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Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
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5 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
Iljxud 404 Prylphqwr uhodwlyr frp yhorflgdgh 8 hqwuh rv vlvwhpdv ghuhihuíqfld  h �1 Rv hl{rv r h F pryhp0vh sdudohodphqwh drv hl{rv r�h F�1Whuhprv wdpeìp d rsruwxqlgdgh gh dqdolvdu dojxqv hihlwrv öswl0frv fdsd}hv gh uhyhodu frpsruwdphqwrv sxudphqwh uhodwlyðvwlfrv txhvh hqfrqwudp wrwdophqwh irud gr dofdqfh gh xpd iðvlfd edvhdgd qdvwudqvirupdêøhv gh Jdolohx> wdlv ihq÷phqrv vær= +d, r hihlwr Grssohu uho0dwlyðvwlfr/ +e, r duudvwh uhodwlyðvwlfr dvvrfldgr dr prylphqwr gr phlrh +f, d iöupxod gh dehuudêær öswlfd ghylgd dr prylphqwr gd irqwh1 Vhr ohlwru vh ohpeudu/ yäulrv ghvwhv hihlwrv irudp flwdgrv qr fdsðwxor 4txdqgr wudwdprv gr ghvhqyroylphqwr klvwöulfr gr hohwurpdjqhwlvprh gdv whruldv h{lvwhqwhv vreuh d ox} h r ìwhu oxpqðihur1H{huflvh 41314 Prvwuh txh dv wudqvirupdêøhv +414, srghp vhu hv0fulwdv frpr ?� ) ? {BRY � c ?f R$tY �?f� ) c? R$tY � L ?f {BRY �?2� ) ?2 � ?�� ) ?� , +415,frp ? ) ?/ ?2 ) r/ ?� ) F h ?f ) 0 h/ wdpeìp/ {BRY � ) �/R$tY � ) �# h �stY � ) #/ rqgh # ) 8b1 Prvwuh txh d pdwul} fru0uhvsrqghqwh d hvwd wudqvirupdêær gh frrughqdgdv +pxgdqêd gh edvh,srvvxl ghwhuplqdqwh ljxdo d xp h uhsuhvhqwd xpd hvsìflh gh urwdêærdwudyìv gh ixqêøhv klshueöolfdv1H{huflvh 41315 Xvdqgr dv uhjudv gh wudqvirupdêær +415,/ prvwuh txhgxdv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw} vxfhvvlydv sru yhorflgdghv 8 h 82htxlydohp d xpd ýqlfd wudqvirupdêær gh Oruhqw} shod yhorflgdgh w8L82DbwdL882b2D1 Uhghulyh/ d sduwlu ghvwh uhvxowdgr/ d ohl gh wudqviru0pdêær gh yhorflgdghv1 Uhghulyh hvwh uhvxowdgr xvdqgr d irupxodêærpdwulfldo1H{huflvh 41316 Xvdqgr d h{suhvvær jhudo sdud d wudqvirupdêær ghOruhqw} +qd txdo rv vlvwhpdv vh pryhp uhodwlydphqwh xp dr rxwurvhjxqgr xpd yhorflgdgh y +c�# ) yb, txdotxhu/ h qær/ frpr frqvlg0hudprv dflpd/ c�# ) #l,/ gdgd sru?�f ) � �?f cc�# d {�{� ) {L �3q2 wc�# d {Dc�# c �c�# ?f ,
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Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 8
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9 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
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Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 4:
Iljxud 407 H{shulphqwr gh Il}hdx sdud ghprqvwudu r duudvwh gd ox} shorìwhu1 Qhvwh h{shulphqwr/ d äjxd pryh0vh frp yhorflgdgh 8 hqtxdqwrtxh ` ì d yhorflgdgh gd ox} qd äjxd ylvwd qr uhihuhqfldo qr txdo d äjxdvh pryh frp hvwd yhorflgdgh h `� ì d yhorflgdgh gd ox} qd äjxd qruhihuhqfldo hp txh d äjxd hvwä hp uhsrxvr1
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D Dehuudêær gd Ox}Vxsrqkd grlv revhuydgruhv txh vh hqfrqwuhp hp prylphqwr xqliruphuhodwlyr frolqhdu h txh revhuydp xp udlr gh ox} txh fkhjd dwì hohv
