:] and [pa:t] respectively while diphthongs consist of movements or glides from one vowel to another.
7. Provide the phonetic transcription of the following sentence. (2.0 marks)
‘I feel we need to talk about this issue.’
R: aɪ fiːl wi niːd tə tɔːk əbaʊt ðɪs ɪʃuː
8. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between phonetics and phonology is, phonetics is the study of acoustics and physiology of speech production, speech perceptions and speech sounds while phonology is the study of the sound patterns of language. 
 
Phonetics and Phonology Test One
Date: 07th November 2017
Duration: 90 minutes
Answers:
Phonetics is defined as a branch of Linguistics that deals with physical and physiological aspects of speech production.
a. Establish the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics. (2.0 marks)
R: difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics is that, Articulatory Phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are made or articulated by the vocal organs. It is often referred to as physiological phonetics as it derives much of its terminology from fields of anatomy and physiology, while auditory phonetics It is also known as Perceptual Phonetics, is the branch of phonetics that studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.
b. What is the importance of forensic phonetics? (2.0 marks)
R: Forensic phonetics is very important because it is very useful in crime investigation as it can be used to decode disputed utterances. It is very helpful in speaker identification, voice line-ups, speaker profiling. Through forensic phonetics, it is possible to identify speakers’ linguistic or dialect backgrounds and reveal whether two recorded speakers – one known and the other unknown – are the same person or different individuals.
2. Discuss the difference between active and passive articulators. Give two examples of each. (3.0 marks)
The Active Articulators - the movable parts or bits of the vocal apparatus such as the lower lip, the velum (also known as soft palate), the tongue (with all its parts: tip, blade, front, back and root, See Fig. 2) and the lower jaw; while the Passive Articulators – The parts of the vocal tract that cannot move but they provide the ‘active’ articulators with points of reference. Examples of these of these sorts of articulators are the roof of the mouth (where we find the alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate or velum and uvula), andupper lip.
3. What is the difference between dentals and labiodentals? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between dentals and labiodentals is, Bilabials, as the name suggests, are produced when the lips are brought together. This happens with the sounds [p], [b] and [m]. While Labiodentals are made when the lower lip is raised towards the upper front teeth. This happens with the voiceless [f] and the voiced [v] in fat and vat.
4. following the VPM label, classify the following sounds: (3.0 marks)
a. R: [t∫] voiceless, palato alveolar, affricates
		
b. [v] voiced, labiodentals, fricative
		
c. [ð] voiced, dental, fricative	
	
d. [ŋ] voiceless, velar, plosive
5. Can you talk about the particularity that helps distinguish vowel from consonant sounds? (2.0 marks
6. What is the difference between long vowels and diphthongs? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between long vowels and diphthongs is that, the long vowels are mainly characterised by the presence of colon (:) in their composition. The long vowels are: [i:, u:, ɜ:, ɔ: and a:] found in words like [si:d], [gu:z], [blɜ:d], [pɔ:] and [pa:t] respectively while diphthongs consist of movements or glides from one vowel to another.
7. Provide the phonetic transcription of the following sentence. (2.0 marks)
‘I feel we need to talk about this issue.’
R: aɪ fiːl wi niːd tə tɔːk əbaʊt ðɪs ɪʃuː
8. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between phonetics and phonology is, phonetics is the study of acoustics and physiology of speech production, speech perceptions and speech sounds while phonology is the study of the sound patterns of language.
 
Phonetics and Phonology Test One
Date: 07th November 2017
Duration: 90 minutes
Answers:
Phonetics is defined as a branch of Linguistics that deals with physical and physiological aspects of speech production.
a. Establish the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics. (2.0 marks)
R: difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics is that, Articulatory Phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are made or articulated by the vocal organs. It is often referred to as physiological phonetics as it derives much of its terminology from fields of anatomy and physiology, while auditory phonetics It is also known as Perceptual Phonetics, is the branch of phonetics that studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain.
b. What is the importance of forensic phonetics? (2.0 marks)
R: Forensic phonetics is very important because it is very useful in crime investigation as it can be used to decode disputed utterances. It is very helpful in speaker identification, voice line-ups, speaker profiling. Through forensic phonetics, it is possible to identify speakers’ linguistic or dialect backgrounds and reveal whether two recorded speakers – one known and the other unknown – are the same person or different individuals.
2. Discuss the difference between active and passive articulators. Give two examples of each. (3.0 marks)
The Active Articulators - the movable parts or bits of the vocal apparatus such as the lower lip, the velum (also known as soft palate), the tongue (with all its parts: tip, blade, front, back and root, See Fig. 2) and the lower jaw; while the Passive Articulators – The parts of the vocal tract that cannot move but they provide the ‘active’ articulators with points of reference. Examples of these of these sorts of articulators are the roof of the mouth (where we find the alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate or velum and uvula), and upper lip.
3. What is the difference between dentals and labiodentals? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between dentals and labiodentals is, Bilabials, as the name suggests, are produced when the lips are brought together. This happens with the sounds [p], [b] and [m]. While Labiodentals are made when the lower lip is raised towards the upper front teeth. This happens with the voiceless [f] and the voiced [v] in fat and vat.
4. following the VPM label, classify the following sounds: (3.0 marks)
a. R: [t∫] voiceless, palato alveolar, affricates
		
