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Unidade II ESTUDOS DISCIPLINARES READING TECHNIQUES AND TEXT COMPREHENSION (II) Profa. Silvana Rocha Reading Techniques When we read a text, depending on the purpose of reading, we can distinguish three levels of understanding: General understanding; Understanding of specific parts; More detailed and complete understanding of the text. Figura 1 Figura 1: http://g04.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB14H5VKVXXXXXcXXXXq6xXFXXX1/5X-100mm-Hand-Held- Reading-Magnifier-Magnifying-Glass-Lens-Jewelry-Loupe-Zoomer.jpg. Acesso em: 25 de abr. 2016. Text Comprehension Brazil gives Amazon dams go-ahead By Gary Duffy BBC News, São Paulo Análise do título: It implies the government has given the green light. Brazil has given the initial go-ahead for the construction of two hydro-electric dams to be built on the longest tributary of the Amazon River. Análise do trecho: Mostra que o Brasil deu o sinal verde inicial para a construção de duas barragens hidroelétricas que serão construídas no afluente mais longo do Rio Amazonas. Text Comprehension Madeira River projects have divided opinion even within government and in recent years have been one of the most environmentally sensitive issues. The river is said to have one of the most diverse fish stocks in the world. Análise do trecho: Diz que o projeto do Rio Madeira dividiu opinião mesmo dentro do governo e, recentemente, tem sido um dos assuntos mais sensíveis, pois o rio tem um dos mais diversos estoques de peixe do mundo. Text Comprehension Environmentalists fear they could be threatened by the development of the dams costing billions of dollars. Such have been the sensitivities surrounding this decision that Brazil's environmental agency IBAMA took two years to reach this initial conclusion and even now has attached 33 conditions to the project. Análise do trecho: Mostra que ambientalistas temem que as espécies de peixes possam ser ameaçadas pelo desenvolvimento das barragens, que custarão bilhões de dólares. Essas têm sido as sensibilidades ao redor da decisão que o IBAMA tomou há dois anos e que agora já alcançam 33 condições para o projeto. Text Comprehension The project still needs final approval before any work can go ahead. Análise do trecho: Diz que o projeto ainda precisa da aprovação final antes que qualquer trabalho possa ser levado adiante. Text Comprehension (CETRO – 2014) The Curriculum Guidelines for Primary Education proposes to train subjects by building senses to the world leading to a critical understand of the context and social history in which they are involved and through this access to knowledge, to be able to insert a citizen and transforming society. Interatividade On the assessment of learning, is correct to say that: I. there is no sense in evaluative processes that only establish what the student shall learn or not learn. II. the assessment objectives must be defined by the intention that guides the teaching and display purposes, and the dimension of what is assessed. III. the repeated and exclusive use of a single type of instrument increases the possibility to observe the cognitive processes of students. IV. a single evaluative activity represents only a certain time and not the whole process of teaching and learning. The evaluation of teaching-learning process, understood as a methodological matter, is determined by the prospect of investigating to intervene. Interatividade The correct assertion(s) is (are): a) I, only. b) I, II and IV, only. c) II, III and IV, only. d) I and III, only. e) II and IV, only. Resposta On the assessment of learning, is correct to say that: I. there is no sense in evaluative processes that only establish what the student shall learn or not learn. II. the assessment objectives must be defined by the intention that guides the teaching and display purposes, and the dimension of what is assessed. III. the repeated and exclusive use of a single type of instrument increases the possibility to observe the cognitive processes of students. IV. a single evaluative activity represents only a certain time and not the whole process of teaching and learning. The evaluation of teaching-learning process, understood as a methodological matter, is determined by the prospect of investigating to intervene. Resposta The correct assertion(s) is (are): a) I, only. b) I, II and IV, only. c) II, III and IV, only. d) I and III, only. e) II and IV, only. Text Comprehension (UFRJ - 2007). Here are things we can do to help reduce global warming: Just say no to plastic bags The plastic bag you bring home from the supermarket probably ends up in a landfill. Every year more than 500 billion plastic bags are distributed and less than 3% of those bags are recycled. They are typically made of polyethylene and can take up to 1,000 years to biodegrade in landfills that emit harmful greenhouse gases. Reducing your contribution to plastic-bag pollution is as simple as using a cloth bag (or one made of biodegradable plant based materials) instead of wasting plastic ones. Text Comprehension Análise do trecho: Sobre as coisas que podem ser feitas para reduzir o aquecimento global: A primeira é dizer não às sacolas plásticas, pois essas sacolas que são trazidas de supermercados terminam em aterros de lixo. Todos os anos mais de 500 bilhões de sacolas plásticas são distribuídas e menos de 3% são recicladas. Como são feitas de polietileno, demoram até 1000 anos para se biodegradar nos aterros e emitem gases de efeito estufa. Portanto, a redução de seu uso é simples. Basta usar uma sacola de tecido ou de materiais biodegradáveis, em vez de desperdiçar sacolas plásticas. Text Comprehension Plant a bamboo fence Bamboo makes a beautiful fence, and because it grows so quickly (as much as 30cm a day or more, depending on the species), it absorbs more CO2 than, say, a rosebush. Most