Manual of Clinical Microbiology 11 edição

Esta é uma pré-visualização de arquivo. Entre para ver o arquivo original

Clinical 
Microbiology
Manual of
11TH EDITION
MCM11_FM.indd 1 3/19/15 1:07 PM
MCM11_FM.indd 2 3/19/15 1:07 PM
Clinical 
Microbiology
Manual of
11TH EDITION
JAMES H. JORGENSEN 
Emeritus, Department of Pathology, 
University of Texas Health Science 
Center, San Antonio, Texas
MICHAEL A. PFALLER 
T2 Biosystems, Lexington, Massachusetts, 
and Professor Emeritus, University of Iowa 
College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
MARIE LOUISE LANDRY
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and 
Internal Medicine, Yale University School 
of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 
SANDRA S. RICHTER 
Department of Laboratory Medicine, 
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
DAVID W. WARNOCK
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University 
of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
VOLUME EDITORS
EDITORS IN CHIEF
Volume 1 Washington, DC
KAREN C. CARROLL
Department of Pathology, Division of 
Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins University 
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
GUIDO FUNKE
Risch Laboratories Group, Schaan, 
Principality of Liechtenstein
MCM11_FM.indd 3 3/19/15 1:07 PM
Copyright © 2015 by ASM Press. ASM Press is a registered trademark of the American Society for 
Microbiology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in whole 
or in part or reutilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying 
and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from 
the publisher.
Disclaimer: To the best of the publisher’s knowledge, this publication provides information concerning 
the subject matter covered that is accurate as of the date of publication. The publisher is not providing 
legal, medical, or other professional services. Any reference herein to any specific commercial products, 
procedures, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply 
endorsement, recommendation, or favored status by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). 
The views and opinions of the author(s) expressed in this publication do not necessarily state or reflect 
those of ASM, and they shall not be used to advertise or endorse any product.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Manual of clinical microbiology / editors in chief, James H. Jorgensen, Department of Pathology, 
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, Michael A. Pfaller, T2 Biosystems, Lexington, 
Massachusetts, and Professor Emeritus, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa ; volume 
editors, Karen C. Carroll, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 
Baltimore, Maryland [and 4 others]. — 11th edition. 
volumes cm
Includes bibliographical references and index. 
ISBN 978-1-55581-737-4 print set — ISBN 978-1-55581-738-1 e-book set
1. Medical microbiology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diagnostic microbiology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 
I. Jorgensen, James H., editor. II. Pfaller, Michael A., editor. III. Carroll, Karen C., editor. 
IV. American Society for Microbiology, issuing body. 
QR46.M425 2015 
616.9'041—dc23
 2015008089
doi:10.1128/9781555817381
Printed in Canada
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Address editorial correspondence to: ASM Press, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904, USA. 
Send orders to: ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, USA. 
Phone: 800-546-2416; 703-661-1593. Fax: 703-661-1501. 
E-mail: books@asmusa.org 
Online: http://estore.asm.org
MCM11_FM.indd 4 4/2/15 1:09 AM
http://estore.asm.org
v
Volume 1
Editorial Board xi
Contributors xiii
Preface xxv
Author and Editor Conflicts of Interest xxvi
sec tion I
Diagnostic strategies and 
general topics / 1
VOLUME EDITOR: SANDRA S. RICHTER
SECTION EDITOR: ROBIN PATEL
1 Introduction to the 11th Edition of the Manual 
of Clinical Microbiology / 3
 JAMES H. JORGENSEN AND 
MICHAEL A. PFALLER
2 Microscopy / 5
 DANNY L. WIEDBRAUK
3 Laboratory Detection of Bacteremia and 
Fungemia / 15
 MICHAEL L. WILSON, MELVIN P. WEINSTEIN, 
AND L. BARTH RELLER
4 Systems for Identification of Bacteria and 
Fungi / 29
 KAREN C. CARROLL AND ROBIN PATEL
5 Automation and Design of the Clinical 
Microbiology Laboratory / 44
 CHRISTOPHER D. DOERN AND 
MARTIN HOLFELDER
6 Molecular Microbiology / 54
 FREDERICK S. NOLTE
7 Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious 
Diseases / 91
 ELITZA S. THEEL, A. BETTS CARPENTER, AND 
MATTHEW J. BINNICKER
 8 Prevention of Health Care-Associated 
Infections / 106
 DANIEL J. DIEKEMA AND MICHAEL A. PFALLER
 9 Investigation of Disease Outbreaks / 120
 IONA MUNJAL AND BELINDA OSTROWSKY
10 Molecular Epidemiology / 131
 EIJA TREES, PAUL A. ROTA, DUNCAN 
MacCANNELL, AND PETER GERNER-SMIDT
11 Procedures for the Storage of 
Microorganisms / 161
 ROSEMARY C. SHE AND CATHY A. PETTI
12 Prevention of Laboratory-Acquired 
Infections / 169
 MICHAEL A. NOBLE
13 Decontamination, Disinfection, and 
Sterilization / 183
 CONSTANZE WENDT, RENO FREI, AND 
ANDREAS F. WIDMER
14 Biothreat Agents / 217
 SUSAN E. SHARP AND MICHAEL LOEFFELHOLZ
15 The Human Microbiome / 226
 JAMES VERSALOVIC, SARAH K. HIGHLANDER, 
AND JOSEPH F. PETROSINO
16 Microbial Genomics and Pathogen 
Discovery / 238
 JENNIFER K. SPINLER, PEERA HEMARAJATA, AND 
JAMES VERSALOVIC
sec tion II
Bacteriology / 252
VOLUME EDITORS: KAREN C. CARROLL AND 
GUIDO FUNKE
SECTION EDITORS: KATHRYN A. BERNARD, 
J. STEPHEN DUMLER, MELISSA B. MILLER, 
CATHY A. PETTI, AND PETER A. R. VANDAMME
General
17 Taxonomy and Classification of Bacteria / 255
 PETER A. R. VANDAMME
Contents
MCM11_FM.indd 5 3/19/15 1:07 PM
vi n  CONTENTS
18 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: 
Bacteriology / 270
 ELLEN JO BARON
19 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Bacteriology / 316
 RONALD ATLAS AND JAMES SNYDER
Gram-Positive Cocci
20 General Approaches to Identification of Aerobic 
Gram-Positive Cocci / 350
 JENS JØRGEN CHRISTENSEN AND 
KATHRYN L. RUOFF
21 Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other 
Catalase-Positive Cocci / 354
 KARSTEN BECKER, ROBERT L. SKOV, AND 
CHRISTOF von EIFF
22 Streptococcus / 383
 BARBARA SPELLERBERG AND 
CLAUDIA BRANDT
23 Enterococcus / 403
 LÚCIA MARTINS TEIXEIRA, MARIA DA GLÓRIA 
SIQUEIRA CARVALHO, RICHARD R. FACKLAM, 
AND PATRICIA LYNN SHEWMAKER
24 Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic 
Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci / 422
 JENS JØRGEN CHRISTENSEN AND 
KATHRYN L. RUOFF
Gram-Positive Rods
25 General Approaches to the Identification of 
Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods / 437
 KATHRYN A. BERNARD
26 Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming 
Bacteria / 441
 CHRISTINE Y. TURENNE, JAMES W. SNYDER, AND 
DAVID C. ALEXANDER
27 Listeria and Erysipelothrix / 462
 NELE WELLINGHAUSEN
28 Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods / 474
 GUIDO FUNKE AND KATHRYN A. BERNARD
29 Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, 
Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and Other 
Aerobic Actinomycetes / 504
 PATRICIA S. CONVILLE AND 
FRANK G. WITEBSKY
30 Mycobacterium: General Characteristics, 
Laboratory Detection, and Staining 
Procedures / 536
 GABY E. PFYFFER
31 Mycobacterium: Laboratory Characteristics of 
Slowly Growing Mycobacteria / 570
 PATRICIA J. SIMNER, STEFFEN STENGER, ELVIRA 
RICHTER, BARBARA A. BROWN-ELLIOTT, 
RICHARD J. WALLACE, JR., AND NANCY 
L.WENGENACK
32 Mycobacterium: Clinical and Laboratory 
Characteristics of Rapidly Growing 
Mycobacteria / 595
 BARBARA A. BROWN-ELLIOTT AND 
RICHARD J. WALLACE, JR.
