<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">http://www.<span class="ff2 fs1">elsolucionario.</span></div><div class="t m1 x2 h3 y1 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0">net</div><div class="c x3 y2 w2 h4"><div class="t m2 x4 h5 y3 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS </div><div class="t m2 x5 h5 y4 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE </div><div class="t m2 x6 h5 y5 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS</div><div class="t m2 x7 h5 y6 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">LOS SOLUCIONARIOS </div><div class="t m2 x8 h5 y7 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">CONTIENEN TODOS LOS </div><div class="t m2 x9 h5 y8 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO</div><div class="t m2 x0 h5 y9 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS</div><div class="t m2 xa h5 ya ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">DE FORMA CLARA</div><div class="t m2 xb h5 yb ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">VISITANOS PARA</div><div class="t m2 x7 h5 yc ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">DESARGALOS GRATIS<span class="ff5 fs4 fc0">.</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi xc yd w3 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg2.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_0 blank"> </span>this <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rk <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduced <span class="_0 blank"> </span>by <span class="_2 blank"> </span>i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nstructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution <span class="_0 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_2 blank"> </span>b<span class="_2 blank"> </span>asis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruct<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ional <span class="_2 blank"> </span>p<span class="_2 blank"> </span>urposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 xe ha y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">CHAPTER 2</div><div class="t m3 xf hb y13 ff8 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ATOM<span class="_2 blank"> </span>IC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOM<span class="_2 blank"> </span>IC BOND<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ING</div><div class="t m3 x10 ha y14 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">PROBLEM SOLUT<span class="_2 blank"> </span>IONS</div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y15 ff8 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Fundamental<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Concepts</div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y16 ff8 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Electrons in Atom<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y17 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">2.1 <span class="ff7 ws1">Cite the d<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ifference between<span class="_2 blank"> </span> atomic ma<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ss and ato<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mic weight.</span></div><div class="t m3 xc ha y18 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y19 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Atomic <span class="_5 blank"> </span>mass <span class="_5 blank"> </span>is <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the <span class="_6 blank"> </span>mass <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>an <span class="_6 blank"> </span>individual <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ato<span class="_2 blank"> </span>m, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>wh<span class="_1 blank"></span>ereas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>atomic<span class="_7 blank"> </span>weigh<span class="_1 blank"></span>t <span class="_5 blank"> </span>is <span class="_6 blank"> </span>the <span class="_5 blank"> </span>average <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(weighted) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y1a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atomic masses of an atom<span class="_1 blank"></span>'s naturally<span class="_1 blank"></span> occurring isotopes.</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x13 y1b w5 hd" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg3.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 he y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.2 <span class="ff7 ws1">Chromium<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>has <span class="_6 blank"> </span>four <span class="_6 blank"> </span>natu<span class="_2 blank"> </span>rally<span class="_2 blank"> </span>-oc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>curring <span class="_6 blank"> </span>isotop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>es: <span class="_6 blank"> </span>4.34% <span class="_6 blank"> </span>of<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ws5 v1">50</span>Cr, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>with <span class="_6 blank"> </span>an <span class="_6 blank"> </span>atom<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ic <span class="_6 blank"> </span>weight <span class="_6 blank"> </span>of <span class="_6 blank"> </span>49.9<span class="_2 blank"> </span>460</span></div><div class="t m3 xd he y1c ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">amu, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>83<span class="_2 blank"> </span>.79% <span class="_2 blank"> </span>of<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ws5 v1">52</span>Cr, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>with <span class="_2 blank"> </span>an <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atomic <span class="_2 blank"> </span>weigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t <span class="_2 blank"> </span>of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>51.94<span class="_2 blank"> </span>05 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>amu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>9.50% <span class="_2 blank"> </span>of<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ws5 v1">53</span>Cr, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>with a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tomic weig<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ht of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>52.9<span class="_2 blank"> </span>407 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>amu,</div><div class="t m3 xd he y1d ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">and <span class="_5 blank"> </span>2.37% <span class="_0 blank"> </span>of<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ls0 ws5 v1">54</span><span class="ls0">Cr, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>with <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_5 blank"> </span>atomic <span class="_5 blank"> </span>weight <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_0 blank"> </span>5<span class="_2 blank"> </span>3.938<span class="_2 blank"> </span>9 <span class="_5 blank"> </span>amu. <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>On<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the <span class="_a blank"> </span>basis <span class="_a blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>these <span class="_a blank"> </span>d<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ata, <span class="_a blank"> </span>co<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nfirm <span class="_a blank"> </span>tha<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t <span class="_a blank"> </span>the <span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>verage</span></div><div class="t m3 xd hf y1e ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">atomic weigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t of Cr is 51.<span class="_2 blank"> </span>9963 a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mu.</div><div class="t m3 xc ha y1f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y20 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The <span class="_5 blank"> </span>average <span class="_5 blank"> </span>atomic <span class="_a blank"> </span>weight <span class="_a blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>silicon</div></div><div class="c x14 y21 w6 h10"><div class="t m3 x0 h11 y22 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2">(<span class="ffa ls0">A</span></div><div class="t m3 x4 h12 y23 ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Cr <span class="ff9 fs4 v2">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x15 ha y20 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">is <span class="_a blank"> </span>co<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mputed <span class="_a blank"> </span>by <span class="_a blank"> </span>ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ding <span class="_a blank"> </span>fraction<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-of-occurrence/atomic <span class="_a blank"> </span>weig<span class="_1 blank"></span>ht</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y24 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">products for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the three isotopes. