<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">INSTITUTO FEDERA<span class="_0 blank"></span>L DE EDUCAÇÃO <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">TECNOLÓGICA<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h2 y4 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Av. Jerônimo Figueira da Costa, 3014 - Bairro Pozzobon. <span class="fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h2 y5 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">CEP 15503<span class="ff2 ws0">www.ifsp.edu.br<span class="ff1">-</span></span><span class="ls0">110 </span>- Votuporanga <span class="ff3 fs0 ls1"> </span>- <span class="ls4">SP </span><span class="fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 yc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 yd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 ye ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h4 yf ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">EDIFICAÇÕES: <span class="_0 blank"></span>NOTAS DE A<span class="_0 blank"></span>ULA<span class="fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y12 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">INTRODUÇÃO <span class="_0 blank"></span>À CONSTRUÇÃO<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h5 y13 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws1">CIVIL<span class="ff1 fs0 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y1a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Montagem: Prof. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Msc. </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y1b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Gustavo Cabrelli<span class="_1 blank"> </span> Nirschl <span class="fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y1d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 xa h6 y20 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Dezembro de 20<span class="_1 blank"> </span>13 <span class="fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 xc h7 y22 ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">CRITÉRIOS DE APROVAÇÃO DA DISCIPLINA </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y24 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">FREQUENCIA EM CADA DISCI<span class="_0 blank"></span>P<span class="_1 blank"> </span>LI<span class="_0 blank"></span>NA > 75% (CADA 4 PODE FALTAR 1) <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y25 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y26 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">1º BIMESTRE: <span class="ff1"> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y27 w2 h8" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 xd h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws2"> <span class="ff3 ls3 v1">Media1 = (Prova1 * 0,6) + (Trabalhos1 * 0,4) <span class="ff1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y29 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">SE Média1 < 6,0 <span class="ff5 ls6">\uf0e0</span> AVALIAÇÃO DE REC., VALENDO, NO MÁXIMO, 6,0 <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">2º BIMESTRE: <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Media2 = (Prova2 * 0,6) + (Trabalhos2 * 0,4) <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">SE Média2 < 6,0 <span class="ff5 ls6">\uf0e0</span> AVALIAÇÃO DE REC., VALENDO, NO MÁXIMO, 6,0 <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">3º BIMESTRE: <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y30 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Media3 = (Prova3 * 0,6) + (Trabalhos3 * 0,4) <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y31 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">SE Média3 < 6,0 <span class="ff5 ls6">\uf0e0</span> AVALIAÇÃO DE REC., VALENDO, NO MÁXIMO, 6,0 <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y33 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">4º BIMESTRE: <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y34 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Media4 = (Prova4 * 0,6) + (Trabalhos4 * 0,4) <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y35 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">SE Média4 < 6,0 <span class="ff5 ls6">\uf0e0</span> AVALIAÇÃO DE REC., VALENDO, NO MÁXIMO, 6,0 <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y36 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y37 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">MÉDIA ANUAL = (Media1 + Media2 + Media3 + Media4) / 4 <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y38 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y39 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">MÉDIA ANUAL > 2,0 E < 6,0 <span class="ff5 ls7">\uf0e0</span> EXAME FINAL <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">MÉDIA DO ÚLTIMO BIMESTRE < 4,0 <span class="ff5 ls8">\uf0e0</span> EXAME FINAL <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y3c ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">MÉDIA FINAL = maior entre (MÉDIA ANUAL E NOTA DO EXAME FINAL) <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws2"> <span class="ff4 ls3 v1">CRITÉRIOS DE APROVAÇÃO ANUAL NO CURSO </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y3f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">MÉDIA FINAL DE CADA DISCI<span class="_0 blank"></span>PLINA > 6 <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y40 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y41 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws2"> <span class="ff2 ls3 ws3 v1">SUMÁRIO</span><span class="ls3 v1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y43 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">1- HISTÓRIA DA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S ED<span class="_1 blank"> </span>IFICA<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÇÕES<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">.............................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span>4 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y44 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">2 <span class="ls3">- GEOMETRIA<span class="_0 blank"></span> B<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Á<span class="_0 blank"></span>SICA E VINCULAÇÃO DOS ELEMENTOS ESTRUTURAIS <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">....<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span>8 </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y45 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">3 <span class="ls3">- MATERIAIS USUALMENTE EMPREGADOS NA CONSTRU<span class="_0 blank"></span>Ç<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"></span>O CIVIL<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsb">..........<span class="ls3"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">11<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y46 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">4 <span class="ls3">- SISTEMA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S ESTRUTUR<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>IS <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">................................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">25<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y47 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">5 <span class="ff6 lsc">\u2013</span><span class="ls3"> ESTABILIDA<span class="_0 blank"></span>DE DE E<span class="_1 blank"> </span>STRUTURA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">..................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">40<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y48 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">6 <span class="ls3">- DIMENSIONAMENTO DE ESTRUTURA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">..........................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">42<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y49 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">7 <span class="ls3">- NOÇÕES SOBRE DIMENSIONA<span class="_0 blank"></span>MENTO DE <span class="_1 blank"> </span>CONC<span class="_0 blank"></span>RETO <span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>RMA<span class="_0 blank"></span>DO E P<span class="_1 blank"> </span>RÉ-</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h7 y4a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">MOLDADO <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">...............................................................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">48<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">8 <span class="ls3">- NOÇÕES SOBRE DIMENSIONA<span class="_0 blank"></span>MENTO DE M<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>DEIRA <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">...................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span>54 </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">9 <span class="ls3">- NOÇÕES SOBRE DIMENSIONA<span class="_0 blank"></span>MENTO DE E<span class="_1 blank"> </span>STRUTURA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S METÁLICAS<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsb">......<span class="ls3"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">58<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">10 <span class="ls3">- INSTA<span class="_0 blank"></span>L<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÇÕES HIDRÁULICAS <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">........................