Gram-Negative Bacteria
33 Approaches to the Identification of Aerobic 
Gram-Negative Bacteria / 613
 GEORGES WAUTERS AND 
MARIO VANEECHOUTTE
34 Neisseria / 635
 JOHANNES ELIAS, MATTHIAS FROSCH, AND 
ULRICH VOGEL
35 Aggregatibacter, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, 
Kingella, Pasteurella, and Other Fastidious or 
Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods / 652
 REINHARD ZBINDEN
36 Haemophilus / 667
 NATHAN A. LEDEBOER AND GARY
V. DOERN
37 Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella / 685
 NANCY A. STROCKBINE, CHERYL A. BOPP, 
PATRICIA I. FIELDS, JAMES B. KAPER, AND 
JAMES P. NATARO
38 Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, 
Cronobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and Other 
Enterobacteriaceae / 714
 STEPHEN J. FORSYTHE, SHARON L. ABBOTT, 
AND JOHANN PITOUT
39 Yersinia / 738
 JEANNINE M. PETERSEN, LORI M. GLADNEY, AND 
MARTIN E. SCHRIEFER
40 Aeromonas / 752
 AMY J. HORNEMAN
41 Vibrio and Related Organisms / 762
 CHERYL L. TARR, CHERYL A. BOPP, AND 
J. J. FARMER, III
42 Pseudomonas / 773
 NIELS HØIBY, OANA CIOFU, AND 
THOMAS BJARNSHOLT
43 Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, 
Cupriavidus, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas, 
Comamonas, Delftia, and Acidovorax / 791
 JOHN J. LiPUMA, BART J. CURRIE, SHARON J. 
PEACOCK, AND PETER A. R. VANDAMME
44 Acinetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, 
and Other Nonfermentative Gram-Negative 
Rods / 813
 MARIO VANEECHOUTTE, ALEXANDR NEMEC, 
PETER KÄMPFER, PIET COOLS, AND GEORGES 
WAUTERS
45 Bordetella and Related Genera / 838
 CARL-HEINZ WIRSING von KÖNIG, 
MARION RIFFELMANN, AND TOM COENYE
46 Francisella / 851
 JEANNINE M. PETERSEN AND 
MARTIN E. SCHRIEFER
MCM11_FM.indd 6 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTENTS n  vii
47 Brucella / 863
 GEORGE F. ARAJ
48 Bartonella / 873
 DIANA G. SCORPIO AND J. STEPHEN DUMLER
49 Legionella / 887
 PAUL H. EDELSTEIN AND CHRISTIAN LÜCK
Anaerobic Bacteria
50 Approaches to Identification of Anaerobic 
Bacteria / 905
 ELLEN JO BARON
51 Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, 
Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and Other Anaerobic 
Cocci / 909
 YULI SONG AND SYDNEY M. FINEGOLD
52 Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, 
and Other Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic 
Gram-Positive Rods / 920
 VAL HALL AND SARAH D. COPSEY
53 Clostridium / 940
 DENNIS L. STEVENS, AMY E. BRYANT, AND 
KAREN C. CARROLL
54 Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, 
Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic 
Gram-Negative Rods / 967
 EIJA KÖNÖNEN, GEORG CONRADS, AND 
ELISABETH NAGY
Curved and Spiral-Shaped 
Gram-Negative Rods
55 Algorithms for Identification of Curved and 
Spiral-Shaped Gram-Negative Rods / 994
 IRVING NACHAMKIN
56 Campylobacter and Arcobacter / 998
 COLLETTE FITZGERALD AND 
IRVING NACHAMKIN
57 Helicobacter / 1013
 ANDY J. LAWSON
58 Leptospira / 1028
 PAUL N. LEVETT
59 Borrelia / 1037
 MARTIN E. SCHRIEFER
60 Treponema and Brachyspira, Human 
Host-Associated Spirochetes / 1055
 ARLENE C. SEÑA, ALLAN PILLAY, DAVID L. COX, 
AND JUSTIN D. RADOLF
Mycoplasmas and Obligate 
Intracellular Bacteria
61 General Approaches to Identification of 
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Obligate 
Intracellular Bacteria / 1082
 J. STEPHEN DUMLER
62 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma / 1088
 KEN B. WAITES AND DAVID TAYLOR-ROBINSON
63 Chlamydiaceae / 1106
 CHARLOTTE A. GAYDOS AND ANDREAS ESSIG
64 Rickettsia and Orientia / 1122
 DAVID H. WALKER AND DONALD H. BOUYER
65 Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Intracellular 
Bacteria / 1135
 MEGAN E. RELLER AND J. STEPHEN DUMLER
66 Coxiella / 1150
 STEPHEN R. GRAVES AND ROBERT F. MASSUNG
67 Tropheryma whipplei / 1159
 WALTER GEIßDÖRFER, ANNETTE MOTER, AND 
CHRISTIAN BOGDAN
sec tion III
Antibacterial Agents 
and Susceptibility Test 
Methods / 1169
VOLUME EDITOR: SANDRA S. RICHTER
SECTION EDITOR: JEAN B. PATEL
68 Antibacterial Agents / 1171
 JAMES S. LEWIS, II, AND KAREN BUSH
69 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibacterial 
Agents / 1212
 JEAN B. PATEL AND SANDRA S. RICHTER
70 Susceptibility Test Methods: General 
Considerations / 1246
 JOHN D. TURNIDGE
71 Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk 
Diffusion Methods / 1253
 JAMES H. JORGENSEN AND JOHN D. TURNIDGE
72 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 
Systems / 1274
 JAMES A. KARLOWSKY AND 
SANDRA S. RICHTER
73 Special Phenotypic Methods for Detecting 
Antibacterial Resistance / 1286
 BRANDI M. LIMBAGO AND JANA M. SWENSON
74 Susceptibility Test Methods: Fastidious 
Bacteria / 1314
 ROMNEY M. HUMPHRIES AND 
JANET A. HINDLER
75 Susceptibility Test Methods: Anaerobic 
Bacteria / 1342
 AUDREY N. SCHUETZ AND DAVID W. HECHT
76 Susceptibility Test Methods: Mycobacteria, 
Nocardia, and Other Actinomycetes / 1356
 GAIL L. WOODS, SHOU-YEAN GRACE LIN, AND 
EDWARD P. DESMOND
MCM11_FM.indd 7 3/19/15 1:07 PM
viii n  CONTENTS
77 Molecular Detection of Antibacterial Drug 
Resistance / 1379
 APRIL N. ABBOTT AND FERRIC C. FANG
Author Index xxix
Subject Index xxxi
Volume 2
Editorial Board xi
Contributors xiii
Preface xxv
Author and Editor Conflicts of Interest xxvi
sec tion IV
Virology / 1390
VOLUME EDITOR: MARIE LOUISE LANDRY
SECTION EDITORS: ANGELA M. CALIENDO, 
CHRISTINE C. GINOCCHIO, YI-WEI TANG, AND 
ALEXANDRA VALSAMAKIS
General
78 Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses / 1393
 ELLIOT J. LEFKOWITZ
79 Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: 
Virology / 1405
 JAMES J. DUNN
80 Reagents, Stains, Media, and Cell Cultures: 
Virology / 1422
 CHRISTINE C. GINOCCHIO, GERALD VAN HORN, 
AND PATRICIA HARRIS
81 Algorithms for Detection and Identification of 
Viruses / 1432
 MARIE LOUISE LANDRY, ANGELA M. CALIENDO, 
CHRISTINE C. GINOCCHIO, YI-WEI TANG, AND 
ALEXANDRA VALSAMAKIS
RNA Viruses
82 Human Immunodeficiency Viruses / 1436
 BERNARD M. BRANSON AND S. MICHELE OWEN
83 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses / 1458
 WILLIAM M. SWITZER, WALID HENEINE, AND 
S. MICHELE OWEN
84 Influenza Viruses / 1470
 ROBERT L. ATMAR AND STEPHEN E. LINDSTROM
85 Parainfluenza and Mumps Viruses / 1487
 DIANE S. LELAND
 86 Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human 
Metapneumovirus / 1498
N. ESTHER BABADY AND YI-WEI TANG
 87 Measles and Rubella Viruses / 1519
WILLIAM J. BELLINI AND JOSEPH P. ICENOGLE
 88 Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses / 1536
KATHLEEN A. STELLRECHT, DARYL M. 