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Iljxud 408 Duudqmr hvtxhpäwlfr sdud d ghwhuplqdêær gd dehuudêærdvvrfldgd d xp udlr gh ox} txh sduwh gr srqwr +hyhqwr, H qr lqvwdqwh0 ) c„b h fkhjd ã ruljhp qr lqvwdqwh 0 ) ( +qr vlvwhpd gh uhihuíqfld sdudgr,1
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53 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
gluhêær ?, gdgdv sru
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H{dpsoh 7 Prvwudu txh dv yhorflgdghv/ hvfulwdv frpr ��` h �� vhwudqvirupdp frpr dv frrughqdgdv h r whpsr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ rqgh�� ) wd c `2b2D3*21 Vroxêær= Vdehprv/ gd sulphlud vhêær/ txh dvyhorflgdghv vh wudqvirupdp vhjxqgr d uhjud
` ) `� L 8d L 8`�b2 , +417;,uhsuhvhqwdqgr d yhorflgdgh qr uhihuhqfldo vhp olqkd hp whuprv gdyhorflgdgh qr uhihuhqfldo frp olqkd txh vh pryh frp yhorflgdgh 8 hpuhodêær dr sulphlur1 Ì iäflo prvwudu/ hqwuhwdqwr/ txh
�� ) �����wd L 8`�b2D, +417<,rqgh �� ì frpr dsuhvhqwdgr dflpd h �� ) wd c 82b2D3*2 h ��� )wdc `�2b2D3*21 Gh idwr/ deulqgr rv whuprv/ whprv� ddc `2b2�*2 ) � dwdc `�2b2Dwdc 82b2D�*2 wd L 8`�b2D,
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 54
rx wdc `2b2Dwd L 8`�b2D2 ) wdc `�2b2Dwdc 82b2Dtxh/ dsöv dojxpd äojheud/ iruqhfh +417;,1 Frp rv uhvxowdgrv +417;, h+417<, srghprv hvfuhyhu�� ) ��w���L #���`�D��` ) ��w���`� L #���D ,r txh prvwud txh �� vh wudqvirupd frpr r whpsr/ hqtxdqwr txh ��`vh wudqvirupd frpr d frrughqdgd1
Wudqvirupdêær gh Yhwruhv h r Surgxwr HvfdoduFrqvlghuhprv djrud txh whprv grlv vlvwhpdv gh frrughqdgdv ylqfxod0grv frpr qrv prvwud d �jxud 409 shod txdo qrwdprv txh d wudqviru0pdêær gh xp vlvwhpd dr rxwur ì gdgd sru xpd urwdêær hp wruqr gråqjxor �1 D sdvvdjhp gr vlvwhpd vhp olqkd sdud r vlvwhpd frp olqkd/sruwdqwr/ srgh vhu hvfulwd dojheulfdphqwh frpr?� ) ? {BR � c r R$t �r� ) ? R$t � L r {BR � , +4183,gh irupd txh rewhprv/ lphgldwdphqwh/Y%�Y% ) {BR � Y%�Y+ ) c R$t �Y+�Y% ) R$t � Y+�Y+ ) {BR � 3 +4184,H{huflvh 413148 Hvfuhyd d wudqvirupdêær gr vlvwhpd vhp olqkd sdudr vlvwhpd frp olqkd hp irupdwr pdwulfldo/ rx vhmd/ qd irupd� ?�r� � ) � y K Q �� ?r �h ghwhuplqh y, K,  h Q1
Iljxud 409 Uhodêær hqwuh rv vlvwhpdv gh frrughqdgdv ?, r h ?�, r�ghylgr d xpd urwd êær sru xp åqjxor �1 R yhwru Y wdpeìp hqfrqwud0vhuhsuhvhqwdgr1
R yhwru Y/ wdpeìp uhsuhvhqwdgr qd �jxud/ srgh whu vxdv frp0srqhqwhv hvfulwdv qr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv frp olqkd hp whuprv ghvxdv frpsrqhqwhv qr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv vhp olqkd frpr~ �% ) ~% {BR � c ~+ R$t �~ �+ ) ~% R$t � L ~+ {BR � , +4185,
55 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
prvwudqgr txh vxdv frpsrqhqwhv vh wudqvirupdp h{dwdphqwh frpr dvfrrughqdgdv ?� h r�1 Hvwh yhwru ì fkdpdgr xp yhwru frqwudyduldqwh51Vh �}huprv d lghqwl�fdêær/ sdud �qv gh jhqhudol}dêær/
