Inglês Técnico - Aula 03

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INGLÊS TÉCNICO
 Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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Lesson 3 - Cognatos e estruturas verbais
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Class content:
Os cognatos e a importância de seu reconhecimento para a compreensão do texto. 
Estruturas verbais na construção do sentido do texto.
 
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Cognates are also called Easy Words - as they have the same origin - or are related in some way - to others in a foreign language. You can deduced them even without a previous knowledge of your target language. 
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There are about 1600 cognates between Portuguese and English. I've organized a few of them into 4 groups:
Nouns - Words that refer to people, places, things, events, substances or qualities: Brazil, dessert, branch
Adjectives - Words that describe nouns or pronouns: tender, little, old
Verbs - Words that describe actions, conditions or experiences:correr, digitar, traduzir, imprimir
Adverbs - Words which describe or give more information about verbs, adjectives, adverbs or phrases: daily, urgently 
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NOUNS
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ADJETIVOS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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COGNATES #3: Verbs – VERBOS
 
 
 
 
 
VERBS
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ADVERBS
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http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/falsos_cognatos1.php
FALSE COGNATES or FALSE FRIENDS
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FALSE COGNATES ARE A BITCH1! Now the doubt2 appears in your mind. How could this have possibly happened? After years of dedication, and maybe even a certificate or two that prove your fluency, you thought you’d eventually3speak perfectly, but now you just look like an uneducated4 fool. You’veassumed5 that you’re fluent, you’ve even discussed6 it with your parents7, and now you start to think that maybe you were always just pretending8 to speak the language, that youactually9 don’t know anything. Be brave10 and pay attention because maybe you aren’t seeing the true meaning of the words.
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You’ve probably been wrong thousands of times, maybe even millions, yet you never even realize11 it as you were  listening to the lyrics to your favorite music12, which you’ll now have to go back and read letter by letter13 to make sure you understood. And what about your favorite novel14 that you assumed5 you understood so well?  How could you have trusted that horrible propaganda15  campaign from that school you studied at, so sure that you had made a sensible16 decision, only to realize10 that you were tricked by an expert17? 
*“bitch” and “doubt” are not technically false cognates, but most Brazilians don’t truly understand what they mean” 
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1.*BITCH rarely means “PROSTITUTE.” You can learn more about the complicated uses of this word here, but this article uses “bitch” as (1) A COMPLICATED PROBLEM that’s difficult to solve, and (2) YOUR SERVANT (as used as the title to this paragraph)
2.*DOUBT does not mean “QUESTION” as Brazilians typically use it.  When you say “I have a doubt” in English (which nobody actually says), you are basically saying, “I am in doubt/ estou na dúvida” which communicates confusion, but doesn’t ask for clarification.  “Tenho uma dúvida” should be “I have a question.”
3.EVENTUALLY does not mean “OCCASSIONALLY” or “BY CHANCE” as the Portuguese False Cognate Suggests. It really means “FINALMENTE” or “POR FIM.”
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4. UNEDUCATED does not mean “MALEDUCADO.” It really means “SEM INSTRUÇÃO” or “SEM CULTURA.”
5. ASSUME does not usually mean “ASSUMIR.” It means “SUPOR” In English. There is a popular English saying that says “When you ASSUME, you make an ASS out of U and ME” (ASS + U + ME = ASSUME).
6. DISCUSS in English is not the same as “DISCUTIR.” “DISCUTIR” usually has a heavy, or negative connotation, where as “discuss” in English is just neutral, which is to “CONVERSAR” about something.
7. PARENTS does not mean “PARENTES.” It really means “PAIS” or “Mom & Dad.” “PARENTES” in Portuguese means “RELATIVES” or “(extended) FAMILY” in English.
8. PRETEND does not mean “PRETENDER”. It means “fingir,”.
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9. ACTUALLY does not mean “ATUALMENTE.” “Actually” in English means “NA VERDADE,” while “Atualmente” in Portuguese means “Currently” in English.
10. BRAVE does not mean “BRAVO” as it does in Portuguese. Brave means “Corajoso.” While technically “bravo” means “corjoso” too, the common use of it “Bravo” in the sense of “mad” or “angry.”
11. REALIZE does not mean “REALIZAR” here. Although there are limited contexts, such as “realize your dream,” Realize in English almost always means “PERCEBER” in Portuguese.”
12. MUSIC in English does not mean “MUSICA/ CANÇÃO” in the above example. You can say, “I like Brazilian Music” or “Music in English is good” but the 3 or 4 minute recording is called a SONG. For example: “Although generally don’t like Bossa Nova MUSIC, but I really do like the SONG ‘Girl From Ipanema.’”