LAMSON, AND JOSÉ R. ROMERO
 89 Rhinoviruses / 1551
MARIE LOUISE LANDRY AND XIAOYAN LU
 90 Coronaviruses / 1565
NAOMI J. GADSBY AND KATE E. TEMPLETON
 91 Hepatitis A and E Viruses / 1584
DAVID A. ANDERSON AND 
NATALIE A. COUNIHAN
 92 Hepatitis C Virus / 1599
MICHAEL S. FORMAN AND 
ALEXANDRA VALSAMAKIS
 93 Gastroenteritis Viruses / 1617
XIAOLI PANG AND RICHARD L. HODINKA
 94 Rabies Virus / 1633
LILLIAN A. ORCIARI, CATHLEEN A. HANLON, 
AND RICHARD FRANKA
 95 Arboviruses / 1644
ELIZABETH HUNSPERGER
 96 Hantaviruses / 1660
CHARLES F. FULHORST AND 
MICHAEL D. BOWEN
 97 Arenaviruses and Filoviruses / 1669
PIERRE E. ROLLIN, STUART T. NICHOL, 
SHERIF ZAKI, AND THOMAS G. KSIAZEK
DNA Viruses
 98 Herpes Simplex Viruses and 
Herpes B Virus / 1687
KEITH R. JEROME AND 
RHODA ASHLEY MORROW
 99 Varicella-Zoster Virus / 1704
ELISABETH PUCHHAMMER-STÖCKL AND 
STEPHAN W. ABERLE
100 Human Cytomegalovirus / 1718
RICHARD L. HODINKA
101 Epstein-Barr Virus / 1738
BARBARA C. GÄRTNER AND 
JUTTA PREIKSAITIS
102 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 / 1754
PHILIP E. PELLETT AND GRAHAM TIPPLES
103 Adenoviruses / 1769
MARCELA ECHAVARRIA, CHRISTINE 
ROBINSON, AND RANDALL T. HAYDEN
104 Human Papillomaviruses / 1783
CHRISTINE C. GINOCCHIO, PATTI E. GRAVITT, 
AND JENNIFER S. SMITH
MCM11_FM.indd 8 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTENTS n  ix
105 Human Polyomaviruses / 1803
RICHARD S. BULLER
106 Parvovirus B19 and Bocaviruses / 1818
KEVIN E. BROWN
107 Poxviruses / 1828
LAURA HUGHES, VICTORIA A. OLSON, AND 
INGER K. DAMON
108 Hepatitis B and D Viruses / 1841
REBECCA T. HORVAT AND RYAN TAYLOR
Subviral Agents
109 Transmissible Spongiform 
Encephalopathies / 1859
MARKUS GLATZEL AND ADRIANO AGUZZI
sec tion V
Antiviral Agents and 
Susceptibility Test 
Methods / 1867
VOLUME EDITOR: MARIE LOUISE LANDRY
SECTION EDITORS: ANGELA M. CALIENDO, 
CHRISTINE C. GINOCCHIO, AND ALEXANDRA 
VALSAMAKIS
110 Antiviral Agents / 1869
AIMEE C. HODOWANEC, KENNETH D. 
THOMPSON, AND NELL S. LURAIN
111 Mechanisms of Resistance to 
Antiviral Agents / 1894
ROBERT W. SHAFER
AND SUNWEN CHOU
112 Susceptibility Test Methods: Viruses / 1913
DIANA D. HUANG AND 
MATTHEW J. BANKOWSKI
sec tion VI
Mycology / 1932
VOLUME EDITOR: DAVID W. WARNOCK
SECTION EDITORS: MARY E. BRANDT AND 
ELIZABETH M. JOHNSON
General
113 Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi / 1935
MARY E. BRANDT AND DAVID W. WARNOCK
114 Specimen Collection, Transport, and 
Processing: Mycology / 1944
KARIN L. McGOWAN
115 Reagents, Stains, and Media: Mycology / 1955
MARK D. LINDSLEY, JAMES W. SNYDER, 
RONALD M. ATLAS, AND MARK T. LaROCCO
116 General Approaches for Direct Detection and 
Identification of Fungi / 1965
H. RUTH ASHBEE
Fungi
117 Candida, Cryptococcus, and Other Yeasts of 
Medical Importance / 1984
SUSAN A. HOWELL, KEVIN C. HAZEN, AND 
MARY E. BRANDT
118 Pneumocystis / 2015
MELANIE T. CUSHION
119 Aspergillus and Penicillium / 2030
SHARON C.-A. CHEN, TANIA C. SORRELL, AND 
WIELAND MEYER
120 Fusarium and Other Opportunistic Hyaline 
Fungi / 2057
SEAN X. ZHANG, KERRY O’DONNELL, AND 
DEANNA A. SUTTON
121 Agents of Systemic and 
Subcutaneous Mucormycosis and 
Entomophthoromycosis / 2087
DEA GARCIA-HERMOSO, ALEXANDRE 
ALANIO, OLIVIER LORTHOLARY, AND 
FRANÇOISE DROMER
122 Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and 
Other Dimorphic Fungi Causing Systemic 
Mycoses / 2109
GEORGE R. THOMPSON III AND 
BEATRIZ L. GÓMEZ
123 Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, 
and Agents of Superficial Mycoses / 2128
ANDREW M. BORMAN AND 
RICHARD C. SUMMERBELL
124 Curvularia, Exophiala, Scedosporium, 
Sporothrix, and Other Melanized Fungi / 2153
JOSEP GUARRO AND G. SYBREN de HOOG
125 Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma / 2173
ABDALLA O. A. AHMED, G. SYBREN de HOOG, 
AND WENDY W. J. van de SANDE
126 Mycotoxins / 2188
KURT THROCKMORTON, NANCY C. ISHAM, 
MAHMOUD A. GHANNOUM, AND NANCY 
KELLER
127 Lacazia, Lagenidium, Pythium, and 
Rhinosporidium / 2196
RAQUEL VILELA AND LEONEL MENDOZA
128 Microsporidia / 2209
RAINER WEBER, PETER DEPLAZES, AND 
ALEXANDER MATHIS
MCM11_FM.indd 9 3/19/15 1:07 PM
x n  CONTENTS
sec tion VII
Antifungal Agents 
and Susceptibility Test 
Methods / 2221
VOLUME EDITOR: DAVID W. WARNOCK
SECTION EDITORS: MARY E. BRANDT AND 
ELIZABETH M. JOHNSON
129 Antifungal Agents / 2223
SHAWN R. LOCKHART AND 
DAVID W. WARNOCK
130 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal 
Agents / 2236
DAVID S. PERLIN
131 Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and 
Filamentous Fungi / 2255
ELIZABETH M. JOHNSON AND 
MAIKEN CAVLING-ARENDRUP
sec tion VIII
Parasitology / 2282
VOLUME EDITOR: DAVID W. WARNOCK
SECTION EDITORS: BOBBI S. PRITT AND 
GARY W. PROCOP
General
132 Taxonomy and Classification of Human 
Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths / 2285
FRANCIS E. G. COX
133 Specimen Collection, Transport, and 
Processing: Parasitology / 2293
ROBYN Y. SHIMIZU AND LYNNE S. GARCIA
134 Reagents, Stains, and Media: 
Parasitology / 2310
ANDREA J. LINSCOTT AND SUSAN E. SHARP
135 General Approaches for Detection and 
Identification of Parasites / 2317
LYNNE S. GARCIA, GRAEME P. PALTRIDGE, AND 
ROBIN Y. SHIMIZU
Parasites
136 Plasmodium and Babesia / 2338
BOBBI S. PRITT
137 Leishmania and Trypanosoma / 2357
DAVID A. BRUCKNER AND JAIME LABARCA
138 Toxoplasma / 2373
JAMES B. McAULEY, JEFFREY L. JONES, AND 
KAMALJIT SINGH
139 Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living 
Amebae / 2387
GOVINDA S. VISVESVARA
140 Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, 
and Ciliates / 2399
SUSAN NOVAK-WEEKLEY AND AMY L. LEBER
141 Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and 
Sarcocystis / 2425
DAVID S. LINDSAY AND LOUIS M. WEISS
142 Cryptosporidium / 2435
LIHUA XIAO AND VITALIANO CAMA
143 Nematodes / 2448
HARSHA SHEOREY, BEVERLEY-ANN BIGGS, 
AND NORBERT RYAN
144 Filarial Nematodes / 2461
SOUMYA CHATTERJEE AND 
THOMAS B. NUTMAN
145 Cestodes / 2471
HECTOR H. GARCIA, JUAN A. JIMENEZ, AND 
HERMES ESCALANTE
146 Trematodes / 2479
MALCOLM K. JONES, JENNIFER KEISER, AND 
DONALD P. MCMANUS
147 Less Common Helminths / 2493
GARY W. PROCOP AND RONALD C. NEAFIE
148 Arthropods of Medical Importance / 2505
SAM R. TELFORD III
sec tion IX
Antiparasitic Agents 
and Susceptibility Test 
Methods / 2527
VOLUME EDITOR: DAVID W. WARNOCK
SECTION EDITOR: GARY W. PROCOP
149 Antiparasitic Agents / 2529
KARIN LEDER AND PETER F. WELLER
150 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic 
Agents / 2550
W. EVAN SECOR, JACQUES LE BRAS, AND 
JÉRÔME CLAIN
151 Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites / 2563
JACQUES LE BRAS, JÉRÔME CLAIN, AND 
W. EVAN SECOR
Author Index xxix
Subject Index xxxi
MCM11_FM.indd 10 3/19/15 1:07 PM
Kathryn A. Bernard Section II
National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health 
Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, 
Canada
Mary E. Brandt Sections VI and VII
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
Angela M. Caliendo Sections IV and V
Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical 
School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
J. Stephen Dumler Section II
Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & 
Immunology, University of Maryland School of 
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
Christine C. Ginocchio Sections IV and V
Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, 
NY 11549, and bioMérieux, Durham, NC 27712
Elizabeth M. Johnson Sections VI and VII
Mycology Reference Laboratory, HPA South West 
Laboratory, Kingsdown, Bristol BS2 8EL, United 
Kingdom
Melissa B. Miller Section II
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 
University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525
Jean B. Patel Section III
Office of Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of 
Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
Robin Patel Section I
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 
Rochester, MN 55905
Cathy A. Petti Section II
HealthSpring Global Inc., Bradenton, FL 34209
Bobbi S. Pritt Section VIII
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 
Rochester, MN 55905
Gary W. Procop Sections VIII and IX
Department of Molecular Pathology, Cleveland 
Clinic, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, 
Cleveland, OH 44195
Yi-Wei Tang Section IV
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-
Kettering Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology 
and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of 
Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
Alexandra Valsamakis Sections IV and V
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of 
Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 
21287-7093
Peter A. R. Vandamme Section II
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 
Laboratory of Microbiology, Universiteit Gent, B-9000 
Gent, Belgium
xi
Editorial Board
MCM11_FM.indd 11 3/19/15 1:07 PM
MCM11_FM.indd 12 3/19/15 1:07 PM
APRIL N. ABBOTT
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of 
Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
SHARON L. ABBOTT
Microbial Diseases Laboratory, Division of Communicable 
Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, 
Richmond, CA 94804
STEPHAN W. ABERLE
Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 
Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
ADRIANO AGUZZI
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zürich, 
Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
ABDALLA O. A. AHMED
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, 
Umm Al-Qura University, Prince Sultan Street, 21955 
Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
ALEXANDRE ALANIO
Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, 
Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et 
Antifongiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
DAVID C. ALEXANDER
Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Saskatchewan 
Ministry of Health, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A4, Canada