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Thus</div></div><div class="c x11 y25 w7 h13"><div class="t m3 x16 h11 y26 ffa fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">A</div><div class="t m3 x8 h14 y27 ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Cr <span class="fs4 ls3 v2">=<span class="ffa ls4">f</span></span><span class="ws8">50<span class="ws9 v3">Cr </span><span class="ffa fs4 v2">A</span></span></div><div class="t m3 x17 h14 y27 ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">50<span class="wsa v3">Cr </span><span class="fs4 ls5 v2">+<span class="ffa ls6">f</span></span>52<span class="wsb v3">Cr </span><span class="ffa fs4 v2">A</span></div><div class="t m3 x18 h15 y27 ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">52<span class="wsc v3">Cr </span><span class="ffb fs4 ls7 v2">\uf02b<span class="ffa ls4">f</span></span>53<span class="wsd v3">Cr </span><span class="ffa fs4 v2">A</span></div><div class="t m3 xf h15 y27 ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">53<span class="wse v3">Cr </span><span class="ffb fs4 ls8 v2">\uf02b<span class="ffa ls9">f</span></span>54<span class="wsf v3">Cr </span><span class="ffa fs4 v2">A</span></div><div class="t m3 x19 h16 y27 ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">54<span class="v3">Cr</span></div></div><div class="c xd y28 w8 h17"><div class="t m3 x0 h18 y29 ffb fsa fc0 sc0 lsa">\uf03d<span class="ff9 ls0 ws1"> (0.0434)(49.9460 amu)<span class="_7 blank"> </span>+<span class="_5 blank"> </span> (0.8379)(51.9405\ue0a0amu)<span class="_b blank"> </span>+<span class="_5 blank"> </span> (0.0950)(52.9407\ue0a0 amu)<span class="_b blank"> </span>+<span class="_5 blank"> </span> (0.0237)(53.9389 amu)<span class="_b blank"> </span>=<span class="_c blank"> </span> 51.9963 amu</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xc y2a w9 h19" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg4.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10">2.3 <span class="ff7 ws1">(a) How man<span class="_2 blank"> </span>y grams are th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ere in on<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e amu of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a material?</span></div><div class="t m3 x1a hf y2b ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(b) Mole, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>in th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e co<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ntext o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>f th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>is book, is ta<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ken in u<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nits of gram<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-mo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>le. On this b<span class="_2 blank"> </span>asis, how ma<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ny atoms a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>re</div><div class="t m3 xd hf y2c ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">there in a<span class="_2 blank"> </span> pound<span class="_2 blank"> </span>-<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mole of a<span class="_2 blank"> </span> substance<span class="_2 blank"> </span>?</div><div class="t m3 xc ha y2d ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y2e ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(a) <span class="_6 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>In <span class="_6 blank"> </span>order <span class="_6 blank"> </span>to <span class="_6 blank"> </span>determine <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the <span class="_6 blank"> </span>num<span class="_1 blank"></span>ber <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f <span class="_5 blank"> </span>grams <span class="_5 blank"> </span>in <span class="_6 blank"> </span>one <span class="_5 blank"> </span>amu <span class="_a blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>material, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ppropr<span class="_2 blank"> </span>iate <span class="_5 blank"> </span>manipulation <span class="_5 blank"> </span>of <span class="_5 blank"> </span>the</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y2f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">amu/atom<span class="_1 blank"></span>, g/mol, and at<span class="_2 blank"> </span>om/mol relationships is all that is necessary, as</div></div><div class="c x1b y30 wa h1a"><div class="t m3 x0 h1b y31 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11"># g/amu<span class="_b blank"> </span>=<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="ws12 v4">1 mol</span></div><div class="t m3 x1c h1c y32 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">6.022 <span class="ffb lsb">\uf0b4</span><span class="ws14">10 <span class="fs9 ws15 v2">23 </span>atoms</span></div><div class="t m3 x1d h1c y33 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0e6\uf020</div><div class="t m3 x1d h1c y34 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0e8\uf020</div><div class="t m3 x1d h1d y35 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">\uf0e7\uf020 <span class="v5">\uf0f6\uf020</span></div><div class="t m3 xc h1c y34 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0f8\uf020</div><div class="t m3 xc h1e y35 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">\uf0f7\uf020 <span class="ff9 ws18 v6">1<span class="_b blank"> </span>g<span class="_6 blank"> </span>/ mol</span></div><div class="t m3 x1e h1f y36 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19">1<span class="_b blank"> </span>amu / atom</div><div class="t m3 x1f h1c y33 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0e6\uf020</div><div class="t m3 x1f h1c y34 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0e8\uf020</div><div class="t m3 x1f h1d y35 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a">\uf0e7\uf020 <span class="v5">\uf0f6\uf020</span></div><div class="t m3 x20 h1c y34 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0f8\uf020</div><div class="t m3 x20 h1c y35 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\uf0f7\uf020</div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x14 h20 y37 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">= 1.66<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ffb lsc">\uf0b4</span><span class="ws1b">1 0 <span class="fs5 ws1c v7">-24 </span><span class="ws3">g/amu</span></span></div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y38 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(b) Since there <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are 453<span class="_2 blank"> </span>.6 g/lb<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="fs5 lsd v8">m</span>,</div></div><div class="c x21 y39 wb h10"><div class="t m3 x0 h1c y3a ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1 lb<span class="_6 blank"> </span>-<span class="_c blank"> </span>mol<span class="_b blank"> </span>= (453.6 g/lb<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="fs9 lse v9">m</span><span class="ws1d">) (6.022<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="ffb lsf">\uf0b4</span></span> 10<span class="_c blank"> </span><span class="fs9 ws1e v2">23 </span> atoms/g<span class="_6 blank"> </span>-<span class="_c blank"> </span>mol)</div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x22 h21 y3b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">= 2.73<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls10">\uf0b4</span><span class="ws1f">1 0 <span class="fsb ws20 v7">26 </span><span class="ws21">ato ms/lb-mol</span></span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xc y3c w3 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg5.