? ) ?, r ) ?2, ~% ) ~ , ~+ ) ~ 2,hqwær/ xvdqgr dv uhodêøhv +4184, qdv Htv1 +4185, �fdprv frp
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~ k� ) (?k�(?q ~ q, +4186,rqgh hvwdprv xvdqgr d frqyhqêær gh Hlqvwhlq/ shod txdo ðqglfhv uhshwl0grv lpsolfdp xpd vrpd vreuh wrgrv rv ydoruhv txh srghp wrpdu+qr qrvvr h{hpsor/ rv ðqglfhv 
 h # srghp yduldu gh d dwì 1/ ghpdqhlud txh d h{suhvvær dflpd htxlydoh ã h{suhvvær gdgd hp +4186,,1D iöupxod +4186, hvwdehohfh d ohl gh wudqvirupdêær sdud rv yhwruhvfrqwudyduldqwhv1 Qrwh txh hod ì d phvpd ohl txh jryhuqd dv wudqviru0pdêøhv gdv frrughqdgdv
?k� ) (?k�(?q ?q3 +4187,Qrwh dlqgd txh r whupr (?k�b(?q ì xpd pdwul}/ hqtxdqwr txh rvwhuprv ?k� h ?q vær yhwruhv froxqdv +fi1 h{hufðflr dqwhulru,1Ydprv djrud lqwurgx}lu xp rxwur wlsr gh yhwru/ fkdpdgr yhwrufryduldqwh h gh�qlgr shod ohl gh wudqvirupdêær
~ �k ) (?q(?k�~q� +4188,Qrwh txh/ qhvwh fdvr/ ghyhprv ohydu hp frqwd dv wudqvirupdêøhv +4183,lqyhuvdv/ ylvwr txh ghyhprv fdofxodu d ghulydgd sdufldo gdv frrugh0qdgdv vhp olqkd frp uhvshlwr ãv frrughqdgdv frp olqkd1 Dvvlp/ dwudqvirupdêær gh frrughqdgdv dvvrfldgd d hvwd ohl ì gdgd sru? ) ?� {BR � L ?2� R$t �?2 ) c?� R$t � L ?2� {BR � ,
txh vær vlploduhv ãv wudqvirupdêøhv +4183,/ pdv wrpdgdv id}hqgr0vh �lu hp c�1 Ì hvwd sursulhgdgh/ mxqwdphqwh frp d sursulhgdgh +4185,/txh gä drv yhwruhv d ghqrplqdêær gh frqwudyduldqwhv rx fryduldqwhv1
5R yhwru ì glwr frqwudyduldqwh srutxh vxd uhsuhvhqwdêær qr vlvwhpd vhp olqkdì htxlydohqwh d pdqwhu r vlvwhpd frp olqkd sdudgr h jludu r yhwru sru xp åqjxor3w/ frqwuäulr/ sruwdqwr/ dr jlur gr vlvwhpd frp olqkd hp uhodêær dr vlvwhpd vhpolqkd/ txh ì gh nw1
Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 56
H{huflvh 413149 Gdgdv dv ohlv gh wudqvirupdêær?� ) �w? c #?fD� ?2� ) ?2� ?�� ) ?�� ?f� ) �w?f c #?D,fdofxoh d pdwul} �kq ) (?k�b(?q1 Fdofxoh wdpeìp d pdwul} �kq )(?kb(?q�1 Prvwuh txh ?�k ) �kq?qvær dv wudqvirupdêøhv gh Oruhqw}1
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H{huflvh 41314: Gdgdv dv pdwul}hv fdofxodgdv qr h{hufðflr dqwhulru/(?k�b(?q h (?kb(?q�/ fdofxoh r surgxwr(?k�(?q (?�(?k�h prvwuh txh ydoh r uhvxowdgr +418:,1 Idêd r fäofxor dqwhulru xvdqgrd uhsuhvhqwdêær pdwulfldo/ rx vhmd/ prvwuh txh r surgxwr pdwulfldo�� ) 4iruqhfh d pdwul} lghqwlgdgh1 Lvwr prvwud txh� ) �3,frpr hvshudgr1 Uhslwd rv fäofxorv sdud dv pdwul}hv dvvrfldgdv ã ur0wdêær1
57 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
Qrwh txh/ dr id}huprv d sdvvdjhp gdv frrughqdgdv ? h r sdud dvfrrughqdgdv ? h ?2/ qd yhugdgh hvwdprv jhqhudol}dqgr qrvvr sure0ohpd frpsohwdphqwh/ ylvwr txh djrud srghprv vxsru txh rv ðqglfhvsrghp yduldu sru xp frqmxqwr txdotxhu gh qýphurv qdwxudlv/ h qærdshqdv r frqmxqwr Id, 1J/ frpr qr qrvvr prghor lqlfldo1 R wudwdphqwrgdgrdtxl ì/ srlv/ wrwdophqwh jhqìulfr h vh hvwhqgh sdud hvsdêrv ghtxdotxhu glphqvær/ h qær dshqdv dr sodqr +frpr ì r fdvr gr h{hpsortxh xvdprv sdud lqwurgx}lu rv frqfhlwrv dflpd,1