DAVID A. ANDERSON
Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public 
Health, AMREP, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, 
Australia
GEORGE F. ARAJ
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, American 
University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, 
Lebanon 1107-2020
H. RUTH ASHBEE
Mycology Reference Centre, Department of Microbiology, 
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS1 3EX, 
United Kingdom
RONALD M. ATLAS
Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, 
KY 40292
ROBERT L. ATMAR
Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & 
Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, MS 
BCM280, Houston, TX 77030
N. ESTHER BABADY
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
MATTHEW J. BANKOWSKI
Diagnostic Laboratory Services, Inc. (Queen’s Medical 
Center), Aiea, Hawaii, and Dept. of Pathology and Dept. of 
Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, 
John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at 
Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
ELLEN JO BARON
Emerita, Stanford University, and Department of Technical 
Support, Cepheid, 904 Caribbean Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94089
KARSTEN BECKER
University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical 
Microbiology, D-48149 Münster, Germany
WILLIAM J. BELLINI
Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory 
Branch, Mail Stop C-22, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333
KATHRYN A. BERNARD
National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of 
Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
xii i
Contributors
MCM11_FM.indd 13 3/19/15 1:07 PM
xiv n  CONTRIBUTORS
BEVERLEY-ANN BIGGS
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne 
Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of 
Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
MATTHEW J. BINNICKER
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division 
of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901
THOMAS BJARNSHOLT
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, and 
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of 
Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 
Denmark
CHRISTIAN BOGDAN
Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, 
Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität 
Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 
Erlangen, Germany
CHERYL A. BOPP
Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
ANDREW M. BORMAN
United Kingdom National Mycology Reference Laboratory, 
Public Health England, Myrtle Road, Bristol, BS2 8EL, 
United Kingdom
DONALD H. BOUYER
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical 
Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
MICHAEL D. BOWEN
Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, 
Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
CLAUDIA BRANDT
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe 
University, Paul Ehrlich Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
MARY E. BRANDT
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, 
GA 30333
BERNARD M. BRANSON
Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/
AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
KEVIN E. BROWN
Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, 
NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
BARBARA A. BROWN-ELLIOTT
University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 
Department of Microbiology, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, 
TX 75708
DAVID A. BRUCKNER
Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen 
UCLA School of Medicine, 3741 Mountain View Ave., 
Los Angeles, CA 90066-3111
AMY E. BRYANT
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID 83702, and University 
of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
RICHARD S. BULLER
Department of Pediatrics, Box 8116, Washington University 
School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
KAREN BUSH
Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and 
Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
ANGELA M. CALIENDO
Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of 
Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
VITALIANO CAMA
CGH/Div. of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Parasitic Diseases 
Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018
A. BETTS CARPENTER
Molecular Microbiology & Cytology Laboratories, LabCorp, 
and Department of Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of 
Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704
KAREN C. CARROLL
Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, 
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 
Baltimore, MD 21287
MARIA DA GLÓRIA SIQUEIRA CARVALHO
Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, 
Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention, Mail Stop C0-2, Atlanta, GA 30333
MAIKEN CAVLING-ARENDRUP
Dept. of Microbiology & Infection Control, Statens Serum 
Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
SOUMYA CHATTERJEE
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy 
and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 
Bethesda, MD 20892
SHARON C.-A. CHEN
Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory 
Services, ICPMR - Pathology West, Sydney Medical School, 
University of Sydney, and Westmead Hospital, Darcy Road, 
Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
SUNWEN CHOU
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, 
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR 97239
JENS JØRGEN CHRISTENSEN
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, 
Slagelse, Denmark
MCM11_FM.indd 14 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTRIBUTORS n  xv
OANA CIOFU
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of 
Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 
Denmark
JÉRÔME CLAIN
UMR 216 IRD, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris 
Descartes, 4 av de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
TOM COENYE
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, 
B-9000 Gent, Belgium
GEORG CONRADS
Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, RWTH 
Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
PATRICIA S. CONVILLE
Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 
Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes 
of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 
Bethesda, MD 20892
PIET COOLS
Laboratory for Bacteriology Research, Department Clinical 
Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of 
Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Ghent, 3BlokA, 
De Pintelaan 185, UZ Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
SARAH D. COPSEY
Public Health Wales, Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, 
University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 
4XW, United Kingdom
NATALIE A. COUNIHAN
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3218, 
Australia
DAVID L. COX
Treponema Immunobiology and Syphilis Serology Activities, 
Division of STD Prevention, Laboratory Reference and 
Research Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
Atlanta, GA 30333
FRANCIS E. G. COX
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene 
and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
BART J. CURRIE
Menzies School of Health Research and Northern Territory 
Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern 
Territory 0811, Australia
MELANIE T. CUSHION
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 
OH 45267-0555, and Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical 
Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220
INGER K. DAMON
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G-06, 
1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30030
G. SYBREN de HOOG
CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Institute of the Royal 
Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Uppsalalaan 8, 
3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
PETER DEPLAZES
Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, 
Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
EDWARD P. DESMOND
Mycobacteriology Section, Microbial Diseases Laboratory, 
California Department of Public Health, 
Richmond, CA 94804
DANIEL
J. DIEKEMA
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal 
Medicine, and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department 
of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa 
City, IA 52242
CHRISTOPHER D. DOERN
Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University 
Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
GARY V. DOERN
Emeritus, Department of Pathology, Carver College of 
Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
FRANÇOISE DROMER
Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, 
Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et 
Antifongiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
J. STEPHEN DUMLER
Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, 
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 322D Health 
Science Facility–I, 685 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, 
MD 21201
JAMES J. DUNN
Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, and 
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of 
Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
MARCELA ECHAVARRIA
Clinical Virology Unit, CEMIC University Hospital, Galvan 
4102 (1431 FWO) Buenos Aires, Argentina
PAUL H. EDELSTEIN
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman 
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
PA 19104-4283
JOHANNES ELIAS
Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of 
Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
HERMES ESCALANTE
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of 
Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Jr. 