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws22">2.4 <span class="ff7 ws1">(a)<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Cite two impo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>rtant qu<span class="_2 blank"> </span>antum<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-mechanica<span class="_2 blank"> </span>l concep<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ts associated<span class="_8 blank"> </span>with th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e Bohr mo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>del of the <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atom.</span></div><div class="t m3 x12 hf y1c ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(b) Cite two importan<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t additio<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nal refinemen<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ts that resulted<span class="_2 blank"> </span> from the wav<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e<span class="_a blank"> </span>-me<span class="_2 blank"> </span>chanical <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atomic mod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>el.</div><div class="t m3 xc ha y3d ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y3e ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(a) <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>Two <span class="_0 blank"> </span>important <span class="_a blank"> </span>quantum-mechanical <span class="_0 blank"> </span>concepts <span class="_a blank"> </span>associated <span class="_a blank"> </span>with<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ohr <span class="_0 blank"> </span>model <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>atom <span class="_0 blank"> </span>are <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_2 blank"> </span>1) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>that</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y3f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ns are particles moving in discrete orb<span class="_2 blank"> </span>itals, and (2)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> electron energy is quantized into shells.</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y40 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(b) <span class="_e blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>wo <span class="_6 blank"> </span>important <span class="_e blank"> </span>refinem<span class="_1 blank"></span>ents <span class="_6 blank"> </span>resulting <span class="_e blank"> </span>from <span class="_6 blank"> </span>the <span class="_6 blank"> </span>wave<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-mechanical <span class="_6 blank"> </span>atomic <span class="_e blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"></span>odel <span class="_e blank"> </span>are <span class="_e blank"> </span>(1) <span class="_e blank"> </span>that <span class="_6 blank"> </span>electron</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y24 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">position <span class="_0 blank"> </span>is <span class="_0 blank"> </span>describ<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_0 blank"> </span>in <span class="_0 blank"> </span>terms <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>p<span class="_2 blank"> </span>robability <span class="_0 blank"> </span>distribut<span class="_a blank"> </span>ion, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>and <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(2)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>electron <span class="_0 blank"> </span>energy <span class="_2 blank"> </span>is <span class="_0 blank"> </span>quantized <span class="_0 blank"> </span>into <span class="_2 blank"> </span>bo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>th <span class="_2 blank"> </span>shells <span class="_0 blank"> </span>and</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y41 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">subshells--each electron is characterized<span class="_2 blank"> </span> by four quantum<span class="_1 blank"></span> num<span class="_1 blank"></span>bers.</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xc y42 w3 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg6.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws22">2.5 <span class="ff7 ws1">Relative <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to electrons a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n states, what <span class="_2 blank"> </span>does each<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of the fo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ur quan<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tum numb<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ers specify?</span></div><div class="t m3 xc ha y43 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x1a ha y44 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">The<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls11">n</span><span class="ws1">quantum num<span class="_1 blank"></span>ber designates the electron shell.</span></div><div class="t m3 x1a ha y3e ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">The<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls12">l</span><span class="ws1">quantum nu<span class="_1 blank"></span>mber designates the electron subshell.</span></div><div class="t m3 x1a ha y45 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">The<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls13">m<span class="fsb ls14 v8">l</span></span><span class="ws1">quantum nu<span class="_1 blank"></span>mber designates the num<span class="_1 blank"></span>ber of electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n states in each electron subshell.</span></div><div class="t m3 x1a ha y46 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">The<span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls13">m<span class="fsb ls15 v8">s</span></span><span class="ws1">quantum nu<span class="_1 blank"></span>mber designates the spin mom<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent on each electron.</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x13 y47 wc h22" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg7.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">2.6 <span class="ff7 ws1">Allowed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>values for th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e quan<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tum numb<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ers of electrons a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>re as follows:</span></div><div class="t m3 x23 hf y2b ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws1">n = 1, 2, 3, . . .</div><div class="t m3 x24 hf y48 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws1">l = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n<span class="_3 blank"> </span>\u2013<span class="_2 blank"> </span>1</div><div class="t m3 x10 hf y49 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls17">m<span class="fs8 ls18 va">l</span><span class="ls16 ws1">= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . , ±l</span></div></div><div class="c x25 y4a wd h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h24 y4b ffa fs4 fc0 sc0 ls19">m<span class="fsb ls1a v8">s</span><span class="ff6 ls1b">=<span class="ffb ls1c">\uf0b1</span><span class="fs9 ls0 v4">1</span></span></div><div class="t m3 x26 h16 y4c ff6 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0">2</div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd hf y4d ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The relation<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ships between<span class="_2 blank"> </span> n and<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the shell de<span class="_2 blank"> </span>signations <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are noted <span class="_2 blank"> </span>in Table 2<span class="_2 blank"> </span>.1. R<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ela<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tive to the <span class="_2 blank"> </span>subshells,</div><div class="t m3 x27 hf y4e ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">l = 0 corresp<span class="_2 blank"> </span>onds to a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n s subshe<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ll</div><div class="t m3 x28 hf y4f ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">l = 1 corresp<span class="_2 blank"> </span>onds to a<span class="_2 blank"> </span> p subsh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ell</div><div class="t m3 x28 hf y50 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">l = 2 corresp<span class="_2 blank"> </span>onds to a<span class="_2 blank"> </span> d subsh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ell</div><div class="t m3 x27 hf y51 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">l = 3 corresp<span class="_2 blank"> </span>onds to a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n f subsh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ell</div><div class="t m3 xd hf y52 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">For <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>K <span class="_0 blank"> </span>shell, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>four <span class="_0 blank"> </span>qua<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ntum <span class="_0 blank"> </span>num<span class="_2 blank"> </span>bers <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_0 blank"> </span>each <span class="_0 blank"> </span>of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>two<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ns <span class="_2 blank"> </span>in<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>th<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s <span class="_2 blank"> </span>state,<span class="_7 blank"> </span>in <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>order <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f <span class="_2 blank"> </span>n<span class="_2 blank"> </span>lm<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ls1d va">l</span><span class="ls17">m<span class="fs8 ls1e va">s</span></span>, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>re</div><div class="t m3 xd hf y53 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws25">100(</div></div><div class="c x29 y54 we h25"><div class="t m3 x16 h26 y55 ffc fsc fc0 sc0 ls0">1</div><div class="t m3 x16 h26 y56 ffc fsc fc0 sc0 ls0">2</div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x2a hf y53 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">) and 100(</div></div><div class="c x2b y54 wf h25"><div class="t m3 x0 h27 y57 ffb fsd fc0 sc0 ls1f">\uf02d<span class="ffc fsc ls0 vb">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x2c h26 y56 ffc fsc fc0 sc0 ls0">2</div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x2d hf y53 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">). Write the fo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ur qua<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ntum nu<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mbers for all o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the electron<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s in the L a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd M shells, a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd no<span class="_2 blank"> </span>te which</div><div class="t m3 xd hf y58 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">correspond<span class="_2 blank"> </span> to the s, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>p, and<span class="_2 blank"> </span> d subshells.</div><div class="t m3 xc ha y59 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y5a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">For the<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls20">L</span><span class="ws26">state, <span class="ff7 ls21">n</span></span>= 2, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>and eight ele<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ctron states <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are <span class="_2 blank"> </span>possible. <span class="_2 blank"> </span> P<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ossible<span class="_f blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls22">l</span>values are <span class="_2 blank"> </span>0 and <span class="_2 blank"> </span>1, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>while possible<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls23">m<span class="fsb ls0 v8">l</span></span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y5b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">values <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are <span class="_0 blank"> </span>0 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>and <span class="_0 blank"> </span>±1; <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>and <span class="_0 blank"> </span>possible<span class="_f blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls23">m<span class="fsb ls24 v8">s</span></span>values <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are</div></div><div class="c x2e y5c w10 h25"><div class="t m3 x0 h28 y5d ffb fsd fc0 sc0 ls25">\uf0b1<span class="ff9 fsc ls0 vb">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x2c h29 y5e ff9 fsc fc0 sc0 ls26">2<span class="fse ls0 vb">.</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x15 ha y5b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Therefore,<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls27">s</span>states, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_2 blank"> </span>quantum numbers <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are</div></div><div class="c x2f y5f w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">200 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">and</div></div><div class="c x29 y63 w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">200 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x32 ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">. <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>For <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls2b">p</span>state<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>quantum<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>num<span class="_1 blank"></span>bers <span class="_0 blank"> </span>are</div></div><div class="c x33 y63 w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">210 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x34 ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x35 y63 w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">210 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x36 ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x37 y63 w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">211 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x38 ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x39 y63 w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">211 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x3a ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x3b y63 w13 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">21 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">1<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ff9">)<span class="fsf ls2c">(</span><span class="ff6 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x13 h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2d">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x3c ha y62 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd</div></div><div class="c xd y64 w14 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y60 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">21 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">1<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ff9">)<span class="fsf ws28">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ls2e">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ls0 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x3d h2b y61 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2f">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x18 ha y65 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y66 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">For the<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls30">M</span><span class="ws2e">state, <span class="ff7 ls11">n</span></span>= 3, and 18 state<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s ar<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e possible. <span class="_2 blank"> </span> Possible<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls12">l</span>values are 0, 1, and <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2; possible<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls23">m<span class="fsb ls31 v8">l</span></span>values are 0,</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y67 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">±1, <span class="_c blank"> </span>and <span class="_c blank"> </span>±2; <span class="_e blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>and <span class="_e blank"> </span>possible<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls13">m<span class="fsb ls32 v8">s</span></span>values <span class="_e blank"> </span>are</div></div><div class="c x3e y68 w15 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2c y69 ffb fs4 fc0 sc0 ls33">\uf0b1<span class="ff6 fsb ls0 v6">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x2c h2d y6a ff6 fsb fc0 sc0 ls34">2<span class="fsf ls0 v6">.