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12. LETTER does not mean “LETRA” in the above example in the same way you think. “LETRA” (the words to a song) really means “LYRICS,” while “LETTERS” of the alphabet really do mean “LETRA.” So, while the above example would translate “Letra por letra,” you may have thought we were saying “lyrics” (the words to the song”).
13. NOVEL does not mean “NOVELA” in English. The Portuguese word, “Novela” means “Soap Opera” in English, while “Novel” in English means “Romance” in Portuguese.
14. PROPAGANDA English is not the same as “PROPAGANDA” in Portuguese. They are similar, but the sense and the use of the word is very different. The Portuguese word “propaganda” really means “MANIPULATIVE ADVERTISING” (almost lies), while “ADVERTISING/ ADVERTISEMENT” is the correct translation of the Portuguese word, “Propaganda.”
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16. SENSIBLE does not mean “SENSÍVEL” from Portuguese.  “Sensível” really translates to “sensitive” in English, while the English word “sensible” means “SENSATO” in Portuguse.
17. EXPERT does not mean “ESPERTO” from Portuguese. “Esperto” is closer to something like “Clever” or even “smart” person. “Expert” English means something like “PERITO” or “ESPECIALISTA” in Portuguese.
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False cognates are pairs of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different roots. That is, they appear to be, or are sometimes considered, cognates, when in fact they are not. This is different from a false friend, which is where the words in fact have similar roots but have diverged in meaning. 
Existem outras palavras que diferem completa ou parcialmente quanto ao significado, apesar de a ortografia nos levar a pensar que elas realmente tenham o mesmo significado no português. Estes pares de
palavras são conhecidos como False Cognates ou False Friends (Falsos Cognatos ou Falsos Amigos). 
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Importância dos verbos no contexto comunicativo
A importância dos verbos no contexto comunicativo é indiscutível e fazer com que os educandos percebam isso é necessário. Por essa razão, algumas práticas são eficazes.
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_sys-tense-time.htm 
VERB STRUCTURE
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Speaking/Reading
VERB
Subject
(sujeito)
Objects
complements
I
You
He/She/It
You
We
They
Time and Tense
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I AM 
YOU ARE
HE/SHE/IT IS
YOU ARE
WE ARE
THEY ARE
TO BE
(SER OU ESTAR)
Estado
Qualidade
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He is a good Kid.
 He isn’t (is not) a good kid.
 Is he a good kid?
They are trying to rescue the victims.
 They aren’t (are not) trying to rescue the victims.
 Are they trying to rescue the victims?
It is cold here.
 It isn’t cold here.
 Is it cold here?
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Tense and time
What is the difference between tense and time?
Tense: classifies verbs as:
present tense
or past tense
Time: classifies situations described by verbs according to whether they occur at some time:
in the past,
in the present
or in the future
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PRESENT TENSE
The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.
I take the train to the office.
The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.
2. For facts.
The President of The USA lives in The White House.
A dog has four legs.
We come from Switzerland.
 
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3. For habits.
I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
They travel to their country house every weekend.
4. For things that are always / generally true.
It rains a lot in winter.
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
They speak English at work.
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Verb Conjugation e Spelling
We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).
In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.
The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.
go – goes
catch – catches
wash – washes
kiss – kisses
fix – fixes
buzz – buzzes
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2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.
marry – marries
study – studies
carry – carries
worry – worries
NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.
play – plays
enjoy – enjoys
say – says
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Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense
To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't between the subject and the verb. 
Affirmative: You speak French. Negative: You don't speak French.
Affirmative: He speaks German. Negative: He doesn't speak German.
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ATTENTION: 
To he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. To I, you, we or they we add don't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence.
The letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. 
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PAST SIMPLE TENSE 
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Simple Past
FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbes
Examples:
You called Debbie. X 
Did you call Debbie? Past Now Future
You did not call Debbie.
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. 
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I 
HE
SHE
IT
YOU
WE
THEY
WAS
WERE
ERA/ESTAVA
NÓS ÉRAMOS/ESTÁVAMOS
VOCÊ(S) ERA/ESTAVA / ERAM/ESTAVAM
ELES (AS) ERAM/ESTAVAM
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I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
She lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. 
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