Bolognesi 334, Trujillo, Peru
MCM11_FM.indd 15 3/19/15 1:07 PM
xvi n  CONTRIBUTORS
ANDREAS ESSIG
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University 
Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
RICHARD R. FACKLAM
Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, 
Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention, Mail Stop C0-2, Atlanta, GA 30333
FERRIC C. FANG
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, 
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 
WA 98195
J. J. FARMER, III
Silver Hill Associates, 1781 Silver Hill Road, Stone Mountain, 
GA 30087-2212
PATRICIA I. FIELDS
Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
SYDNEY M. FINEGOLD
Infectious Diseases Section, VA Medical Center, and 
Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, 
Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of 
California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073
COLLETTE FITZGERALD
National Campylobacter and Helicobacter Reference 
Laboratory, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329
MICHAEL S. FORMAN
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, 
The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 
B1-193, Baltimore, MD 21287-7093
STEPHEN J. FORSYTHE
Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, 
United Kingdom
RICHARD FRANKA
Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence 
Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
RENO FREI
Universitätsspital Basel, Klinische Mikrobiologie, 
Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
MATTHIAS FROSCH
Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of 
Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
CHARLES F. FULHORST
Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical 
Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0609
GUIDO FUNKE
Risch Laboratories Group, Landstrasse 157, FL-9494 Schaan, 
Principality of Liechtenstein
NAOMI J. GADSBY
Specialist Virology Centre, Department of Laboratory 
Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France 
Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
HECTOR H. GARCIA
Center for Global Health, Department of Microbiology, 
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, & Cysticercosis Unit, 
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, H. Delgado 430, 
SMP, Lima 31, Peru
LYNNE S. GARCIA
LSG & Associates, 512 12th Street, Santa Monica, CA 90402
DEA GARCIA-HERMOSO
Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, 
Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et 
Antifongiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
BARBARA C. GÄRTNER
Virology, Institute for Microbiology, University of the 
Saarland, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
CHARLOTTE A. GAYDOS
Johns Hopkins University, Division of Infectious Diseases, 
Department of Medicine, 530 Rangos Building, 855 N. Wolfe 
St., Baltimore, MD 21205
WALTER GEIßDÖRFER
Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, 
Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität 
Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 
Erlangen, Germany
PETER GERNER-SMIDT
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
Atlanta, GA 30333
MAHMOUD A. GHANNOUM
Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, 
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
CHRISTINE C. GINOCCHIO
Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, 500 Hofstra 
University, Hempstead, NY 11549, and bioMérieux, 
100 Rodolphe St., Durham, NC 27712
LORI M. GLADNEY
IHRC Inc. contractor at the Enteric Diseases Laboratory 
Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and 
Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
MARKUS GLATZEL
Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-
Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
BEATRIZ L. GÓMEZ
School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad 
Rosario, Bogota, and Medical and Experimental Mycology 
Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), 
Medellín, Colombia
MCM11_FM.indd 16 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTRIBUTORS n  xvii
STEPHEN R. GRAVES
Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, 
Geelong, Victoria, Australia
PATTI E. GRAVITT
Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health 
Sciences Center, MSC08 4640, 1 University of New Mexico, 
Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
JOSEP GUARRO
Medical School & IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Sant 
Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
VAL HALL
Public Health Wales, Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, 
University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 
4XW, United Kingdom
CATHLEEN A. HANLON
Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence 
Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
PATRICIA HARRIS
Harris Consulting, Henderson, NV 89044
RANDALL T. HAYDEN
Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research 
Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
KEVIN C. HAZEN
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, 
Duke University Health System, Durham, NC 27710
DAVID W. HECHT
Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 
Maywood, IL 60153
PEERA HEMARAJATA
Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology and Laboratory 
Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 
CA 90049
WALID HENEINE
Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, 
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and 
TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
1600 Clifton Rd., MS G-45, Atlanta, GA 30329
SARAH K. HIGHLANDER
Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, 
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
JANET A. HINDLER
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
RICHARD L. HODINKA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South 
Carolina School of Medicine Greenville and Greenville 
Health System, Greenville, SC 29605
AIMEE C. HODOWANEC
Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush 
University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
NIELS HØIBY
Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, and 
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of 
Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 
Denmark
MARTIN HOLFELDER
Department of Microbiology, Limbach Laboratory, D-69120 
Heidelberg, Germany
AMY J. HORNEMAN
Pathology and Laboratory Service, Microbiology and 
Molecular Diagnostics, VA Maryland Health Care System,
Baltimore, MD 21201-1524
REBECCA T. HORVAT
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 
University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow 
Blvd., Mail Stop 3045, Kansas City, KS 66160
SUSAN A. HOWELL
Mycology, St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, Viapath, 
London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
DIANA D. HUANG
Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University 
Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, 
IL 60612
LAURA HUGHES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G-06, 
1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30030
ROMNEY M. HUMPHRIES
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
ELIZABETH HUNSPERGER
Immunodiagnostics, Development and Research Laboratory, 
CDC, National Centers for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 
Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Dengue Branch, 
1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
JOSEPH P. ICENOGLE
Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory 
Branch, Mail Stop C-22, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333
NANCY C. ISHAM
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
KEITH R. JEROME
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of 
Washington, and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, 
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave 
N., E5-110, Seattle, WA 98109
MCM11_FM.indd 17 3/19/15 1:07 PM
xviii n  CONTRIBUTORS
JUAN A. JIMENEZ
Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano 
Heredia, H. Delgado 430, SMP, Lima 31, Peru
ELIZABETH M. JOHNSON
Mycology Reference Laboratory, Public Health England, 
South West Laboratory, Myrtle Road, Kingsdown, Bristol BS2 
8EL, United Kingdom
JEFFREY L. JONES
Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, 
Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS F-22, Atlanta, 
GA 30329
MALCOLM K. JONES
School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, 
Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
JAMES H. JORGENSEN
Emeritus, Department of Pathology, University of Texas 
Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, 
TX 78229-3900
PETER KÄMPFER
Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie Justus-Liebig-
Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
JAMES B. KAPER
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of 
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
JAMES A. KARLOWSKY
Diagnostic Services Manitoba and Department of Medical 
Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 
R2H 2A6, Canada
JENNIFER KEISER
Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, 
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 
CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
NANCY KELLER
Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
EIJA KÖNÖNEN
Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, 
Finland
THOMAS G. KSIAZEK
Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, 
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
JAIME LABARCA
Dept. Internal Medicine, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, 
Lira 63, Santiago, Chile
DARYL M. LAMSON
Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, 
NY 12201
MARIE LOUISE LANDRY
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, 
Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208035, 
New Haven, CT 06520-8035
MARK T. LaROCCO
Erie, PA 16506
ANDY J. LAWSON
Gastrointestinal Bacteriology Reference Unit, Public Health 
England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, 
United Kingdom
JACQUES LE BRAS
UMR 216 IRD, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris 
Descartes, 4 av de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
AMY L. LEBER
Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Clinical Microbiology 
and Immunoserology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 
700 Children’s Drive, Bldg C, Rm 1868, Columbus, OH 43205
NATHAN A. LEDEBOER
Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 
Milwaukee, WI 53226
KARIN LEDER
Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Epidemiology 
and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, and Victorian 
Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the 
Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
ELLIOT J. LEFKOWITZ
Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at 
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
DIANE S. LELAND
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana 
University School of Medicine, IU Health Pathology Laboratory 
Building, Room 6027F, 350 W. 11th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
PAUL N. LEVETT
Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, 
Saskatchewan, Canada
JAMES S. LEWIS, II
Departments of Pharmacy and Infectious Diseases, Oregon 
Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
BRANDI M. LIMBAGO
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329
SHOU-YEAN GRACE LIN
Mycobacteriology Section, Microbial Diseases Laboratory, 
California Department of Public Health, 
Richmond, CA 94804
DAVID S. LINDSAY
Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, 
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-
Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia 
Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342
MCM11_FM.indd 18 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTRIBUTORS n  xix
MARK D. LINDSLEY
Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, 
GA 30333
STEPHEN E. LINDSTROM
Influenza Branch, MS-G16, Division of Viral and Rickettsial 
Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, 
GA 30333
ANDREA J. LINSCOTT
Ochsner Medical Center, Dept. of Pathology, 1514 Jefferson 
Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121
JOHN J. LiPUMA
Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, 
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48019
SHAWN R. LOCKHART
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333
MICHAEL LOEFFELHOLZ
University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., 
Galveston, TX 77555-0740
OLIVIER LORTHOLARY
Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, 
Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et 
Antifongiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
XIAOYAN LU
Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
CHRISTIAN LÜCK
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, 
Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
NELL S. LURAIN
Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University 
Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
DUNCAN MacCANNELL
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
Atlanta, GA 30333
ROBERT F. MASSUNG
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for 
Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., 
MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333
ALEXANDER MATHIS
Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, 
Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
JAMES B. McAULEY
Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, 
Chicago, IL 60612
KARIN L. McGOWAN
Emeritus Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory 
Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
DONALD P. McMANUS
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston 
Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
LEONEL MENDOZA
Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Microbiology and 
Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, North 
Kedzie Hall, 354 Farm Lane Room N326, East Lansing, 
MI 48824-1031
WIELAND MEYER
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Ctr. for Infectious 
Diseases & Microbiology, Sydney Medical School, and Marie 
Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, 
University of Sydney; and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, 
NSW 2145, Australia
RHODA ASHLEY MORROW
Department of Laboratory
Medicine, University of 
Washington, and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, 
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave 
N., E5-110, Seattle, WA 98109
ANNETTE MOTER
Biofilmcenter, German Heart Institute Berlin and Charité-
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
IONA MUNJAL
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, 
The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, and Albert Einstein 
College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467
IRVING NACHAMKIN
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman 