</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x3f ha y67 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Therefore,<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_e blank"> </span>for <span class="_e blank"> </span>the<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls35">s</span>states, <span class="_e blank"> </span>the <span class="_e blank"> </span>quantum <span class="_e blank"> </span>num<span class="_1 blank"></span>bers <span class="_e blank"> </span>are</div></div><div class="c x40 y6b w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">300 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x41 ha y67 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c xd y6e w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">300 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x42 ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls36">p</span>states <span class="_0 blank"> </span>they <span class="_0 blank"> </span>are</div></div><div class="c x43 y6e w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">310 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x3e ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x10 y6e w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2f">310 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x15 ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x44 y6e w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">311 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x45 ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x46 y6e w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">311 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x47 ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x48 y6e w13 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">31 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">1<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ff9">)<span class="fsf ls2c">(</span><span class="ff6 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x13 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2d">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x49 ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd</div></div><div class="c x4a y6e w14 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws31">31 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">1<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ff9">)<span class="fsf ws28">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ls37">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ls0 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x3d h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2f">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x4b ha y6f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">; <span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">d</span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">states <span class="_a blank"> </span>they <span class="_a blank"> </span>ar<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e</div></div><div class="c x4c y71 w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">320 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x4d ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x4e y71 w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">320 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x4f ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x50 y71 w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">321 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x22 ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x51 y71 w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">321 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x52 ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x53 y71 w16 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws33">32 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">1<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ff9">)<span class="fsf ls38">(</span><span class="ff6 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x54 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls39">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x55 ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x56 y71 w17 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34">32 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">1<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ff9 ls3a">)<span class="fsf ls0 ws28">(<span class="_1 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ls0 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x26 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x57 ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x58 y71 w11 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">322 <span class="ff9 fsf ls28">(</span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x30 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x59 ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x4a y71 w12 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">322 <span class="ff9 fsf ws28">(<span class="ffb fsb ls2a">\uf02d</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></div><div class="t m3 x31 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls29">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x5a ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div></div><div class="c x5b y71 w16 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y6c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws35">32 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">2<span class="ff9">)<span class="fsf ls38">(</span></span><span class="v4">1</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x54 h2b y6d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3b">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x41 ha y70 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">,</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y72 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">and</div></div><div class="c x5c y73 w18 h23"><div class="t m3 x0 h2a y74 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws36">32 <span class="ff9 ws2b">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ws2c">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ws2b">2<span class="ff9 ls3c">)<span class="fsf ls0 ws28">(<span class="_10 blank"></span><span class="ffb fsb ls3d">\uf02d<span class="ff6 fs4 ls0 v4">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m3 x5d h2b y75 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3e">2<span class="ff9 fsf ls0 vc">)</span></div></div><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 x2b ha y72 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">.</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xc y76 w3 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg8.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 he y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">2.7 <span class="ff7 ws1">Give the<span class="_2 blank"> </span> electron co<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nfiguration<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s for the fo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>llowing io<span class="_a blank"> </span>ns: F<span class="_2 blank"> </span>e<span class="fs8 ws5 v1">2+</span>, Al<span class="fs8 ws5 v1">3+</span>, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Cu<span class="fs8 ws5 v1">+</span>, Ba<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ws5 v1">2+</span>, Br<span class="fs8 ls3f v1">-</span>, an<span class="_2 blank"> </span>d O<span class="fs8 ws5 v1">2-</span>.</span></div><div class="t m3 xc ha y77 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y78 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The electr<span class="_2 blank"> </span>on configurations for the ions are deter<span class="_2 blank"> </span>mined usin<span class="_1 blank"></span>g Table <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2.2 (and <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Figure 2.6).