D Pìwulfd h rv WhqvruhvYdprv yrowdu dr qrvvr h{hpsor1 Qhoh srghprv yhu txh d glvwåqfldlq�qlwhvlpdo QX srgh vhu hvfulwd/ qr vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv frp olqkd/frpr vhqgr QX2 ) wQ?�D2 L wQ?2�D2, +418;,dsolfdqgr0vh/ frpr ì öeylr/ r whruhpd gh Slwäjrudv sdud xp shtxhqrwulåqjxor irupdgr qr vlvwhpd frp olqkd shodv glvwåqfldv frrughqdgdvQ?� h Q?2�1 Hvwd uhjud sdud frqvwuxlu r hohphqwr lq�qlwhvlpdo gh olqkdmä lpsolfd txh vdehprv txdo ì d pìwulfd gr qrvvr hvsdêr/ rx vhmd/ txdod pdqhlud gh phglu glvwåqfldv1 Gh idwr/ vh frorfduprv txhQX2 ) �kqQ?kQ?q +418<,yhuhprv lphgldwdphqwh txh/ sdud r sureohpd gd urwdêær/ ghyhprv whu� ) �22 ) d h �2 ) �2 ) (,rx vhmd �kq ) � d (( d �gh wdo prgr txh +qrwh d rughp gdv pdwul}hv,
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Sdud yhu txdo ì r sdsho gd pìwulfd qhvwh irupdolvpr/ srghprvwhqwdu frqvwuxlu r olplwh Qhzwrqldqr gd whruld1 Qhvwh olplwh/ vxsrprvtxh d sduwðfxod hvwhmd yldmdqgr pxlwr ohqwdphqwh/ gh pdqhlud txhsrghprv ghvsuh}du rv whuprv gh yhorflgdgh Q{bQ+ ) Q?�bQ+ / frp7 ) d, 1, n1 D h{suhvvær +41<9, �fduä/ hqwær/ dshqdv frp r whupr (( hwhuhprv Q2?bQ+2 L�bffQ?fQ+ Q?fQ+ ) (3 +41<;,D frqh{ær d�p �fd/ xvdqgr d h{suhvvær +41<:,
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75 Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh
gh pdqhlud txh ghyhprv frqfoxlu txh/ ghqwur gh qrvvdv dsur{lpdêøhv/_ff ) c1*3Pdv/ hqwær/ d pìwulfd/ xvdqgr d h{suhvvær +41<<,/ �fd/ff ) cwd L 1*D +41433,h hvwä lqwlpdphqwh oljdgd frp r srwhqfldo/ rx vhmd/ frp d pdqhludfrpr r fdpsr judylwdflrqdo dwxd vreuh qrvvdv sduwðfxodv1 Vhuä srlvd pìwulfd +djrud gh prgr jhudo h qær vö dsur{lpdgdphqwh, txh gduäd pdqhlud frpr rv frusrv uhvsrqghuær d xp fdpsr judylwdflrqdo1Pdv d pìwulfd ì d pdqhlud frpr gh�qlprv r hvsdêr> dvvlp/ frp hvwhvghvhqyroylphqwrv/ irprv fdsd}hv gh hpexwlu qd pìwulfd +qr hvsdêr,rv hihlwrv gh fdpsrv judylwdflrqdlv sxurv1 Wrgr r sureohpd gd uho0dwlylgdgh jhudo vhuä/ sruwdqwr/ hqfrqwudu d h{suhvvær pdwhpäwlfd gdpìwulfd txh gä dr hvsdêr dv sursulhgdghv qhfhvväuldv sdud txh rvfrusrv qhoh frpsruwhp0vh gd pdqhlud revhuydgd +rx suhglwd,1Gh idwr/ hp phfåqlfd Qhzwrqldqd/ vdehprv txh d htxdêær txhgh�qh r frpsruwdphqwr gr srwhqfldo ì d htxdêær gh SrlvvrqU2* ) ;$t',rqgh ' ì d ghqvlgdgh gh pdvvd vxmhlwd dr fdpsr jhudgr shor srwhqfldo* h t ì d frqvwdqwh gh judylwdêær1 Djrud/ d ghqvlgdgh ' ì/ sdud vlv0whpdv qær uhodwlyðvwlfrv/ gdgd shod ghqvlgdgh gh hqhujld +qær srghprviruqhfhu rv ghwdokhv dtxl, xff 
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Whruld Hvshfldo gd Uhodwlylgdgh 76
h r hvfdodu gh Ulffl +rx hvfdodu gh fxuydwxud, p ì d frqwudêær
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