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 7th Floor 
Founders Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, 
PA 19104-4283
ELISABETH NAGY
Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, 
6725 Szeged, Hungary
JAMES P. NATARO
Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of 
Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
RONALD C. NEAFIE
Parasitic Infections Branch, Armed Forces Institute of 
Pathology, 6825 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20306
ALEXANDR NEMEC
Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, National Institute of Public 
Health, Srobarova 48, 10042 Prague, Czech Republic
STUART T. NICHOL
Viral Special Pathogens Branch, MS G-14, Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, 
Atlanta, GA 30333
MCM11_FM.indd 19 3/19/15 1:07 PM
xx n  CONTRIBUTORS
MICHAEL A. NOBLE
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University 
of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 2B5, Canada
FREDERICK S. NOLTE
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical 
University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
SUSAN NOVAK-WEEKLEY
Microbiology, Immunoserology and Molecular Infectious 
Disease, SCMPG Regional Reference Laboratories, 11668 
Sherman Way, North Hollywood, CA 91605
THOMAS B. NUTMAN
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy 
and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 
Bethesda, MD 20892
KERRY O’DONNELL
Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, National 
Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS-USDA, 
1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604-3902
VICTORIA A. OLSON
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G-06, 
1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30030
LILLIAN A. ORCIARI
Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence 
Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
BELINDA OSTROWSKY
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, 
Montefiore Medical Center, and Albert Einstein College of 
Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467
S. MICHELE OWEN
Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, 
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and 
TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
1600 Clifton Rd., MS G-45, Atlanta, GA 30329
GRAEME P. PALTRIDGE
Canterbury Health Laboratories, Microbiology Unit, 
P.O. Box 151, Hagley Ave. and Tuam St., Christchurch, 8011, 
New Zealand
XIAOLI PANG
Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Walter Mackenzie 
Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta Hospital, 
8440 - 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
JEAN B. PATEL
Office of Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of Healthcare 
Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
MS C-12, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333
ROBIN PATEL
Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and 
Pathology, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Department of 
Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rochester, MN 55905
SHARON J. PEACOCK
Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, 
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, 
United Kingdom
PHILIP E. PELLETT
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State 
University School of Medicine, Scott Hall Room 6225, 
540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201
DAVID S. PERLIN
Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, 
Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103
JEANNINE M. PETERSEN
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
CO 80521
JOSEPH F. PETROSINO
Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor 
College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
CATHY A. PETTI
HealthSpring Global Inc., Bradenton, FL 34209
MICHAEL A. PFALLER
T2 Biosystems, Lexington, MA 02421, and Professor Emeritus, 
University of Iowa College of Medicine and College of Public 
Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
GABY E. PFYFFER
Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Laboratory 
Medicine, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Luzern 16, 
Switzerland
ALLAN PILLAY
Molecular Diagnostics & Typing Laboratory, Division of STD 
Prevention, Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Centers 
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
JOHANN PITOUT
Calgary Laboratory Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, 
Alberta, Canada
JUTTA PREIKSAITIS
University of Alberta, 2B2.08 WMC, 8440 112 Street, 
Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
BOBBI S. PRITT
Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and 
Pathology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, 200 1st Street 
SW, Rochester, MN 55905
GARY W. PROCOP
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology and 
Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 
Cleveland, OH 44195
ELISABETH PUCHHAMMER-STÖCKL
Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 
Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
MCM11_FM.indd 20 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTRIBUTORS n  xxi
JUSTIN D. RADOLF
Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Immunology, Molecular 
Biology and Biophysics, and Genetics and Developmental 
Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 
Farmington, CT 06030
L. BARTH RELLER
Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Duke University 
School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
MEGAN E. RELLER
MPH Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of 
Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 
720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 628, Baltimore, MD 21205
ELVIRA RICHTER
Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin 
und Biowissenschaften, Nationales Referenzzentrum für 
Mykobakterien, Parkallee 18, 23845 Borstel, Germany
SANDRA S. RICHTER
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 
9500 Euclid Avenue, LL1-2, Cleveland, OH 44195
MARION RIFFELMANN
Labor:Medizin Krefeld MVZ, D-47805 Krefeld, Germany
CHRISTINE ROBINSON
Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, 
Aurora, CO 80045
PIERRE E. ROLLIN
Viral Special Pathogens Branch, MS G-14, Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, 
Atlanta, GA 30333
JOSÉ R. ROMERO
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section, University of Arkansas 
for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 
Little Rock, AR 72202-3591
PAUL A. ROTA
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 
GA 30333
KATHRYN L. RUOFF
O’Toole Lab, Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel 
School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
NORBERT RYAN
Bacteriology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases 
Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
MARTIN E. SCHRIEFER
Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, 
CO 80521
AUDREY N. SCHUETZ
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill 
Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
DIANA G. SCORPIO
Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary 
Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
W. EVAN SECOR
Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, N.E., MS D-65, 
Atlanta, GA 30329
ARLENE C. SEÑA
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 
NC 27599
ROBERT W. SHAFER
Division of Infectious Diseases, Lane Building L143, Stanford 
University, Stanford, CA 94305
SUSAN E. SHARP
Kaiser Permanente, Department of Pathology, 13705 NE 
Airport Way, Portland, OR 97230
ROSEMARY C. SHE
Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of USC,
Los Angeles, CA 90033
HARSHA SHEOREY
Department of Microbiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, 
Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
PATRICIA LYNN SHEWMAKER
Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, 
Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control 
and Prevention, Mail Stop C0-2, Atlanta, GA 30333
ROBYN Y. SHIMIZU
UCLA Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory 
Medicine, 11633 San Vicente Blvd., Rear Building, 
Los Angeles, CA 90049
PATRICIA J. SIMNER
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 
MN 55905
KAMALJIT SINGH
Rush University Medical Center, Academic Facility, Suite 140, 
600 S. Paulina, Chicago, IL 60612
ROBERT L. SKOV
Statens Serum Institut, Department of Microbiological 
Surveillance and Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
JENNIFER S. SMITH
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
JAMES W. SNYDER
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 
University of Louisville School of Medicine, 
530 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY 40202
YULI SONG
Mason Business Center, Proctor & Gamble, Mason, OH 45040
MCM11_FM.indd 21 3/19/15 1:07 PM
xxii n  CONTRIBUTORS
TANIA C. SORRELL
Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney 
Medical School, University of Sydney; Marie Bashir 
Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University 
of Sydney; and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, 
Australia
BARBARA SPELLERBERG
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of 
Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
JENNIFER K. SPINLER
Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, and 
Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, 
TX 77030
KATHLEEN A. STELLRECHT
Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory 
Medicine, Albany Medical College and Albany Medical 
Center Hospital, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208
STEFFEN STENGER
Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Institut für Med. Mikrobiologie 
und Hygiene, Albert Einstein Allee 11 (M23/4204), D-89081 
Ulm, Germany
DENNIS L. STEVENS
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID 83702, and 
University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 
WA 98195
NANCY A. STROCKBINE
Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
RICHARD C. SUMMERBELL
Sporometrics Inc., and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DEANNA A. SUTTON
Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology, 
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 
San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
JANA M. SWENSON
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 
GA 30333
WILLIAM M. SWITZER
Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, 
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and 
TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
1600 Clifton Rd., MS G-45, Atlanta, GA 30329
YI-WEI TANG
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-
Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Pathology and 
Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell 
University, New York, NY 10065
CHERYL L. TARR
Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
RYAN TAYLOR
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 
Hepatology and Motility, University of Kansas School of 
Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3045, 4035 Wescoe 
Pavilion, Kansas City, KS 66160
DAVID TAYLOR-ROBINSON
Section of Infectious Diseases, Wright-Fleming Institute, 
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s 
Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
LUCIA MARTINS TEIXEIRA
Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de 
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
SAM R. TELFORD III
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 
200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536
KATE E. TEMPLETON
Specialist Virology Centre, Department of Laboratory 
Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France 
Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
ELITZA S. THEEL
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division 
of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901
KENNETH D. THOMPSON
Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medical 
Center, Chicago, IL 60637
GEORGE R. THOMPSON, III
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 
University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (retired)
KURT THROCKMORTON
Genetics Department, University of Wisconsin, 425 Henry 
Mall, Madison, WI 53704
GRAHAM TIPPLES
Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health 
Services, and Department of Medical Microbiology and 
Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, 
Canada
EIJA TREES
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 
Atlanta, GA 30333
CHRISTINE Y. TURENNE
Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Saskatchewan 
Ministry of Health, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A4, Canada
MCM11_FM.indd 22 3/19/15 1:07 PM
CONTRIBUTORS n  xxiii
JOHN D. TURNIDGE
Departments of Pathology, Paediatrics and Molecular and 
Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and SA 
Pathology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide 
5006, South Australia
ALEXANDRA VALSAMAKIS
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, 
The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 
B1-193, Baltimore, MD 21287-7093
WENDY W. J. van de SANDE
Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology & 
Infectious Diseases, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, 
The Netherlands
GERALD van HORN
Microbiology Laboratory, Winthrop University Hospital, 
Mineola, NY 11501
PETER A. R. VANDAMME
Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, 
Universiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, 
Belgium
MARIO VANEECHOUTTE
Laboratory for Bacteriology Research, Department of 
Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of 
Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Ghent, 3BlokA, 
De Pintelaan 185, UZ Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
JAMES VERSALOVIC
Department of Pathology & Immunology and Department 
of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of 
Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s 
Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
RAQUEL VILELA
Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State 
University, North Kedzie Hall, 354 Farm Lane Room N322, 
East Lansing, MI 48824-1031
GOVINDA S. VISVESVARA
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Division 
of Foodborne, Waterborne & Environmental Diseases, 
Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, 
Atlanta, GA 30333 (retired)
ULRICH VOGEL
Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of 
Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
CHRISTOF von EIFF
University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical 
Microbiology, D-48149 Münster, and Pfizer Pharma GmbH, 
10785 Berlin, Germany
KEN B. WAITES
Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 
WP 230, 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35249
DAVID H. WALKER
Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging 
Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 
Galveston, TX 77555-0609
RICHARD J.WALLACE, JR.