</div><div class="t m3 x12 h20 y79 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Fe<span class="fs5 ws37 v7">2+</span><span class="ws1">: <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>From <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Tab<span class="_2 blank"> </span>le <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2.2,<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the elec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tron <span class="_2 blank"> </span>configuration for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>an <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atom <span class="_2 blank"> </span>of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>iron <span class="_2 blank"> </span>is<span class="_9 blank"> </span>1</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2<span class="ff7">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span>3</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">3<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3</span><span class="ff7">d</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">6</span>4</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ws1">. In<span class="_8 blank"> </span>order <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y7a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">become <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ion <span class="_e blank"> </span>with<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>plus <span class="_e blank"> </span>tw<span class="_1 blank"></span>o <span class="_e blank"> </span>charge, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>it <span class="_e blank"> </span>must <span class="_6 blank"> </span>lose <span class="_e blank"> </span>tw<span class="_1 blank"></span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e<span class="_2 blank"> </span>lectrons<span class="_a blank"> </span>\u2014in <span class="_6 blank"> </span>this <span class="_e blank"> </span>case <span class="_6 blank"> </span>the <span class="_6 blank"> </span>two <span class="_6 blank"> </span>4<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span>. <span class="_6 blank"> </span> <span class="_e blank"> </span>Thus, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>the <span class="_6 blank"> </span>electr<span class="_2 blank"> </span>on</div><div class="t m3 xd h20 y7b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">configuration for an<span class="_3 blank"> </span>Fe<span class="fs5 ws38 v7">2+ </span>io<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n is 1<span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">2<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls46 v7">6</span><span class="ls47">3</span></span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">3<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3<span class="ff7 ls43">d</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">6</span></span></span>.</div><div class="t m3 x12 h20 y7c ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Al<span class="fs5 ws37 v7">3+</span><span class="ws1">: <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>From <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Table <span class="_0 blank"> </span>2.2,<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>electron <span class="_0 blank"> </span>configuration <span class="_2 blank"> </span>for <span class="_0 blank"> </span>an <span class="_0 blank"> </span>atom <span class="_2 blank"> </span>of <span class="_0 blank"> </span>alum<span class="_1 blank"></span>inum<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>is<span class="_11 blank"> </span>1<span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls49">2<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span>3</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">3<span class="ff7 ls49">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">1</span></span>.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>In<span class="_8 blank"> </span>order <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y7d ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">become <span class="_0 blank"> </span>an <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ion <span class="_0 blank"> </span>with<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>plus <span class="_0 blank"> </span>three <span class="_0 blank"> </span>charge, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>it <span class="_0 blank"> </span>must <span class="_2 blank"> </span>lose <span class="_0 blank"> </span>three <span class="_0 blank"> </span>electrons<span class="_a blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_2 blank"> </span>in <span class="_2 blank"> </span>this <span class="_0 blank"> </span>case <span class="_2 blank"> </span>two <span class="_2 blank"> </span>3<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls4a">s</span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>one <span class="_0 blank"> </span>3<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span>. <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Thus, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the</div><div class="t m3 xd h20 y7e ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">electron configuration for an<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Al<span class="fs5 ws38 v7">3+ </span>ion is 1<span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls4b v7">2</span><span class="ls49">2<span class="ff7 ls43">p</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">6</span></span>.</div><div class="t m3 x12 h20 y7f ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Cu<span class="fs5 ls4c v7">+</span><span class="ws1">: <span class="_2 blank"> </span>From T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>able <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2.2, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n configuration for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>an atom o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f copp<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is<span class="_9 blank"> </span>1</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">2<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3</span></span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">3<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3<span class="ff7">d</span></span></span><span class="fs5 ws39 v7">10</span><span class="ls49">4</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">1</span><span class="ws1">. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>In o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>rder</span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y80 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">to become <span class="_c blank"> </span>an ion <span class="_c blank"> </span>w<span class="_1 blank"></span>ith <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>plus <span class="_c blank"> </span>one ch<span class="_1 blank"></span>arge, <span class="_c blank"> </span>it m<span class="_10 blank"></span>ust lose <span class="_e blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ne <span class="_c blank"> </span>electron<span class="_a blank"> </span>\u2014in this <span class="_e blank"> </span>case the <span class="_e blank"> </span>4<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span>. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Thus, <span class="_c blank"> </span>the <span class="_c blank"> </span>electron</div><div class="t m3 xd h2e y81 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">configuration for a<span class="_3 blank"> </span>Cu<span class="fs5 ls4d v7">+</span>ion is 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2<span class="ff7 ls45">p</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">6</span><span class="ls45">3</span></span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">3<span class="ff7 ls45">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span><span class="ls49">3</span><span class="ff7">d</span></span><span class="fs5 ws3a v7">10</span>.</div><div class="t m3 x12 h2e y82 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Ba<span class="fs5 ws37 v7">2+<span class="_2 blank"> </span></span><span class="ws1">: <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>The <span class="_0 blank"> </span>atomic <span class="_0 blank"> </span>number <span class="_2 blank"> </span>for<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>barium <span class="_2 blank"> </span>is <span class="_0 blank"> </span>56<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(Figure <span class="_0 blank"> </span>2.6), <span class="_0 blank"> </span>and <span class="_0 blank"> </span>i<span class="_a blank"> </span>nasmuch <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s <span class="_0 blank"> </span>it <span class="_2 blank"> </span>is <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>transition <span class="_0 blank"> </span>element <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h2e y83 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">electron <span class="_0 blank"> </span>co<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nfiguration <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_0 blank"> </span>one <span class="_a blank"> </span>of <span class="_0 blank"> </span>its <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ato<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ms <span class="_2 blank"> </span>is<span class="_11 blank"> </span>1<span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls49">2<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span>3</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls4b v7">2</span><span class="ls43">3<span class="ff7 ls49">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span><span class="ls49">3<span class="ff7 ls41">d</span></span></span><span class="fs5 ws39 v7">10</span><span class="ls41">4</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">4<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">6</span>4<span class="ff7 ls41">d</span></span><span class="fs5 ws3b v7">10</span><span class="ls43">5</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls49">5<span class="ff7 ls43">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span>6</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span>.