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">61<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">11 <span class="ls3">- INSTA<span class="_0 blank"></span>L<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÇÕES ELÉTRICAS <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">............................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">69<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">12 <span class="ls3">- OUTRA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S INST<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>LAÇÕES PREDIAIS <span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">...............................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">81<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y50 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">13 <span class="ls3">- PLA<span class="_0 blank"></span>NEJ<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>MENTO, ORÇAMENTO, EXECUÇÃO E CONTROLE<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="lsb">.....................<span class="ls3"> <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">82<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y51 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">14. FUNÇÃO SOCIAL DO TÉCNICO DE EDIFICAÇÕES <span class="lsb ws4">......................................</span> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">90<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y52 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">15. LEGISLAÇÃ<span class="_0 blank"></span>O<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">.....................................................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">90<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[4,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:311.780000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:296.770000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.010000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[11,"XYZ",82,87,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:281.750000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:266.740000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.010000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",82,124,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:251.720000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[42,"XYZ",82,268,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:236.700000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",82,302,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:82.850000px;bottom:222.390000px;width:457.750000px;height:14.310000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",82,302,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:82.850000px;bottom:207.370000px;width:457.750000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[54,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:192.350000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[58,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:177.340000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.010000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[61,"XYZ",82,327,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:162.320000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[69,"XYZ",82,135,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:147.300000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[81,"XYZ",82,189,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:132.290000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.010000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[82,"XYZ",82,307,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:117.270000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[90,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:102.260000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.010000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[90,"XYZ",82,152,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:87.239000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.021000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y53 w3 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 xd h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 lse ws2"> <span class="ff2 ls3 v1">16. GRANDES EDIFICA<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÇÕES<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">.................................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">95<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y54 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">17. BIBLIOGRAFIA <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="lsb ws4">..................................................................................................<span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="lsd ws5">96<span class="ls3 ws2"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y55 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y56 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y57 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsf ws2"> <span class="ff1 ls3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y58 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[95,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.050000px;bottom:776.130000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.020000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[96,"XYZ",115,802,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:83.600000px;bottom:761.120000px;width:457.000000px;height:15.010000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y59 w4 ha" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_7 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>4<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xf h7 y5b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">1- HISTÓRIA DA<span class="_0 blank"></span>S ED<span class="_1 blank"> </span>IFICA<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÇÕES <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y5c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y5d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">A <span class="_a blank"> </span>construção <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>edificações <span class="_b blank"> </span>é, <span class="_a blank"> </span>sem <span class="_b blank"> </span>dúvida, <span class="_a blank"> </span>uma <span class="_a blank"> </span>das <span class="_a blank"> </span>atividades <span class="_b blank"> </span>huma<span class="_1 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">mais antigas e importantes para o progresso das civilizações. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y5f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">As <span class="_c blank"> </span>edificações, <span class="_c blank"> </span>ao <span class="_c blank"> </span>longo <span class="_c blank"> </span>do <span class="_c blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_c blank"> </span>humano, <span class="_c blank"> </span>foram <span class="_c blank"> </span>utilizadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>para </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y60 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">transformar <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>natureza <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>fo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>ma <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>atender <span class="_d blank"> </span>aos <span class="_d blank"> </span>pr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>opósitos <span class="_d blank"> </span>humanos <span class="_b blank"> </span>referentes <span class="_d blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y61 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">abrigo, segurança, locomoção, produção, diversão e outros. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y62 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y63 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x12 h2 y64 ff7 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Habitações em rocha.