INB320.INN320 Lecture week 7.2.2013

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Business Process Modelling
-7.2/2012 -
Marcello La Rosa
Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, 5 September 2013
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture - 4 March 1999
1
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Michael Rosemann
ITN286 - Process Engineering and EWS
Quick Repeat from Week 6
What’s BPMN’s context and main goal?
What are the main differences between BPMN and EPCs?
How can we represent data objects and resources in a BPMN model?
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 20 July 2009
2
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Michael Rosemann
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Generally good quality models, but:
Missing labels on (X)OR-split conditions, message flows, start/end events
Two actions in one task (e.g. “Ship goods and invoice customer”) – decompose into 2 tasks instead
Too low level tasks such as “click X button” or “continue to X page on website” – aggregate when performed by same resource (e.g. “Fill out form”) 
Normal sequence flow crossing pools’ boundaries
Assignment 1 common mistakes: Process Model
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
3
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Assignment 1 common mistakes: Process Model
Modelling “without knowing”:
You are only required to use the elements we have explained before the deadline. If you venture yourself into advanced BPMN elements which we haven’t explained, you will still be marked if these are used improperly. 
Our advice: don’t venture yourself into new stuff.
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Most marks lost in format/presentation: the textual documentation is meant to help understand the process models. Do not undervalue its importance and be diligent:
Refer to diagram labels in textual description, e.g. “Figure 1 below shows the high-level process model of xxx”
Use abbreviations consistently – BPM for Business Process Management, not for Business Process Modelling
Use professional language, do not shorten words: e.g. use “do not” instead of “don’t”
Present report structure succinctly in one paragraph in the Introduction before proceeding into core of report
 
Assignment 1 common mistakes: Format/Presentation
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
5
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Assignment 1 common mistakes: Format/Presentation
Process models must be included in body of report, NOT in appendices: appendices only used to provide additional (i.e. non-core) information
Appendices need to be referenced in body of report
Concepts, benefits and challenges need explanation – do not assume readers know what you mean, e.g. “standardisation of notation”, “model-driven process execution”
Ensure process models are readable – it is ok to have one process model per page (vertical) instead of squeezing 3 models in one page
Significance of process modelling not stressed enough
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Process models are the core of the assignment – appendices are meant to be used for additional information, which in this instance isn’t the case. 
Lecture – 17 August 2009
6
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Agenda Today
Organisation of this Subject
Process Modelling
Foundations of process modelling: Petri Nets
Event-driven Process Chains (EPCs)
Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN 2.0)
Business Process Identification
Business Process Discovery Methods
Managing process modelling projects
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 20 July 2009
7
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Michael Rosemann
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
BPMN Modelling
- Advanced Concepts (Part I) -
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
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QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
How do we combine these? 
 What needs be done and when? - Control flow
 What do we need to work on? – Data
 Who’s doing the work? - Resources (human & non-human)	
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Expand on active and passive resources, active resource types (human, systems, equipment), resource classes
 Default flows
A default flow is the default branch to be chosen from an (X)OR-split if all other conditions evaluate to false
Avoids deadlocks if none of the conditions evaluates to true due to a modeller’s mistake
Is not necessarily the “most common choice”
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
10
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Implicit vs. Explicit Control Flow Semantics
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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What is this process doing?
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Process Decomposition
An activity in a process can be decomposed into a “sub-process”.
Use this feature to:
Break down large models into smaller ones, making them easier to understand and to explain
Identify parts of a process model that should be:
repeated
executed multiple times in parallel
cancelled, or
compensated.
Activities
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Example: Sub-processes
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Modelling process hierarchies with sub-processes
(Fragment of the SCOR reference model)
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Identify possible sub-processes
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Solution
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
The refactored model
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Question
When should we decompose a process model into sub-processes?