<span class="_8 blank"> </span>In<span class="_8 blank"> </span>or<span class="_2 blank"> </span>der <span class="_0 blank"> </span>to <span class="_0 blank"> </span>bec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ome <span class="_2 blank"> </span>an <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ion</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y84 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">with<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>plus <span class="_a blank"> </span>two <span class="_0 blank"> </span>charge, <span class="_a blank"> </span>it <span class="_a blank"> </span>must <span class="_0 blank"> </span>lose <span class="_a blank"> </span>two <span class="_0 blank"> </span>electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ns<span class="_0 blank"> </span>\u2014in <span class="_0 blank"> </span>this <span class="_a blank"> </span>case <span class="_a blank"> </span>two <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_a blank"> </span>6<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span>. <span class="_a blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hus, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_a blank"> </span>electron <span class="_a blank"> </span>c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>onfiguration <span class="_a blank"> </span>for <span class="_a blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m3 xd h2e y85 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Ba<span class="fs5 ws38 v7">2+ </span><span class="ws1">io<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n is 1</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls46 v7">2</span><span class="ls47">2</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">2<span class="ff7 ls47">p</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">6</span>3</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls47">3<span class="ff7 ls43">p</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">6</span><span class="ls43">3<span class="ff7 ls45">d</span></span></span><span class="fs5 ws3a v7">10</span><span class="ls45">4</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">4<span class="ff7">p</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">4</span><span class="ff7">d</span></span><span class="fs5 ws3a v7">1 0 </span><span class="ls45">5</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls49">5<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span></span>.</div><div class="t m3 x12 h2e y86 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Br<span class="fs5 ws37 v7">-</span><span class="ws1">: <span class="_a blank"> </span>From <span class="_a blank"> </span>Table <span class="_a blank"> </span>2<span class="_2 blank"> </span>.2, <span class="_a blank"> </span>the <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e<span class="_2 blank"> </span>lectron <span class="_a blank"> </span>configuration <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_a blank"> </span>an <span class="_a blank"> </span>atom <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f <span class="_0 blank"> </span>br<span class="_2 blank"> </span>omine <span class="_0 blank"> </span>is<span class="_7 blank"> </span>1</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">2</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">2<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3</span></span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">3<span class="ff7 ls41">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3<span class="ff7">d</span></span></span><span class="fs5 ws39 v7">10</span><span class="ls49">4</span><span class="ff7">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls49">4<span class="ff7 ls4e">p</span><span class="fs5 ls4f v7">5</span></span><span class="ws3c">. In</span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y87 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">order <span class="_a blank"> </span>to <span class="_a blank"> </span>be<span class="_2 blank"> </span>come <span class="_0 blank"> </span>an <span class="_a blank"> </span>ion <span class="_a blank"> </span>with <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>minu<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ne <span class="_0 blank"> </span>charge, <span class="_a blank"> </span>it <span class="_a blank"> </span>must <span class="_0 blank"> </span>acquire <span class="_a blank"> </span>one <span class="_a blank"> </span>electr<span class="_2 blank"> </span>on<span class="_5 blank"> </span>\u2014in <span class="_a blank"> </span>this <span class="_0 blank"> </span>case <span class="_a blank"> </span>another <span class="_0 blank"> </span>4<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls49">p</span>. <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hus, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the</div><div class="t m3 xd h2e y88 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">electron configuration for a<span class="_8 blank"> </span>Br<span class="fs5 ls50 v7">-</span>ion is<span class="_3 blank"> </span>1<span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls44 v7">2</span><span class="ls45">2<span class="ff7 ls43">p</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">6</span><span class="ls41">3</span></span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">3<span class="ff7">p</span><span class="fs5 ls42 v7">6</span>3<span class="ff7 ls43">d</span></span><span class="fs5 ws3a v7">10</span><span class="ls49">4</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls41">4<span class="ff7 ls49">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">6</span></span>.</div><div class="t m3 x12 h2e y89 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls13">O<span class="fs5 ls0 ws3d v7">2-</span><span class="ls0 ws1">: <span class="_0 blank"> </span>From <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Tab<span class="_2 blank"> </span>le <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2<span class="_2 blank"> </span>.2, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>the <span class="_2 blank"> </span>electr<span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_2 blank"> </span>co<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nfiguration <span class="_2 blank"> </span>for <span class="_0 blank"> </span>an <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atom <span class="_0 blank"> </span>of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>oxygen is<span class="_9 blank"> </span>1<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">2</span><span class="ls49">2<span class="ff7 ls43">p</span><span class="fs5 ls48 v7">4</span></span>.<span class="_3 blank"> </span>In<span class="_8 blank"> </span>order <span class="_0 blank"> </span>to <span class="_2 blank"> </span>become <span class="_2 blank"> </span>an</span></div><div class="t m3 xd ha y8a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ion <span class="_c blank"> </span>with <span class="_e blank"> </span>a m<span class="_10 blank"></span>inus tw<span class="_10 blank"></span>o charge, <span class="_c blank"> </span>it <span class="_c blank"> </span>mus<span class="_1 blank"></span>t <span class="_c blank"> </span>acquire tw<span class="_10 blank"></span>o<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>ele<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ctro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ns\u2014in <span class="_e blank"> </span>this <span class="_c blank"> </span>case <span class="_c blank"> </span>another <span class="_e blank"> </span>two <span class="_c blank"> </span>2<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls41">p</span>. <span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>Thus, <span class="_e blank"> </span>the electron</div><div class="t m3 xd h2e y8b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">configuration for an<span class="_3 blank"> </span>O<span class="fs5 ws3d v7">2-<span class="_3 blank"> </span></span>ion is 1<span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls46 v7">2</span><span class="ls47">2</span><span class="ff7 ws3">s</span><span class="fs5 ls40 v7">2</span><span class="ls43">2<span class="ff7 ls47">p</span><span class="fs5 ls46 v7">6</span></span>.