homeowners have to restrict its growth, lest it get out of control. Do this, however, and you reduce bamboo’s capacity as a carbon sink. Text Comprehension Análise do trecho: A segunda é fazer uma cerca de bambu (de 30cm por dia ou mais, de acordo com a espécie), pois ela absorve mais CO2 do que as roseiras. Ressalta que a maioria dos proprietários das casas devem restringir seu crescimento para que não percam o controle. Incentiva essa prática (de controlar a planta), mas mostra que, ao fazer isso, você reduz a capaciade do bambu na absorção do gás carbônico. Text Comprehension End the paper chase Americans recycled 38 million tons of paper last year – 50% of what they used – but still pulverized the rest. Paper does grow on trees: 900 million of them every year become pulp and paper. We can reduce that number by buying more recycled paper. It uses 60% less energy than virgin paper. Each ton purchased saved 4,400kWh of energy, 30,000 liters of water and 19 trees, and a tree has the capacity to filter up to 27kg of pollutants from the air. Adapted from Time Magazine, April 9, 2007, pp. 70-74. Text Comprehension Análise do trecho: A terceira é eliminar o consumo de papel. Mostra que os americanos reciclaram 38 milhões de toneladas de papel em 2006 (50% do que usaram, mas ainda pulverizaram o resto). Alerta que papel cresce em árvores, mostrando que 900 milhões se tornam pulpa e papel todos os anos. Diz que é possível reduzir esse número, comprando mais papel reciclável, que gasta 60% menos energia do que o papel virgem. Cada tonelada comprada economizou 4.400kw/h de energia, 30.000l de água e 19 árvores. Alerta que uma árvore tem capacidade de filtrar até 27kg de poluentes do ar. Interatividade (CETRO – 2014). Regarding the reading SKIMMING strategy, it is correct to affirm that it is: a) a careful deepening in which the reader is able to identify the specific information within the text. A further type of reading that can vary according to the goals of the reader. b) a cursory reading which enables the reader to obtain the largest possible amount of information in the first contact with a text. c) a kind of reading that seeks a complete understanding of the text with the smallest possible amount of information, since this method seeks the most detailed understanding of the text. d) a thorough detailing of the text seeking to interpret its content in the shortest time possible. e) a more detailed and in-depth reading, in which the reader will need more strategies to reach that level of understanding. Resposta (CETRO – 2014). Regarding the reading SKIMMING strategy, it is correct to affirm that it is: a) a careful deepening in which the reader is able to identify the specific information within the text. A further type of reading that can vary according to the goals of the reader. b) a cursory reading which enables the reader to obtain the largest possible amount of information in the first contact with a text. c) a kind of reading that seeks a complete understanding of the text with the smallest possible amount of information, since this method seeks the most detailed understanding of the text. d) a thorough detailing of the text seeking to interpret its content in the shortest time possible. e) a more detailed and in-depth reading, in which the reader will need more strategies to reach that level of understanding. Text Comprehension (FAPESPA – 2014) ISM Principles of Sustainability and Social Responsibility (* ISM: Institute of Supply Management) ISM firmly believes the supply management profession is a strategic contributor in the development and implementation of sustainability and social responsibility programs and behavior. Análise do trecho: Mostra que o ISM acredita que a profissão de administrar / gerenciar o abastecimento é um contribuinte estratégico no desenvolvimento e implementação da sustentabilidade e programas e comportamento de responsabilidade social. Text Comprehension Supply professionals are in a unique, critical position to impact the global supply chain and therefore should supplement their organization's work in sustainability and social responsibility by promoting sustainability and social responsibility through leadership and participation on appropriate committees, boards and panels of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Análise do trecho: Mostra que os profissionais do abastecimento estão em uma posição crítica para impactar a cadeia de abastecimento global. Por causa disso, devem suplementar o trabalho de sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social, por meio de liderança e participação em comitês de organizações governamentais e não governamentais. Text Comprehension Creating principles across social, industry, public and private, profit and nonprofit, political and country boundaries is both a challenge and an opportunity. This diversity presents a particular challenge in the area of sustainability and social responsibility, which does not have a lengthy history resulting in the development of well-known and universally acceptable. Análise do trecho: Mostra algumas medidas que devem ser tomadas por eles, dizendo que são um desafio na área de sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social, que não têm uma longa história no sentido de que possam resultar no desenvolvimento de melhores práticas universalmente aceitáveis. Text Comprehension Laws, regulations, trade agreements, customs and practices pertinent to sustainability and social responsibility must also be considered in the development and implementation of business strategies, policies and procedures. Análise do trecho: Diz que leis, regulamentações, acordos, costumes e práticas pertinentes à sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social devem também ser consideradas no desenvolvimento e implementação das estratégias de negócios, políticas e procedimentos. Text