When the model becomes too large:
Hard to understand
Increased error probability
Rule of thumb: no more than 30 flow objects (activities, events, gateways)
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Process Reuse
By default, a sub-process is “embedded” into its parent process (i.e. it is stored within the same file)
In order to maximize reuse, it is possible to “extract” the sub-process and store it as a separate file in the process model repository
Such a sub-process is called “global” model, and is invoked via a “call” activity (represented with a thicker border)
Call
activity
(normal)
activity
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
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QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Example: process reuse
Call activity is the default choice to maximize reusability
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Syntactical rules for sub-processes
Start with at least one start event
If multiple, first occurring will trigger the sub-process
Finish with at least one end event
The sub-process will complete once all tokens have reached an end event. May need an (X)OR-split after sub-process to understand what end event(s) have been reached
Sequence flows cannot cross sub-process boundaries
Use start/end events
Message flows can cross sub-process boundaries
To indicate messages emanating from/incoming into the sub-process
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Example: sub-process with multiple end events
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Arbitrary cycles
A cycle is a flow that goes back to an “earlier” point of the process.
Used to model parts of the process that can be repeated.
Example: address ministerial correspondence
	The Finalise Ministerial Response sub-process includes the preparation of the Ministerial Response and the Review of the Response by the Principal Registrar. If the Registrar does not approve the Response, the latter needs to be prepared again for review. The process finishes only once the Response has been approved.
XOR-join: entry point
XOR-split: exit point
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Arbitrary cycles (cont’ed)
Arbitrary = unstructured, i.e. it can have multiple entry and exit points
entry point
exit point
exit
point
entry point
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Block-structured Repetition: Activity Loop
In WF-Nets and EPCs repetitions are captured via arbitrary cycles.
BPMN also provides the Activity Loop construct, which allows the repetition of a task or sub-process
The main difference is that the Activity Loop is structured, while arbitrary cycles can be unstructured
Suggestion: use Activity Loop when your repetition is structured 
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Example: block-structured repetition
Must have a decision activity
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Parallel Repetition: Multi-Instance activity
The multi-instance activity provides a mechanism to indicate that an activity is executed multiple times concurrently
Useful when the same activity needs to be executed for multiple entities or data items, such as:
Request quotes from multiple suppliers
Check the availability for each line item in an order separately
Send and gather questionnaires for multiple witnesses in the context of an insurance claim
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Example: multi-instance activity
	In procurement, typically a quote is to be obtained from all preferred suppliers (assumption: five preferred suppliers exist). After all quotes are received, they are evaluated and the best quote is selected. A corresponding purchase order is then placed.
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
29
QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Solution: without multi-instance activity
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
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QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Solution: with multi-instance activity
cardinality
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 17 August 2009
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QUT Brisbane, Dr. Jan Recker
INB/INN320 – Business Process Modelling
Example: multi-instance activity
After a car accident, a statement is sought from the witnesses that were present, in order to lodge the insurance claim. As soon as the first two statements are received, the claim can be lodged to the insurance company without waiting for the other statements. 
PS: all people involved in the accident survived!
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Solution: multi-instance activity
multi-instance pool
denotes multiple participants of the same type
data collection denotes a set of data objects of the same type
completion condition indicates minimum number of instances required to complete
(≤ cardinality)
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Uncontrolled Repetition: Ad-hoc sub-process
The ad-hoc sub-process contains activities (tasks or sub-processes) to be executed in arbitrary order and time
May define order of sub-set of activities by sequence flow
Can be used in an early version of a process diagram when the order of execution is still unknown
Denoted with a tilde marker
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Example: ad-hoc sub-process
A typical army selection process starts by shortlisting all candidates’ applications. Those shortlisted are then called to sit the following tests: drug and alcohol, eye, color vision, hearing, blood, urine, weight, fingerprinting and doctor examination. The color vision can only be done after the eye test, while the doctor examination can only be done after color vision, hearing, blood, urine and weight have been tested. Moreover, it may be required for some candidates to repeat some of these tests multiple times in order to get a correct assessment, e.g. the blood test may need be repeated if the candidate has taken too much sugar in the previous 24 hours. The candidates that pass all tests are asked to sit a mental exam and a physical exam, followed by an interview. Only those that also pass these two exams and perform well in the interview can be recruited in the army.
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Solution: ad-hoc sub-process
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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BPMN Poster: get it from blackboard!