<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y65 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1">Os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Cone<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Capadócia, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>formações <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>origem <span class="_e blank"> </span>vulcânica <span class="_e blank"> </span>situadas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>na <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Turquia </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y66 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">central, <span class="_d blank"> </span>constituem <span class="_f blank"> </span>verdadeiras <span class="_f blank"> </span>cidades <span class="_f blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>sc<span class="_0 blank"></span>ulpidas <span class="_d blank"> </span>na <span class="_f blank"> </span>rocha <span class="_f blank"> </span>(ver <span class="_f blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ig<span class="_0 blank"></span>ura <span class="_f blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>cima). <span class="_f blank"> </span>A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y67 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">composição <span class="_10 blank"> </span>do <span class="_10 blank"> </span>material, <span class="_10 blank"> </span>um <span class="_10 blank"> </span>tipo <span class="_10 blank"> </span>de <span class="_10 blank"> </span>arei<span class="_0 blank"></span>a <span class="_10 blank"> </span>vulcânica <span class="_10 blank"> </span>compactada, <span class="_10 blank"> </span>permite <span class="_10 blank"> </span>fácil </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y68 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">escavação <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>endureci<span class="_0 blank"></span>ment<span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>as <span class="_c blank"> </span>superfícies <span class="_f blank"> </span>expostas, <span class="_f blank"> </span>viabiliz<span class="_0 blank"></span>ando<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>ocupação <span class="_f blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y69 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">seu interior por moradias com relativa comodidade para os habitantes. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x13 h2 y6b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h2 y6c ff7 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Caverna em Massafra, Itália. <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1">Cavernas <span class="_11 blank"> </span>como <span class="_11 blank"> </span>a <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>Massafra, <span class="_11 blank"> </span>na <span class="_11 blank"> </span>região <span class="_11 blank"> </span>italiana <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>Pugli<span class="_0 blank"></span>a, <span class="_11 blank"> </span>foram <span class="_11 blank"> </span>as </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">primeiras moradias humanas.<span class="lsb"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y6f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Para <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Gama (1986) <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a técnica <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aplicada <span class="_1 blank"> </span>à construção <span class="_1 blank"> </span>é uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>atividade quase <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tão </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y70 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">antiga <span class="_12 blank"> </span>quanto <span class="_11 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_11 blank"> </span>humanidade <span class="_11 blank"> </span>e <span class="_12 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_12 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_12 blank"> </span>está <span class="_11 blank"> </span>relacionado <span class="_12 blank"> </span>com <span class="_12 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y71 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">observação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>natureza <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>com <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>prendiz<span class="_0 blank"></span>ado <span class="_1 blank"> </span>empírico <span class="_1 blank"> </span>(por <span class="_1 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eio <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>testes) <span class="_1 blank"> </span>durante<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y72 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">a prática de construir. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y73 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Por <span class="_1 blank"> </span>volta <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>10 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mil <span class="_1 blank"> </span>anos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>atrás, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>surg<span class="_0 blank"></span>iram <span class="_1 blank"> </span>os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>primeiros <span class="_1 blank"> </span>agrupamentos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>humanos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y74 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">perenes, <span class="_d blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>o <span class="_d blank"> </span>homem <span class="_d blank"> </span>pa<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ulatinamente <span class="_d blank"> </span>passa <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>coletor <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>alimentos <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_b blank"> </span>caçador <span class="_d blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y75 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">agricultor <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>criador <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>animais. <span class="_d blank"> </span>Em <span class="_d blank"> </span>uma <span class="_f blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_d blank"> </span>nômade, <span class="_d blank"> </span>o <span class="_d blank"> </span>homem <span class="_f blank"> </span>é<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_f blank"> </span>obrigado <span class="_f blank"> </span>a </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y76 w5 hb" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_7 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>5<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xf h2 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">carregar <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tu<span class="_1 blank"> </span>do <span class="_1 blank"> </span>consigo <span class="_e blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uantidade <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>tamanho <span class="_e blank"> </span>dos <span class="_e blank"> </span>utensílios <span class="_e blank"> </span>são <span class="_e blank"> </span>limitados, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y77 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">desestimulando o progresso técnico. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y78 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Mais <span class="_13 blank"> </span>tarde, <span class="_13 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_13 blank"> </span>sociedades <span class="_13 blank"> </span>agrícolas, <span class="_13 blank"> </span>as <span class="_13 blank"> </span>estruturas <span class="_13 blank"> </span>nômades <span class="_13 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y79 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">assentamento <span class="_10 blank"> </span>humano, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>aldeias, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>oca<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>cabanas, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>etc., <span class="_10 blank"> </span>dão <span class="_14 blank"> </span>lugar <span class="_10 blank"> </span>aos <span class="_10 blank"> </span>vilarejos <span class="_14 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">povoados <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>às <span class="_c blank"> </span>habitações <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>pedra, <span class="_c blank"> </span>adobe <span class="_c blank"> </span>(solo), <span class="_c blank"> </span>tijolos, <span class="_c blank"> </span>etc., <span class="_c blank"> </span>marcando <span class="_c blank"> </span>um <span class="_c blank"> </span>claro<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">propósito de fixação, durabilidade, ocupação e transformação do<span class="_0 blank"></span> espaço natural. <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y7c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">A <span class="_10 blank"> </span>locomoção <span class="_10 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_10 blank"> </span>nômades <span class="_14 blank"> </span>sem <span class="_10 blank"> </span>destino <span class="_14 blank"> </span>p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>reciso <span class="_14 blank"> </span>dá <span class="_10 blank"> </span>lugar <span class="_10 blank"> </span>à <span class="_10 blank"> </span>ligação <span class="_14 blank"> </span>po<span class="_1 blank"> </span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">estradas e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>caminhos entre comunidades; o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ex<span class="_0 blank"></span>trativismo<span class="_1 blank"> </span> e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a adaptação do homem às </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">condições <span class="_12 blank"> </span>ambientais <span