University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Department 
of Microbiology, 11937 U.S. Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708
DAVID W. WARNOCK
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of 
Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
GEORGES WAUTERS
Emeritus, Microbiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, 
Brussels, Belgium
RAINER WEBER
Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, 
University Hospital and University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 
CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
MELVIN P. WEINSTEIN
Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory 
Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 
New Brunswick, NJ 08903
LOUIS M. WEISS
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park 
Avenue, Room 504 Forchheimer Building, Bronx,
NY 10461
PETER F. WELLER
Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, and 
Allergy and Inflammation Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical 
Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
NELE WELLINGHAUSEN
Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratories 
Ravensburg Dr. Gärtner, D-88212 Ravensburg, Germany
CONSTANZE WENDT
MVZ Labor Limbach, 691260 Heidelberg, Germany
NANCY L.WENGENACK
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 
MN 55905
ANDREAS F. WIDMER
Universitätsspital Basel, Abteilung für Spitalhygiene, 
Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
DANNY L. WIEDBRAUK
Virology and Molecular Biology Department, Warde Medical 
Laboratory, 300 W. Textile Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48108
MICHAEL L. WILSON
Department of Pathology & Laboratory Services, Denver 
Health, Denver, CO 80204, and Department of Pathology, 
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
CARL-HEINZ WIRSING von KÖNIG
Labor:Medizin Krefeld MVZ, D-47805 Krefeld, Germany
MCM11_FM.indd 23 3/19/15 1:07 PM
xxiv n  CONTRIBUTORS
FRANK G. WITEBSKY
Retired, Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory 
Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National 
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
GAIL L. WOODS
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Department 
of Pathology, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 
Little Rock, AR 72205
LIHUA XIAO
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental 
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail 
Stop D66, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018
SHERIF ZAKI
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, 
GA 30333
REINHARD ZBINDEN
Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 
Gloriastrasse 32, CH 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
SEAN X. ZHANG
Microbiology Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N 
Wolfe Street, Meyer B1-193, Baltimore, MD 21287-7093
Acknowledgment of Previous Contributors
The Manual of Clinical Microbiology is by its nature a continuously revised work which 
refines and extends the contributions of previous editions. Since its first edition in 1970, 
many eminent scientists have contributed to this important reference work. The American 
Society for Microbiology and its Publications Board gratefully acknowledge the contribu-
tions of all of these generous authors over the life of this Manual.
MCM11_FM.indd 24 3/19/15 1:07 PM
The Manual of Clinical Microbiology (MCM) is the most 
authoritative reference text in the field of clinical micro-
biology. This edition of the Manual benefited from the tal-
ents of a team of 22 editors and almost 250 authors who 
were supported by a very capable production team at ASM 
Press. This, the 11th edition, is presented after the usual 
4-year publication cycle following the 10th edition. All 
of the editorial team are proud members of the American 
Society for Microbiology and strong supporters of its book 
publishing arm, ASM Press. We have followed in the 
footsteps of previous authors and editors of the Manual 
and remain steadfastly committed to the utmost quality 
and timeliness that the MCM readership has come to ex-
pect. For the first time, we have had co-editors in chief of 
MCM. The length and scope of the Manual now require 
this division of labor to ensure thoroughness and timeli-
ness of the editing process. We hope that readers of the 
Manual will recognize the commitment to excellence by 
everyone associated with its production.
We represent only the fifth and sixth editors in chief 
in the 45-year history of the Manual. We are grateful for 
the example set by our predecessors and by the sage ad-
vice offered by recent editors in chief Patrick Murray and 
James Versalovic. We offer our deep appreciation to Ken 
April, the production editor at the outset of this edition, 
and to Ellie Tupper, who succeeded him and completed 
the editorial production process.
This is only the second edition of the Manual to have 
a full-scale, searchable, Web-based HTML electronic 
edition. We hope that users of the Manual will find this 
electronic alternative to the print version of MCM to be 
convenient and user friendly. It is likely that future edi-
tions of MCM will rely more heavily on the electronic 
format for delivery of the vast content of the Manual.
This is a very dynamic era in clinical microbiology, 
with new technical tools (MALDI-TOF, ribosomal and 
total gene sequencing, and other molecular methods) 
that are profoundly influencing our approaches to or-
ganism detection and identification. The Manual con-
tinues to include classic microbiological techniques 
such as microscopy and culture as a foundation in addi-
tion to the newer methods cited above. Some organisms 
have become prominent causes of disease recently, e.g., 
Ebola, enterovirus D-68, and Gram-negative bacteria 
that produce carbapenemases. Every effort was made to 
include up-to-date information in the Manual on these 
recently emergent organisms. In addition, the studies of 
the human microbiome have informed our understand-
ing of normal microbial communities and have posed 
the possibility of polymicrobial rather than single-agent 
infections.
In conclusion, we are profoundly grateful for the privi-
lege of guiding the Manual through the publication of 
this 11th edition. We hope that the efforts of the editors 
and authors will prove useful to the clinical microbiology 
community until the next edition is available in about 
4 more years.
JAMES H. JORGENSEN
MICHAEL A. PFALLER
xxv
Preface
MCM11_FM.indd 25 3/19/15 1:07 PM
April N. Abbott (coauthor on chapter 77) has participated in re-
search studies supported by Cepheid, ELITech, and Nanosphere.
Ellen Jo Baron (chapters 18, 50) is an employee of Cepheid.
Karen Bush (coauthor on chapter 68) has received retirement 
compensation from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, 
and Pfizer (Wyeth). She has served as advisory board member 
or consultant for or has received research support from Allegra, 
Apple Tree Partners, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Cempra, Cubist, 
Fedora, Medivir, Merck, Novartis, Rempex, Roche, Shionogi, 
The Medicines Company, Theravance, and Wockhardt.
Karen C. Carroll (volume editor; coauthor on chapters 4 and 
53) has received research funding or has been a consultant for 
Abbott Molecular, Inc., Accelerate, Inc., AdvanDx, Inc., BD 
Diagnostics, Inc., BioFire, Inc., Quidel, Inc., Nanosphere, Inc., 
and NanoMR. She also receives royalties from McGraw-Hill 
Publishers.
Maiken Cavling-Arendrup (coauthor on chapter 131) has re-
ceived research funding and/or been a consultant and/or invited 
speaker for Astellas, Cephalon, Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharpe 
& Dohme, Pfizer, Schering-Plough, and Swedish Orphan.
Sharon Chen (coauthor on chapter 119) has served on antifun-
gal advisory boards of Merck, Gilead Sciences, and Pfizer and 
received untied grants from Merck, Pfizer, and Gilead Sciences.
Christopher Doern (coauthor on chapter 5) has served as a con-
sultant to ThermoFisher and Copan and has received research 
funding from Becton Dickinson, BioFire, and bioMérieux.
J. Stephen Dumler (section editor; chapter 61; coauthor on 
chapters 48 and 65) holds a patent for the in vitro cultivation of 
Anaplasma phagocytophilum that is used as a primary method to 
prepare serodiagnostic tests. The technology is licensed to Focus 
Laboratories and he receives periodic royalties for this license.
Ferric C. Fang (coauthor on chapter 77) has participated in re-
search studies supported by Cepheid, ELITech, and Nanosphere.
Charlotte Gaydos (coauthor on chapter 63) has received research 
funding from Hologic/GenProbe, Abbott, Bectin Dickinson, Roche, 
and Cepheid.
Christine C. Ginocchio (section editor; coauthor on chap-
ters 80, 81, and 104) is an employee of bioMérieux. She has re-
ceived clinical trial/research funding from Diagnostic Hybrids/
Quidel, Inc. and research
funding and Advisory Board fees from 
Hologic.