Comprehension In addition, the advent of new technologies that enable a "virtual" world influence the evolution of sustainability and social responsibility in a supply chain context. Análise do trecho: Ressalta a importância do advento de novas tecnologias que capacitam o mundo virtual em influenciar a evolução da sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social no contexto da cadeia de suprimentos. Text Comprehension Principles: Anti-corruption; Diversity and inclusiveness- workforce and supply base; Environment; Ethics and Business Conduct; Financial Integrity and Transparency; Global Citizenship; Health and Safety; Human Rights; Labor Rights; and Sustainability. Análise do trecho: Princípios: anticorrupção; diversidade e força-tarefa inclusiva; meio-ambiente; ética e conduta comercial (nos negócios); integridade e transparência financeira; cidadania global; saúde e segurança; direitos humanos; direitos trabalhistas e sustentabilidade. Adapted from www. ISM – Social Responsibility - ISM Principles of Sustainability and Social Responsibility.htm. Accessed on Sep. 18, 2013. Interatividade Considering the paragraph taken from the text, words that can be classified as head of noun phrases are: a) diversity, particular, social, resulting. b) challenge, area, history, practices. c) presents, particular, sustainability, have. d) challenge, responsibility, lengthy, well-known. e) presents, have, resulting, practices. “This diversity presents a particular challenge in the area of sustainability and social responsibility, which does not have a lengthy history resulting in the development of well-known and universally acceptable best practices.” Resposta Considering the paragraph taken from the text, words that can be classified as head of noun phrases are: a) diversity, particular, social, resulting. b) challenge, area, history, practices. c) presents, particular, sustainability, have. d) challenge, responsibility, lengthy, well-known. e) presents, have, resulting, practices. “This diversity presents a particular challenge in the area of sustainability and social responsibility, which does not have a lengthy history resulting in the development of well-known and universally acceptable best practices.” Text Comprehension (UNEMAT – 2006) (…) An educative view of teacher education is dynamic, calling for permanent attitude of acceptance of change when needed. It is revolutionary, because it has to face established educational systems and received ideas about training and learning; because it has to bring about change sometimes in a sudden, “violent” way. Análise do trecho: Ressalta a importância do dinamismo, atitudes pemanentes e aceitação de mudanças na formação de professores. Mostra que isso é revolucionário, porque é necessário enfrentar sistemas educacionais estabelecidos e ideias recebidas sobre formação e aprendizagem (às vezes, de forma súbita e violenta). Text Comprehension By violent I don’t mean that it involves using guns, although unfortunately weapons have become part of teachers’ lives in some areas, but I mean a kind of violence that is sometimes not easily apparent, because it is inside people’s brains and feelings. Análise do trecho: Esclarece que o termo usado “forma violenta” não significa usar força física, apesar de que as armas já se tornaram parte das vidas de professores em algumas áreas. Mas quer ressaltar que essa forma “violenta” não é aparente, pois está no interior das pessoas: no cérebro e em seus sentimentos. Text Comprehension This is a kind of change that certainly runs counter to the attitude of following teacher-proof recipes successfully without being aware of what is involved in their success. The concept of educative teacher education is one that sees the teacher as learner and that is felt as a career-long proposition, really a continuum of learning (Fullan, 1991:289). Hence, the permanent revolution. Análise do trecho: Ressalta que é um tipo de mudança que vai contra a atitude de “seguir receitas prontas”, sem ter consciência do que está envolvido no seu sucesso. O conceito de formação de professores da educação é aquele que vê o professor como um aprendiz, um contínuo de aprendizagem. Text Comprehension This quotation from Paulo Freire seems to sum up what is involved in this idea of educative teacher education: “There are those who ask, those who try to find answers and those who keep on searching” (Freire, P. 1985. The Politics of Education. Bergin & Garvey. P.2-4). Our revolution aims at educating teachers to become “those who keep on searching”. (…). Análise do trecho: Mostra uma citação de Paulo Freire, que resume o que está envolvido nesta ideia: “Há os que perguntam, os que tentam achar respostas e os que continuam procurando”. Celani, M. A. A. “An arena of struggle and contradiction”: where’s the driving force in ELT? VII BRAZ-TESOL National Conference, 2000. São Paulo, 2000. Interatividade a) teachers must carry guns to the class. b) there is a great number of crimes at schools in the big cities. c) students are becoming more violent through the years. d) teachers are being hurt by their students. e) teachers who work on schools in some areas face problems with violence. “By violent I don’t mean that it involves using guns, although unfortunately weapons have become part of teachers’ lives in some areas.”, Celani suggests that: Resposta a) teachers must carry guns to the class. b) there is a great number of crimes at schools in the big cities. c) students are becoming more violent through the years. d) teachers are being hurt by their students. e) teachers who work on schools in some areas face problems with violence. “By violent I don’t mean that it involves using guns, although unfortunately weapons have become part of teachers’ lives in some areas.”, Celani suggests that: ATÉ A PRÓXIMA! 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