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 15 April 2010
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QUT Brisbane, Dr Jan Recker
INB.INN321 – Business Process Management
References
Required
Sections 4.1 - 4.3.1 of Chapter 4 of textbook “Fundamentals of BPM”
Recommended
OMG (2011): BPMN 2.0 Specification
BPM Offensive (2011): BPMN 2.0 Poster
OGM (2010): BPMN 2.0 By Example
Web References
OMG BPM Initiative
BPMN Community
Books on BPMN
Silver B. (2011): “BPMN Method & Style” 2nd Edition, Cody-Cassidy
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
Lecture – 15 April 2010
38
QUT Brisbane, Dr Jan Recker
INB.INN321 – Business Process Management
A/Prof. Marcello La Rosa
BPM Discipline
Information Systems School
Science & Engineering Faculty
Queensland University of Technology
P block, GP campus
Brisbane QLD 4000
Australia
p 	+61 (0)7 3138-9482
e m.larosa@qut.edu.au
w 	www.marcellolarosa.com	
© INB/INN320 7.2/2013 – 5 September 2013
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Data Store
Lane
Pool
ERP
Senior Finance Officer
Finance
Department
Check Invoice Mismatches
Post Invoice
Enter Invoice
Details
Invoice blocked
Data Store
Invoice
Invoice
Report
Invoice
Invoice DB
Post invoice
Block invoice
No mismatches
Mismatches that can be corrected
Check Invoice for mismatches
Correct mismatches
Mismatches that cannot be corrected
=
B
C
c
~c
c1
c2
=
B
A
B
C
C
A
c
~c
B
C
A
A
B
B
C
A
C
A
=
c2
c1
=
A
B
C
A
B
C
Pool
P&E Court
Cashier
Party
Sorted Unopened Mail
Sort Opened Mail
Register Mail
Collect Mail
Sort Unopened Mail
Registered Mail
Check Mail Compliance
Mail Processing Unit
Registry
Compile Mailed Document Requisition
Mail Register
Rejected Mailed Document
Sorted Mail
Capture Mailed Document Matter Details
Collected Mail
Physical
File
printed
Capture P&E Party Details
Mailed
Document
Requisition
compiled
Mailed Document
Response
prepared
Daily
Acceptable
Not acceptable
Receipt P&E Fee Payment
Print
Physical File
Accepted Mailed Document
rejection letter
Prepare Mailed Document Response
Filed Document
Captured Mailed Document
Mailed Document
document copy + receipt
Document Copy + Receipt
Collapsed Sub-process
Name
Expanded Sub-process
Task
Task
Name
Process Invoice
Process Invoice
Check Invoice Mismatches
Enter Invoice / Credit Note Details
mismatch exists
no mismatches
Block Invoice
Process Payment
Invoice received
Credit not available
Check Credit Record
Clear Order
...
Contact customer account rep.
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
Process Inquiry and Quote
Receive and Validate Order
...
Enter Order
Order received
...
Check Credit
Credit available
Investigate Ministerial Enquiry
Assign Ministerial Enquiry
Receive Ministerial Enquiry
Prepare Ministerial Response
Review Ministerial Response
Approved?
Yes
No
Prepare Ministerial Response
Review Ministerial Response
B
A
C
D
F
E
G
C
D
E
Task
Loop
Sub-process
Loop
Description
Assign Ministerial Enquiry
Finalise Ministerial Response
Investigate Ministerial Enquiry
Finalise Ministerial Response
Prepare Ministerial Response
Receive Ministerial Enquiry
Review Ministerial Response
Until Response is approved
Enquiry
investigated
Response
reviewed
Multi-Instance Task
Name
Multi-Instance Sub-process
Obtain Quote from Supplier A
Obtain Quote from Supplier B
Select best quote
Place PO
...
...
Obtain Quote from Supplier C
Obtain Quote from Supplier D
Obtain Quote from Supplier E
Description
For each
supplier
Select best quote
Place PO
...
Obtain Quote
...
Name
~
Review company’s KPIs
Evaluate prior performance
Assess financial stability
Profile products and services
Interview corporate executives