Patti E. Gravitt (coauthor on chapter 104) has received re-
search funding from Roche and Merck and served on an Advi-
sory Board for Qiagen.
Patricia Harris (coauthor on chapter 80) is a former employee 
of Diagnostic Hybrids/Quidel, Inc.
Randall Hayden (coauthor on chapter 103) is a consultant for 
Quidel Corporation and has research agreements and collabo-
rations with Focus Diagnostics, Luminex Molecular Diagnos-
tics, Inc., EliTech, and BioFire Diagnostics, Inc.
Janet A. Hindler (coauthor on chapter 74) has received fund-
ing for research from bioMérieux, Siemens Healthcare, and BD 
Biosciences.
Romney M. Humphries (coauthor on chapter 74) has received 
funding for research from bioMérieux, Siemens Healthcare, 
and BD Biosciences.
Elizabeth M. Johnson (section editor; coauthor on chap-
ter 131) has received research funding and/or been a consultant 
and/or invited speaker for Astellas, Gilead Sciences, Merck 
Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, and Schering-Plough.
Author and Editor
Conflicts of Interest
xxvi
MCM11_FM.indd 26 3/19/15 1:07 PM
James H. Jorgensen (co-editor in chief; coauthor on chapters 1 
and 71) serves on an advisory board for Accelerate Diagnostics 
and has received research support from Merck Pharmaceuticals.
Daryl M. Lamson (coauthor on chapter 88) has a patent appli-
cation pending for the discovery of HRV-C sequences and their 
uses (application number PCT/US 2009/0275636).
James S. Lewis, II (coauthor on chapter 68), has served as con-
sultant to Acceler8 Technology, Astellas, Forest, Merck, Pfizer, 
Trius, Cubist, Rempex, and Theravance and is on the speakers 
bureaus of Astellas, Forest, and Merck.
Stephen E. Lindstrom (coauthor on chapter 84) has a patent 
on realtime RT-PCR assays for influenza.
Melissa Miller (section editor) has served as consultant to Bec-
ton Dickinson, Meridian Biosciences, and GenMark Dx and 
has received clinical trial and research funding from Becton 
Dickinson, Luminex Molecular Diagnostics, Cepheid, Hologic, 
and Nanosphere.
Susan Novak-Weekley (coauthor on chapter 140) was a mem-
ber of the Roche Advisory Board in 2012.
Robin Patel (section editor; coauthor on chapter 4) has re-
ceived research support from Pfizer, Pradama, Astellas, Tornier, 
bioMérieux, NanoMR, 3M, BioFire, and Bruker. She has pat-
ents on an antibiofilm substance, a method and apparatus for 
device sonication, and a PCR assay for Bordetella pertussis and 
Bordetella parapertussis.
David Perlin (chapter 130) is listed on a pending patent ap-
plication concerning diagnostics for echinocandin resistance.
Michael A. Pfaller (co-editor in chief; coauthor on chapter 1) 
is an employee of T2 Biosystems.
Bobbi S. Pritt (section editor; coauthor on chapter 136) has 
received a grant to perform research in collaboration with the 
University of Minnesota to improve the performance of rapid 
diagnostic tests, funded through the Minnesota Partnership for 
Biotechnology and Medical Genomics program. She has also 
participated in research studies supported by Roche Diagnostics 
and Gen-Probe.
Sandra Richter (volume editor; coauthor on chapters 72 and 79) 
has participated in research studies supported by Achaogen, BD 
Diagnostics, bioMérieux, BioFire, Forest Laboratories, Nanosphere, 
Pocared, and OpGen.
Robert Shafer (coauthor on chapter 111) has consulted for 
Celera. He has received unrestricted research gifts from Celera, 
Siemens Health Care, and Hoffman LaRoche and research 
funding from Merck Pharmaceuticals, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 
Hoffmann-LaRoche, and Gilead Sciences.
Jennifer S. Smith (coauthor on chapter 104) has received re-
search funding or advisory board consultation fees from BD, 
GlaxoSmithKlein, Hologic, Merck, Qiagen, and Trovogene.
Tania Sorrell (coauthor on chapter 119) has served on anti-
fungal advisory boards of Merck, Gilead Siences, and Pfizer and 
received untied grants from Merck, Pfizer, and Gilead Sciences.
Yi-Wei Tang (section editor; coauthor on chapters 81 and 86) 
has research agreements and collaborations with Alere, Cepheid, 
Luminex, and Roche.
AUTHOR AND EDITOR CONFLICTS OF INTEREST n  xxvii
MCM11_FM.indd 27 3/19/15 1:07 PM
MCM11_FM.indd 28 3/19/15 1:07 PM
Diagnostic Strategies
and General Topics
VOLUME EDITOR: SANDRA S. RICHTER
SECTION EDITOR: ROBIN PATEL
1 Introduction to the 11th Edition of the Manual
of Clinical Microbiology / 3
JAMES H. JORGENSEN AND
MICHAEL A. PFALLER
2 Microscopy / 5
DANNY L. WIEDBRAUK
3 Laboratory Detection of Bacteremia and
Fungemia / 15
MICHAEL L. WILSON, MELVIN P. WEINSTEIN,
AND L. BARTH RELLER
4 Systems for Identification of Bacteria and
Fungi / 29
KAREN C. CARROLL AND ROBIN PATEL
5 Automation and Design of the Clinical
Microbiology Laboratory / 44
CHRISTOPHER D. DOERN AND
MARTIN HOLFELDER
6 Molecular Microbiology / 54
FREDERICK S. NOLTE
7 Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious
Diseases / 91
ELITZA S. THEEL, A. BETTS CARPENTER, AND
MATTHEW J. BINNICKER
8 Prevention of Health Care-Associated
Infections / 106
DANIEL J. DIEKEMA AND MICHAEL A. PFALLER
MCM 11th Edition
X : MCM11$SEC1
Page 103-22-15 03:12:31
PDFd : MCM11F : odd
9 Investigation of Disease Outbreaks / 120
IONA MUNJAL AND BELINDA OSTROWSKY
10 Molecular Epidemiology / 131
EIJA TREES, PAUL A. ROTA, DUNCAN
MACCANNELL, AND PETER GERNER-SMIDT
11 Procedures for the Storage of
Microorganisms / 161
ROSEMARY C. SHE AND CATHY A. PETTI
12 Prevention of Laboratory-Acquired
Infections / 169
MICHAEL A. NOBLE
13 Decontamination, Disinfection, and
Sterilization / 183
CONSTANZE WENDT, RENO FREI, AND
ANDREAS F. WIDMER
14 Biothreat Agents / 217
SUSAN E. SHARP AND MICHAEL LOEFFELHOLZ
15 The Human Microbiome / 226
JAMES VERSALOVIC, SARAH K. HIGHLANDER,
AND JOSEPH F. PETROSINO
16 Microbial Genomics and Pathogen
Discovery / 238
JENNIFER K. SPINLER, PEERA HEMARAJATA,
AND JAMES VERSALOVIC
This page intentionally left blank.
MCM 11th Edition
X : MCMDU$SEC3
Page 2 – blank – no folio04-04-15 15:40:41
PDFd : MCM11Z : blank
Introduction to the 11th Edition of the Manual of Clinical
Microbiology*
JAMES H. JORGENSEN AND MICHAEL A. PFALLER
1
The 11th edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology
(MCM11) marks a significant change from prior editions
in that there are co-editors in chief for the first time. There
has been only one editor in chief for all prior editions since
the first edition in 1970. However, as the Manual has grown
in size and scope, it has become a Herculean effort for a
single editor in chief. Since the 8th edition of the Manual,
it has been published as two volumes. We have divided
our duties primarily by volume: volume 1 (Jorgensen) and
volume 2 (Pfaller). This edition of the Manual contains
151 chapters comprising almost 2,600 pages. It includes a
comprehensive array of content on all aspects of microbiol-
ogy contributed by world experts on each subject, with their
chapters edited by a highly committed team of volume and
section editors working within the usual 4-year publication
cycle. This edition includes one new volume editor (Sandra
Rich-ter) and three new section editors in addition to the
new editors in chief. Four volume editors, Karen Carroll,
Guido Funke, Marie Louise Landry, and David Warnock,
served for the past edition of the Manual. Underscoring the
international importance of the Manual, 20% and 37% of
section editors and chapter authors, respectively, contrib-
uted content from countries outside the United States (up
from 19 and 30% in the previous edition). There were 88
authors who contributed content to the Manual for the first
time.
The overall organization of the Manual and the chapter
formats are quite similar to those of the 10th edition. How-
ever, readers will note some new or expanded content in
this edition. Since publication of the 10th edition, the
application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–
time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has