b. [v] voiced, labiodentals, fricative
		
c. [ð] voiced, dental, fricative	
	
d. [ŋ] voiceless, velar, plosive
5. Can you talk about the particularity that helps distinguish vowel from consonant sounds? (2.0 marks)
6. What is the difference between long vowels and diphthongs? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between long vowels and diphthongs is that, the long vowels are mainly characterised by the presence of colon (:) in their composition. The long vowels are: [i:, u:, ɜ:, ɔ: and a:] found in words like [si:d], [gu:z], [blɜ:d], [pɔ:] and [pa:t] respectively while diphthongs consist of movements or glides from one vowel to another.
7. Provide the phonetic transcription of the following sentence. (2.0 marks)
‘I feel we need to talk about this issue.’
R: aɪ fiːl wi niːd tə tɔːk əbaʊt ðɪs ɪʃuː
8. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between phonetics and phonology is, phonetics is the study of acoustics and physiology of speech production, speech perceptions and speech sounds while phonology is the study of the sound patterns of language. 
 
Phonetics and Phonology 
Date: 07th November 2017
Duration: 90 minutes
Answers:
Phonetics
Human language is a very complex phenomenon, entailing a vast array of conventional signs composed of arbitrary patterned sounds units that are assembled according to a set of rules.
Discuss the difference between Phonetics and Phonology. (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between phonetics and phonology is, phonetics is the study of acoustics and physiology of speech production, speech perceptions and speech sounds while phonology is the study of the sound patterns of language. 
Can you explain the rationale behind the claim that affricates are often referred to as ‘affricated plosives’? (2.0 marks)
R: Affricates are often referred as affricates plosive because they begin like a plosive, with a complete closure. 
Explain the notion of fricatives. How do they differ from plosives? (2.0 marks)
R: In Fricative sounds, the air is not blocked at any point. There is no plosion at all. However, as the air passes, there is a whistling effect, similar to the wind around a corner of a house. The labiodentals [f, v], the dentals [θ, ð], the alveolars [s, z], the palate-alveolars [ʃ, ʒ] and the glottal [h] as in help belong to the group of fricatives sounds.
Identify the vowel sounds (short, long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs) in the following words. (3.0 marks)
Here-long vowel, diphthongs 
 
Target-long vowel, diphthongs	
Shift-short vowel
		
Cat-long vowel, diphthongs
	
Learn-long vowel, diphthongs
Layer-short vowel
Way-short vowel
	
Curl-long vowel, diphthongs,	
	
Prey-short vowel
Pot-short vowel	
	
Our-short vowel 
		
l. Large-long vowel, diphthongs
5. How do centring diphthongs differ from the closing ones? Give examples. (3.0 marks)
 R: Centring diphthongs differ from the closing ones because of the centring diphthongs move towards the ‘ǝ’ (schwa) vowel and they are the following ones: [ɪǝ, eǝ and ʊǝ], while the closing diphthongs end with a glide towards a closer vowel. These diphthongs normally glide to two main points [ɪ] and [ʊ]. Closing diphthongs are the following ones: [eɪ, aɪ, and ɔɪ] and [ǝʊ and aʊ].
Phonology
Explain the difference between lexical and phrasal stress. (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between lexical stress and phrasal stress is that, lexical stress is the tress in which physically, the stressed syllablestend to be louder than the unstressed ones, while phrasal stress is the stress in which certain words within phrases are given more emphasis than the others. 
Discuss the importance of phonotactical knowledge. Give concrete examples. (2.0 marks)
R: Phonotactical knowledge is used in phonology to refer to the sequential arrangements or simply tactic behaviour of phonological units which occur in a language.
E.g. ´´Market´´ sequentially it is /M/ /æ/ /r/ /k/ / / ɪ/ t/
Discuss the difference between rhythm and intonation. (2.0 marks)
R: The difference between rhythm and intonation In phonetics, rhythm is the sense of movement in speech, marked by the stress, timing, and quantity of syllables, it also can be considered as the measured flow of words and phrases in verse or prose as determined by the relation of long and short or stressed and unstressed syllables while Intonation refers to the variation of the pitch as an individual speaks intonation can create an entire variation of the meaning through the usage of stress.
Talk about the attitudinal function of intonation. (2.0 marks)
R: Attitudinal function of intonation enables us to express our emotional state and attitudes as we speak where the listener can easily understand that the speaker is happy, angry, bored, etc.