class="_12 blank"> </span>são <span class="_15 blank"> </span>trocados <span class="_12 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_15 blank"> </span>modelagem <span class="_15 blank"> </span>da <span class="_12 blank"> </span>natureza, <span class="_12 blank"> </span>através <span class="_12 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y7f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">habitações, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>silos, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>es<span class="_0 blank"></span>tradas, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>pontes, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>teatros, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>templos, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>barragens, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>canais, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>etc., </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y80 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">incrementando <span class="_18 blank"> </span>os <span class="_e blank"> </span>condicionantes <span class="_18 blank"> </span>naturais <span class="_e blank"> </span>do <span class="_e blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>esempenho <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>g<span class="_0 blank"></span>rícola <span class="_18 blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>prod<span class="_1 blank"> </span>utiv<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y81 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">sociedades. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y82 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Durante <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>antigüidade <span class="_1 blank"> </span>clássica, <span class="_e blank"> </span><span class="ff7">Marcus <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Vitruvius <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Pollio<span class="_1 blank"> </span></span><span class="ls11"> <span class="ff8 lsd">\u2013</span></span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Vitrúvio <span class="_1 blank"> </span>(Séc. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>I <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a.C.) </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y83 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">elabora <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_18 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_18 blank"> </span>tratado <span class="_c blank"> </span>"De <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Architectura" <span class="_c blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>m <span class="_c blank"> </span>dez<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>capítulos <span class="_18 blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>abordam <span class="_18 blank"> </span>a <span class="_18 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>or<span class="_0 blank"></span>mação </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y84 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">do \u201carquiteto\u201d, o<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s<span class="_0 blank"></span> requisitos mecânicos e e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>struturais de habitabilidade e est<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff1">éticas das </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 hc y85 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">edificações <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>as <span class="_f blank"> </span>características <span class="_f blank"> </span>\u201cprojetuais\u201d <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>construtivas, <span class="_f blank"> </span>geometria, <span class="_f blank"> </span>propriedad<span class="_0 blank"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y86 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">dos materiais, etc. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y87 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">O <span class="_1 blank"> </span>trab<span class="_1 blank"> </span>alh<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Vitrúvio <span class="_1 blank"> </span>lan<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ça <span class="_1 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>bases <span class="_e blank"> </span>para <span class="_e blank"> </span>um <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tratamento <span class="_e blank"> </span>teórico <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ormal <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y88 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">atividade de<span class="_1 blank"> </span> construção que a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>é <span class="_14 blank"> </span>então era realizada d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e forma p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rática, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>com os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y89 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">conhecimentos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>construtivos <span class="_16 blank"> </span>send<span class="_1 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_19 blank"> </span>transmitidos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>oralmente <span class="_16 blank"> </span>e <span class="_19 blank"> </span>por <span class="_19 blank"> </span>exemplos <span class="_1a blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws6">\u2013</span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">edificações existentes. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x15 h2 y8c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 h2 y8d ff7 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Exemplo de obras do período Romano. <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1">Outra <span class="_f blank"> </span>sig<span class="_0 blank"></span>nif<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ica<span class="_0 blank"></span>tiva <span class="_c blank"> </span>inf<span class="_1 blank"> </span>lex<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão <span class="_f blank"> </span>na <span class="_c blank"> </span>capacidade <span class="_f blank"> </span>construtiva <span class="_c blank"> </span>humana <span class="_f blank"> </span>oc<span class="_0 blank"></span>orre <span class="_f blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>o </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">desenvolvimento cientí<span class="_0 blank"></span>fico, marcando o sur<span class="_0 blank"></span>gimento da tecnologia, <span class="_1b blank"> </span>que pode <span class="_1b blank"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y90 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">caracterizada <span class="_11 blank"> </span>pelo <span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>mprego <span class="_11 blank"> </span>da <span class="_11 blank"> </span>ciência <span class="_10 blank"> </span>moderna <span class="_11 blank"> </span>às <span class="_11 blank"> </span>técnicas <span class="_10 blank"> </span>e <span class="_11 blank"> </span>aos <span class="_11 blank"> </span>meios <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y91 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">produção. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y92 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Na técnica, o planejamento é associado à experiência prática. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y93 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Na <span class="_18 blank"> </span>tecnologia, <span class="_18 blank"> </span>o <span class="_18 blank"> </span>pe<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ns<span class="_0 blank"></span>ar <span class="_18 blank"> </span>é <span class="_c blank"> </span>rel<span class="_0 blank"></span>acionado <span class="_18 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_c blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"></span>onhecimento <span class="_18 blank"> </span>formal <span class="_18 blank"> </span>e <span class="_18 blank"> </span>abstrato <span class="_18 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y94 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">ciência <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_18 blank"> </span>posteriormente <span class="_c blank"> </span>é <span class="_18 blank"> </span>associado <span class="_18 blank"> </span>à<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s <span class="_18 blank"> </span>técnicas <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_18 blank"> </span>produção. <span class="_18 blank"> </span>O <span class="_c blank"> </span>pensar <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_18 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1c blank"> </span>fazer </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y95 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">são dissociados e exigem habilidades distintas. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 y96 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">O <span class="_14 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>mp<span class="_1 blank"> </span>reg<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_14 blank"> </span>da tecnologia n<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a atividade <span class="_14 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"></span>onstrutiva <span class="_14 blank"> </span>pressupõe um <span class="_14 blank"> </span>estud<span class="_0 blank"></span>o, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y97 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">desenvolvimento <span class="_10 blank"> </span>e <span class="_10 blank"> </span>plane<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ja<span class="_0 blank"></span>mento <span class="_10 blank"> </span>detalhado <span class="_10 blank"> </span>e <span class="_10 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>inucioso <span class="_14 blank"> </span>das <span class="_10 blank"> </span>form<span class="_1 blank"> </span>as, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>materiais, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y98 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">comportamentos <span class="_b blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ísic<span class="_0 blank"></span>os, <span class="_a blank"> </span>etc. <span class="_a blank"> </span>O <span class="_b blank"> </span>método <span class="_a blank"> </span>pelo <span class="_a blank"> </span>qual <span class="_b blank"> </span>se<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>dá<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>este <span class="_a blank"> </span>planejamento <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y99 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">aplica à tecnologia é o <span class="ff2 ws6">Projeto</span><span class="lsb">. </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1">No <span class="_c blank"> </span>início, <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_f blank"> </span>estruturas <span class="_1c blank"> </span>eram<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1c blank"> </span>feitas <span class="_f blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>m <span class="_c blank"> </span>madeira. <span class="_f blank"> </span>Porém, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1c blank"> </span>"Ponte <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>Ferr<span class="_0 blank"></span>o" </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">em Coalbrookdale (f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ig<span class="_0 blank"></span>ura a seguir), Reino U<span class="_1 blank"> </span>nido, foi pioneira no uso do f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>erro <span class="_0 blank"></span>fu<span class="_1 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>dido </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y9d w6 hd" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_7 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>6<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xf h2 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">como <span class="_16 blank"> </span>ma<span class="_1 blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>erial <span class="_19 blank"> </span>estrutural. <span class="_16 blank"> </span>A <span class="_19 blank"> </span>obra <span class="_16 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>in<span class="_0 blank"></span>da <span class="_16 blank"> </span>traz <span class="_19 blank"> </span>implícita <span class="_16 blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_16 blank"> </span>linguagem <span class="_16 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y77 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">carpintaria, revelando um nítido momento de transição entre técnicas construtivas. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y78 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x17 h2 y9e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 h2 y9f ff7 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Ponte de ferro em Coalbrookdale. Ano de execução 1777<span class="_1 blank"> </span>-17<span class="_0 blank"></span>79. <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1">O <span class="_c blank"> </span>avanço <span class="_c blank"> </span>das <span class="_c blank"> </span>técnicas <span class="_1c blank"> </span>construt<span class="_1 blank"> </span>iv<span class="_0 blank"></span>as <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_c blank"> </span>direção <span class="_c blank"> </span>à <span class="_c blank"> </span>ampliação <span class="_c blank"> </span>dos <span class="_c blank"> </span>vãos <span class="_1c blank"> </span>livres </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">deu um salto decisivo nesse período graças às estruturas metálica<span class="_0 blank"></span>s. <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 ya2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Nas <span class="_d blank"> </span>duas <span class="_d blank"> </span>últimas <span class="_d blank"> </span>décadas <span class="_d blank"> </span>do <span class="_d blank"> </span>século <span class="_b blank"> </span>XIX, <span class="_d blank"> </span>por <span class="_d blank"> </span>ocasião <span class="_d blank"> </span>da <span class="_d blank"> </span>reconstrução <span class="_d blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">centro <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Chicago <span class="_1 blank"> </span>após o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>grande <span class="_1 blank"> </span>incêndio <span class="_1 blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e 1<span class="_1 blank"> </span>871, a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> multiplicação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>arranha<span class="_1 blank"> </span>-céu<span class="_0 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">ali <span class="_14 blank"> </span>ocorrida <span class="_14 blank"> </span>foi <span class="_14 blank"> </span>a <span class="_14 blank"> </span>oportunidade <span class="_14 blank"> </span>propícia <span class="_14 blank"> </span>a <span class="_14 blank"> </span>um <span class="_14 blank"> </span>significativo <span class="_14 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_14 blank"> </span>das<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">estruturas <span class="_e blank"> </span>independentes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>(pilares, <span class="_e blank"> </span>vigas <span class="_e blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>lajes): <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>verticalização <span class="_e blank"> </span>não <span class="_e blank"> </span>teria <span class="_e blank"> </span>sido <span class="_1 blank"> </span>nem </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">técnica <span class="_1a blank"> </span>nem <span class="_1a blank"> </span>econo<span class="_0 blank"></span>micamente <span class="_1a blank"> </span>possível <span class="_1a blank"> </span>se <span class="_1a blank"> </span>a <span class="_1a blank"> </span>s<span class="_0 blank"></span>ustenta<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ção <span class="_1a blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"></span>aqueles <span class="_1a blank"> </span>edifícios </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">dependesse <span class="_18 blank"> </span>de <span class="_18 blank"> </span>suas <span class="_18 blank"> </span>vedações. <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Isto <span class="_1c blank"> </span>porque <span class="_18 blank"> </span>as <span class="_18 blank"> </span>paredes <span class="_1c blank"> </span>seriam <span class="_18 blank"> </span>de <span class="_18 blank"> </span>espessura <span class="_18 blank"> </span>muito </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">grande, com altíssimo custo. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y4a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x1a he yaa ff7 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Edificios Lake Shore Drive (construção), Chicago, início dos 1950. A<span class="_0 blank"></span>rquiteto Mies </div><div class="t m0 x7 h2 yab ff7 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">van der Rohe<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yac ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws2"> <span class="ls3 v1">No <span class="_d blank"> </span>século <span class="_d blank"> </span>XIX, <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>arquitetura <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>engenharia <span class="_d blank"> </span>começam <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>ser <span class="_d blank"> </span>reconhecidas<span class="_0 blank"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yad ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">como <span class="_d blank"> </span>atividades <span class="_d blank"> </span>profissionais, <span class="_d blank"> </span>formais <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>regulamentadas <span class="_d blank"> </span>que <span class="_d blank"> </span>exigem <span class="_d blank"> </span>arquitetos <span class="_f blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yae ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">engenheiros habilitados por diplomas específicos. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 yaf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Com <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>passar <span class="_1 blank"> </span>do tempo, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>conhecimentos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tecnológicos fo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ram desenvolvidos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">e <span class="_1c blank"> </span>espe<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ci<span class="_0 blank"></span>alizados. <span class="_1c blank"> </span>No <span class="_c blank"> </span>século <span class="_c blank"> </span>XIX <span class="_18 blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>na<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_18 blank"> </span>primeira <span class="_1c blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>etad<span class="_0 blank"></span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>do <span class="_1c blank"> </span>século <span class="_1c blank"> </span>XX, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>su<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rg<span class="_0 blank"></span>em <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_1c blank"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">disseminam <span class="_19 blank"> </span>diversas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>novas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>tecnologias <span class="_19 blank"> </span>que <span class="_19 blank"> </span>são <span class="_19 blank"> </span>inco<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rpor<span class="_0 blank"></span>adas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>aos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>edifícios, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">principalmente <span class="_15 blank"> </span>na <span class="_15 blank"> </span>á<span class="_1 blank"> </span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>ea <span class="_15 blank"> </span>de <span class="_17 blank"> </span>materiais, <span class="_12 blank"> </span>estruturas <span class="_15 blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_12 blank"> </span>de <span class="_17 blank"> </span>siste<span class="_0 blank"></span>mas <span class="_15 blank"> </span>prediais. <span class="_17 blank"> </span>São<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y53 w3 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_7 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>7<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xf h2 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">exemplos <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>energia <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>luz <span class="_d blank"> </span>elétri<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ca <span class="_d blank"> </span>(lâmpada <span class="_d blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>lé<span class="_0 blank"></span>trica <span class="_b blank"> </span>1879), <span class="_d blank"> </span>o <span class="_d blank"> </span>elevador <span class="_b blank"> </span>(a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y77 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">vapor <span class="_1c blank"> </span>- <span class="_1c blank"> </span>18<span class="_1 blank"> </span>57, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>elétrico <span class="_1c blank"> </span>- <span class="_c blank"> </span>1887), <span class="_c blank"> </span>condicionamento <span class="_1c blank"> </span>termo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>-<span class="_0 blank"></span>mecânico <span class="_1c blank"> </span>das <span class="_c blank"> </span>edificações, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">disseminação <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_b blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_0 blank"></span>imoramento <span class="_a blank"> </span>das <span class="_b blank"> </span>redes <span class="_b blank"> </span>de<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>água <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>esgoto <span class="_b blank"> </span>tratados, <span class="_a blank"> </span>e, <span class="_b blank"> </span>mais </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">recentemente, <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>artir <span class="_d blank"> </span>da <span class="_b blank"> </span>segunda <span class="_b blank"> </span>metade <span class="_d blank"> </span>do<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>século <span class="_b blank"> </span>XX, <span class="_d blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s <span class="_b blank"> </span>red<span class="_1 blank"> </span>es <span class="_d blank"> </span>lógicas <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_b blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">serviços <span class="_19 blank"> </span>inteligentes <span class="_16 blank"> </span>que <span class="_19 blank"> </span>modificam <span class="_19 blank"> </span>substancialmente <span class="_19 blank"> </span>o <span class="_19 blank"> </span>funcionamento <span class="_16 blank"> </span>e <span class="_19 blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">exigências <span class="_11 blank"> </span>das <span class="_12 blank"> </span>edificações. <span class="_11 blank"> </span>Outra <span class="_12 blank"> </span>inovaçã<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_12 blank"> </span>da <span class="_11 blank"> </span>época <span class="_11 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ora<span class="_0 blank"></span>m <span class="_11 blank"> </span>as <span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>struturas <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">concreto. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h2 yb8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Com <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>revolução <span class="_e blank"> </span>da <span class="_e blank"> </span>indústria <span class="_e blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>as <span class="_e blank"> </span>novas <span class="_e blank"> </span>necessidades <span class="_e blank"> </span>e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>escalas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>prod<span class="_1 blank"> </span>utivas<span class="_0 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yb9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">surgem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>iniciativ<span class="_0 blank"></span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>elaboração de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>normas técnicas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>que e<span class="_1 blank"> </span>stabelecem parâmetros <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yba ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">padrões <span class="_b blank"> </span>universais <span class="_d blank"> </span>para <span class="_b blank"> </span>determinado <span class="_b blank"> </span>produto <span class="_b blank"> </span>ou <span class="_b blank"> </span>serviço <span class="_d blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>forma <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>be<span class="_1 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"></span>eficiar <span class="_b blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ybb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">cooperação <span class="_e blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>o <span class="_e blank"> </span>intercâmbio <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_e blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_e blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>serviços. <span class="_e blank"> </span>No <span class="_e blank"> </span>Brasil, <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>ABNT<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>(Associação </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ybc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) data de 1940. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y82 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_1d blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 ybd w7 hf" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_7 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>8<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xf h7 y5b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws2">2 <span class="ls3">- GEOMETRIA<span class="_0 blank"></span> B<span class="_1 blank"> </span>Á<span class="_0 blank"></span>SICA E VINCULAÇÃO DOS ELEMENTOS ESTRUTURAIS <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> A <span class="_1b blank"> </span>execução <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>uma construção, <span class="_a blank"> </span>como <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_1b blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>um edi<span class="_0 blank"></span>fício, u<span class="_0 blank"></span>ma ponte<span class="_0 blank"></span> ou <span class="_b blank"> </span>de u<span class="_0 blank"></span>m </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">simples <span class="_f blank"> </span>muro <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>contenção, <span class="_f blank"> </span>imp<span class="_1 blank"> </span>lica <span class="_f blank"> </span>na <span class="_f blank"> </span>construção <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>uma <span class="_d blank"> </span>estrutura <span class="_f blank"> </span>suporte <span class="_f blank"> </span>que </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ybe ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">necessita <span class="_1 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"></span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>projeto, planejamento <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e execução <span class="_1 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ópria. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Portanto, a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>estrutura de uma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ybf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">construção tem <span class="_14 blank"> </span>como função <span class="_14 blank"> </span>principal garantir sua <span class="_14 blank"> </span>int<span class="_0 blank"></span>egridade pe<span class="_1 blank"> </span>lo período de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">tempo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>que <span class="_1 blank"> </span>for <span class="_1 blank"> </span>julgado <span class="_1 blank"> </span>necessário, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>fim <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>levar <span class="_1 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ações <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_1 blank"> </span>solo, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>acordo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>com <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">forma espacial idealizada. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> Vele <span class="_e blank"> </span>ressaltar <span class="_e blank"> </span>que, <span class="_e blank"> </span>seja <span class="_1 blank"> </span>qual <span class="_e blank"> </span>fo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>r <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_e blank"> </span>sistema, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_18 blank"> </span>objetivo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_18 blank"> </span>estrutura <span class="_1 blank"> </span>é <span class="_e blank"> </span>levar <span class="_e blank"> </span>as <span class="_e blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>çõ<span class="_0 blank"></span>es </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">(peso da<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s máquinas, peso <span class="_1 blank"> </span>das pessoas, peso do<span class="_1 blank"> </span>s objetos, peso <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dos veículos, vento, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">peso <span class="_1 blank"> </span>próprio, etc.) <span class="_1 blank"> </span>até o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>solo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>(ou até<span class="_1 blank"> </span> uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>outra estrutu<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ra que, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>por sua <span class="_1 blank"> </span>vez, levará <span class="_1 blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">ações <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a<span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1c blank"> </span>solo), <span class="_1c blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_18 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>forma <span class="_c blank"> </span>ou <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>outra. <span class="_1c blank"> </span>As <span class="_c blank"> </span>estruturas <span class="_c blank"> </span>terão <span class="_c blank"> </span>que <span class="_1c blank"> </span>te<span class="_1 blank"> </span>r <span class="_1c blank"> </span>dimensões </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">mínimas para resistir à passagem das ações. Isso é o dimensionamento! </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">2.1. <span class="_1e blank"> </span>CLASSIFICAÇÃO <span class="_1f blank"> </span>DOS <span class="_1f blank"> </span>ELEMENTOS <span class="_1f blank"> </span>ESTRUTURAIS <span class="_1f blank"> </span>QUANTO <span class="_1f blank"> </span>À </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 yc9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws6">GEOMETRIA<span class="ff2 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yca ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ycb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> Todas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>as estruturas, na <span class="_1 blank"> </span>realidade, são <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tridimensionais, ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>seja, têm <span class="_1 blank"> </span>largura, altura <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ycc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">espessura. Os sistemas estruturais são<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"></span>modelos de compo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rt<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento idealizados para </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ycd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">representação <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>análise <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>uma <span class="_f blank"> </span>estrutura <span class="_f blank"> </span>tridimensional. <span class="_f blank"> </span>E <span class="_f blank"> </span>esses <span class="_f blank"> </span>modelos <span class="_f blank"> </span>quase </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yce ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">sempre <span class="_d blank"> </span>n<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ão <span class="_d blank"> </span>têm <span class="_d blank"> </span>3 <span class="_b blank"> </span>dimensões, <span class="_d blank"> </span>mas <span class="_b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_d blank"> </span>ou <span class="_d blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uas <span class="_d blank"> </span>apenas. <span class="_d blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>As <span class="_d blank"> </span>peças <span class="_b blank"> </span>estruturais </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ycf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">podem ser classificadas, segundo a geometria, em: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd1 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uf0e0<span class="ff1 ls3 ws2"> ELEMENTOS LINEARES </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- <span class="_18 blank"> </span>Ba<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rr<span class="_0 blank"></span>a: <span class="_1c blank"> </span>duas <span class="_1c blank"> </span>dimensões <span class="_1c blank"> </span>da <span class="_1c blank"> </span>mesma <span class="_1c blank"> </span>ordem <span class="_18 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1c blank"> </span>grandeza <span class="_18 blank"> </span>(seçã<span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_e blank"> </span>tran<span class="_1 blank"> </span>sv<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersal) <span class="_1c blank"> </span>e <span class="_1c blank"> </span>uma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">terceira maior que as outras duas (comp<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ri<span class="_0 blank"></span>mento). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x1b h2 yd6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_20 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>REAL <span class="_22 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>REPRESENTAÇÃO SIMPLIFICADA PARA C<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÁLCULO <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yd9 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uf0e0<span class="ff1 ls3 ws2"> ELEMENTOS DE SUPERFÍCIE </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yda ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ydb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Folhas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>lâminas: <span class="_1 blank"> </span>duas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dimensões <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>me<span class="_0 blank"></span>sma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ordem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>grandeza, m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>aiores <span class="_1 blank"> </span>q<span class="_0 blank"></span>ue <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ydc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">terceira dimensão. </div><div class="t m0 x1c h2 ydd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yde ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>REAL <span class="_22 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>REPRESENTAÇÃO SIMPLIFICADA PARA C<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÁLCULO <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ydf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 ye6 w8 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_7 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>9<span class="ff1 fs0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xf h2 y5b ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uf0e0<span class="ff1 ls3 ws2"> ELEMENTOS DE VOLUME </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- Bloco: as três dimensões são da mesma ordem de grandez<span class="_0 blank"></span>a. <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x1d h2 yea ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 yeb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_23 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_24 blank"> </span>NÃO HÁ </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yec ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">REAL <span class="_25 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>REPRESENTAÇÃO SIMPLIFICADA PARA CÁLCULO </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yed ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yee ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">2.2. VÍNCULOS OU CONDIÇÕES DE CONTORNO </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yef ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> As <span class="_1 blank"> </span>peças, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>suas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ex<span class="_0 blank"></span>tremidad<span class="_1 blank"> </span>es ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>no <span class="_1 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_1 blank"> </span>contorno, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>estão <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ligadas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a o<span class="_1 blank"> </span>utras <span class="_1 blank"> </span>peça<span class="_0 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">ou <span class="_e blank"> </span>estruturas <span class="_18 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_18 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_e blank"> </span>solo, <span class="_18 blank"> </span>sob <span class="_18 blank"> </span>cert<span class="_1 blank"> </span>as <span class="_e blank"> </span>condições. <span class="_e blank"> </span>Esses <span class="_18 blank"> </span>pontos <span class="_e blank"> </span>ou <span class="_18 blank"> </span>até <span class="_e blank"> </span>su<span class="_1 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"></span>erfícies <span class="_e blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf2 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">\u201cligação\u201d do contorno da peça formam os vínculos ou condições de contorno. <span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x1e h2 yf4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">No <span class="_a blank"> </span>plano, <span class="_a blank"> </span>um <span class="_a blank"> </span>co<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rp<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>rígido <span class="_a blank"> </span>qualquer <span class="_a blank"> </span>tem tr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ês <span class="_a blank"> </span>graus <span class="_a blank"> </span>de li<span class="_0 blank"></span>berdade <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>movimento: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">possibilidade <span class="_14 blank"> </span>de <span class="_14 blank"> </span>deslocamento em <span class="_14 blank"> </span>duas <span class="_14 blank"> </span>direções <span class="_14 blank"> </span>e <span class="_10 blank"> </span>rotação <span class="_14 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"></span>em <span class="_14 blank"> </span>torno <span class="_14 blank"> </span>do <span class="_14 blank"> </span>eix<span class="_0 blank"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">perpendicular ao plano). </div><div class="t m0 x1f h2 yfa ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls12 ws2"> <span class="ff1 ls3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yfb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yfc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> De <span class="_1c blank"> </span>acordo <span class="_18 blank"> </span>com <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a <span class="_1c blank"> </span>restrição <span class="_18 blank"> </span>que <span class="_1c blank"> </span>o <span class="_1c blank"> </span>vínculo <span class="_18 blank"> </span>oferece<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_e blank"> </span>ou <span class="_1c blank"> </span>não <span class="_1c blank"> </span>a <span class="_1c blank"> </span>esses <span class="_18 blank"> </span>movimentos, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>ele </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yfd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">tem sua classificação básica: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yfe ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yff ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">a) Apoio simples </div><div class="c x20 y100 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 xd h2 y101 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div></div><div class="c x21 y100 w9 h11"><div class="t m0 xd h2 y101 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y102 wa h12" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d766514c-43c7-4e06-8671-57cb4bad232d/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h3 y5a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2"> <span class="_26 blank"> </span> <span class="_11 blank"> </span><span class="ls14 ws7">10<span class="_0 blank"></span><span class="ff1 fs0 ls3 ws2"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf h2 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y103 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- deslocamento livre em uma direção, impedido na outra </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- rotação livre </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ye9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Onde <span class="_19 blank"> </span>o <span class="_19 blank"> </span>deslocamento/rot<span class="_1 blank"> </span>aç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão <span class="_19 blank"> </span>é <span class="_19 blank"> </span>impedido, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>naturalmente <span class="_19 blank"> </span>surgem <span class="_19 blank"> </span>reações. <span class="_19 blank"> </span>A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y104 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">representação deste vínculo, classicamente, é: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y105 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x22 h2 y106 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y107 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>Exemplos: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y108 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x23 h2 y109 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">b) Apoio fixo (ou articulação) </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- deslocamentos impedidos nas duas direções </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">- rotação livre </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y10f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y110 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">Representação: </div><div class="t m0 x24 h2 y111 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y112 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>Exemplo: </div><div class="t m0 x25 h2 y113 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x26 h2 y114 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y115 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> Na <span class="_e blank"> </span>Construção <span class="_18 blank"> </span>civil, <span class="_e blank"> </span>o <span class="_18 blank"> </span>apoio <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_18 blank"> </span>viga <span class="_e blank"> </span>pré<span class="_1 blank"> </span>-moldada <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_e blank"> </span>concreto <span class="_18 blank"> </span>em <span class="_e blank"> </span>consolo <span class="_18 blank"> </span>constitui </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y116 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">num exemplo de vínculo articulado. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y117 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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