</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xc y8c w3 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bg9.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x12 he y12 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3e">2.8 <span class="ff7 ws1">Sod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ium <span class="_6 blank"> </span>chloride <span class="_6 blank"> </span>(NaCl) <span class="_6 blank"> </span>exhibits <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pred<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ominantly<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ion<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ic <span class="_5 blank"> </span>bo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nding.<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>The <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Na<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ls51 v1">+</span>an<span class="_2 blank"> </span>d <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Cl<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="fs8 ls52 v1">-</span>ions <span class="_6 blank"> </span>have <span class="_6 blank"> </span>electron</span></div><div class="t m3 xd hf y1c ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">structures that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>are identica<span class="_2 blank"> </span>l to which two<span class="_2 blank"> </span> inert gases<span class="_a blank"> </span>?</div><div class="t m3 xc ha y8d ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 h2f y8e ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Na<span class="ls53 v4">+</span>ion <span class="_0 blank"> </span>is <span class="_2 blank"> </span>j<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ust <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sodium <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ato<span class="_2 blank"> </span>m <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>lo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>st <span class="_2 blank"> </span>one <span class="_2 blank"> </span>elec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tron; <span class="_2 blank"> </span>therefore, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>it <span class="_2 blank"> </span>has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>an <span class="_2 blank"> </span>electr<span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_2 blank"> </span>configuration <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y79 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">same as neon (Figure 2.6).</div><div class="t m3 x12 h2f y7a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Cl<span class="ls54 v4">-</span>ion <span class="_3 blank"> </span>is <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_3 blank"> </span>chlor<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ine <span class="_3 blank"> </span>atom <span class="_8 blank"> </span>that <span class="_3 blank"> </span>has <span class="_3 blank"> </span>acq<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uired <span class="_8 blank"> </span>one <span class="_3 blank"> </span>extra <span class="_8 blank"> </span>electron; <span class="_3 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span>therefore, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>it <span class="_3 blank"> </span>has <span class="_8 blank"> </span>an electro<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y7b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">configuration the same as argon.</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xc y8f w3 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9040908f-7516-4f41-b28a-e0dced10003d/bga.png"><div class="c x6 ye w4 h7"><div class="t m3 xd h8 yf ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Excerpts <span class="_0 blank"> </span>from <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>his <span class="_0 blank"> </span>wor<span class="_1 blank"></span>k <span class="_0 blank"> </span>may <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reproduc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed <span class="_2 blank"> </span>by <span class="_0 blank"> </span>instructors <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dist<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ribution<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>on <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>not<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-for-profit <span class="_0 blank"> </span>basis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>for <span class="_2 blank"> </span>testing <span class="_0 blank"> </span>or<span class="_3 blank"> </span>instruc<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tional <span class="_0 blank"> </span>purposes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>only <span class="_2 blank"> </span>to</div><div class="t m3 xd h8 y10 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">students <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enrolled i<span class="_2 blank"> </span>n <span class="_2 blank"> </span>courses for which <span class="_2 blank"> </span>the t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>extbook has <span class="_2 blank"> </span>been ad<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opted.<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Any <span class="_2 blank"> </span>other <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprod<span class="_2 blank"> </span>uction<span class="_2 blank"> </span> or <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ation<span class="_2 blank"> </span> of <span class="_2 blank"> </span>thi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>s work <span class="_2 blank"> </span>beyo<span class="_2 blank"> </span>nd <span class="_2 blank"> </span>that <span class="_2 blank"> </span>permitt<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ed</span></div><div class="t m3 xd h9 y11 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">by Sec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tions 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>07 or 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>08 of<span class="_2 blank"> </span> the 1<span class="_2 blank"> </span>976 Uni<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ted St<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ates Cop<span class="_2 blank"> </span>yright<span class="_2 blank"> </span> Act wit<span class="_2 blank"> </span>hout t<span class="_2 blank"> </span>he permi<span class="_5 blank"> </span>ssion o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>f the c<span class="_2 blank"> </span>opyrigh<span class="_2 blank"> </span>t own<span class="_2 blank"> </span>er is unl<span class="_2 blank"> </span>awful.</div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y90 ff8 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The Periodi<span class="_2 blank"> </span>c Table</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y91 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3f">2.9 <span class="ff7 ws1">With <span class="_a blank"> </span>regard<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>to <span class="_a blank"> </span>elec<span class="_2 blank"> </span>tron <span class="_a blank"> </span>con<span class="_2 blank"> </span>figuration<span class="_2 blank"> </span>, <span class="_a blank"> </span>what <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do <span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ll <span class="_a blank"> </span>the <span class="_a blank"> </span>ele<span class="_2 blank"> </span>ments <span class="_a blank"> </span>in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Group <span class="_5 blank"> </span>VIIA <span class="_a blank"> </span>of <span class="_a blank"> </span>the <span class="_a blank"> </span>pe<span class="_2 blank"> </span>riodic <span class="_a blank"> </span>table</span></div><div class="t m3 xd hf y92 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">have in <span class="_2 blank"> </span>common?</div><div class="t m3 xc ha y93 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Solution</div><div class="t m3 x12 ha y94 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Each of the elements in Group VIIA has five<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff7 ls11">p</span><span class="ws3">electrons.</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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