Inglês básico II

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Curso de Inglês
Inglês Básico II
Unidade 1 – COULD / COULDN’T
COULD / COULDN’T
(past of can)
	Para falarmos de uma habilidade que alguém possuía, porém não possui mais, podemos usar o modal could no lugar de can. Observe o exemplo:
He could run marathons, now, he can only run short races.
( Ele podia/conseguia correr maratonas, agora, ele só pode/consegue correr corridas custas.)
	Para fazermos a negativa, basta usarmos o modal couldn’t no lugar de could.
He could run marathons.
He couldn’t run marathons.
( Ele não podia/conseguia correr maratonas.)
	Na interrogativa, assim como fazemos com can, apenas invertemos o sujeito e o modal could na frase. Observe:
He could run marathons.
He couldn’t run marathons.
Could he run marathons?
Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t.
EXERCISE
	Change the following sentences to the past affirmative, negative and interrogative, with short answers.
( Altere as seguintes frases para a afirmativa passado, negativas e interrogativas, com respostas curtas.)
He can play the piano.
He could play the piano.
He couldn’t play the piano.
Could he play the piano?
Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t.
Joe can play poker.
He could play poker.
He couldn’t play poker.
Could he play poker?
Yes, he could. / No, he couldn’t.
Lisa can run and not get tired.
She could run and not get tired.
She couldn’t run and not get tired.
Could she run and not get tired?
Yes, she could. / No, she couldn’t.
My two sisters can dance ballet professionally.
They could dance ballet professionally.
They couldn’t dnace ballet professionally.
Could they dance ballet professionally?
Yes, they could. / No, they couldn’t.
The twin brothers can draw and paint beautifully.
They could draw and paint beautifully.
They couldn’t draw and paint beautifully.
Could they draw and paint beautifully?
Yes, they could. / No, they couldn’t.
He can dive in caves.
He could dive in caves.
He couldn’t dive in caves.
Could he dive in caves?
Yes, he could. / No, they couldn’t.
Amy Winegouse can sing beautiful songs.
She could sing beautiful songs.
She couldn’t sing beautiful songs.
Could she sing beautiful songs?
Yes, she could. / No, she couldn’t.
Unidade 2 – CAN / COULD / MAY
CAN / COULD / MAY
( permissions / requests)
	Podemos também utilizar os modais can, could e may para fazermos pedidos (requests) e pedirmos permissão para fazer algo (permission).
REQUESTS
Can you open the door for me, please?
( Você pode abrir a porta para mim, por favor?)
Could you open the door for me, please?
( Você poderia abrir a porta para mim, por favor?)
	Quando fazemos um pedido, podemos tanto utilizar can ou could. O segundo neste caso não é o passado do verbo can e pode ser usado no presente por soar mais educado, mais formal, sendo algo como poderia m português, enquanto can fica sendo algo como pode.
PERMISSION
Can I go the bathroom?
May I go to the bathroom?
( Posso ir ao banheiro?)
	Quando fazemos um pedido, podemos utilizar tanto can quanto may. O modal may, neste caso, também soa um pouco mais educado ou formal, enquanto can soa mais impessoal.
EXERCISE
	Use the ideas below to ask for a request and permission, in a formal and informal ways.
( Use as ideias abaixo, para fazer um pedido ou pedir permissão, de uma maneira formal e informal.)
Open the door (request)
Can you open the door?
Could I open the door?
Open the door (permission)
Can I open the door?
May I open the door?
Bring me some water (request)
Can you bring me some water?
Could you bring me some water?
Use your phone (permission)
Can I use your phone?
May I use your phone?
Borrow some Money (permission)
Can I borrow some Money?
May I borrow some Money?
Lend me some Money (request)
Can you lend me some Money?
Could you lend me some Money?
Get to work late tomorrow (permission)
Can I get to work late tomorrow?
May I get to work late tomorrow?
Use the wi-fi Internet (permission)
Can I use the wi-fi Internet?
May I use the wi-fi Internet?
Tell me the password (request)
Can you tell me the password?
Could you tell me the password?
Unidade 3 – THERE IS / THERE ARE
	Os verbos there is e there are ( no infinitivo – there to be) são usados quando queremos dizer o que há em algum lugar. Por exemplo:
There is a beautiful vase on the table.
( Há um belo vaso sobre a mesa.)
There are four people in this room.
(Há quatro pessoas nesta sala.)
	Como podemos observar nos exemplos acima, usa-se there is para substantivo no singular e there are para o plural.
	Para conjugar o verbo there to be, podemos usar o próprio verbo to be como referência.
			+		 -			?
Presente (sing.)	There is	 There isn’t		Is there...?
Presente (pl.)	There Are	 There aren’t	Are there...?
Past (sing.)		There was There wasn’t	Was there...?
Past (pl.)		There were	 There weren’t	Were there...?
Future (sing. / pl. )	There will be There won’t be	Will there be...?
EXERCISE
	Make sentences using there to be with the pictures below.
	( Faça frases usando there to be )
Ex: 
Apple / on the table
There is an apple on the table.
Four people / in the room
There are four people in the room.
Eleven women / in the team
There are eleven women in the team.
Elephants / in the amazona (negative)
There aren’t elephants in the amazona
EXERCISE
	Use the words below to say what there is or there isn’t in the bag.
	(Use as palavras abaixo para dizer o que há ou não há na mochila.)
ONE BOOK (+)
A DOG (-)
ONE APPLE (+)
ONE RULER (+)
ONE BANANA (+)
A CAR (-)
ONE ERASER (+)
TWO PENCILS (+)
A LAPTOP (-)
TWO CHAIRS (-)
There is one book in the backpack.
There isn’t a dog in the backpack.
There is one apple in the backpack.
There is on ruler in the backpack.
There is one banana in the backpack.
There isn’t a car in the backpack.
There is one eraser in the backpack.
There are two pencils in the backpack.
There isn’t a laptop in the backpack.
There aren’t two chairs in the backpack.
EXERCISE
	Change the following sentences to the verb tenses in parentheses.
	(Passe as frases em seguida para os tempos verbais entre parênteses.)
Ex:
THERE IS A NEW COMPUTER IN YOUR ROOM. (pres. negative)
There isn’t a new computer in your room.
THERE IS A NICE RESTAURANT ON THIS STREET. (pres. interrogative)
Is there a nice restaurant on this street?
THERE ARE SOME APPLES IN THE FRIDGE. (past affirmative)
There were some apples in the fridge
IN SÃO PAULO, THERE ARE MANY THINGS TO DO. (pres. interrogative)
In São Paulo, are there many things to do?
THERE IS A NEW VIRUS IN THE OFFICE’S COMPUTER. (future affirmative)
Will there be a new vírus in the office’s computer?
THERE ARE IMPORTANT GAMES ON TV TONIGHT. (pres. interrogative)
Are there importante games on tv tonight?
THERE ARE ENOUGH CHAIRS IN THE CONFERENCE ROOM. (past negative)
There weren’t enough chairs in the conference room.
Unidade 4 – IN / ON / AT for PLACES
	Neste capítulo veremos como usar as preposições in, on e at como preposições de lugar. Veremos algumas “regras” sobre como usá-las em frases, porém é importante lembrar que exceções à essas regras eventualmente aparecerão.
IN
Usamos a preposição in quando queremos dizer que algo está dentro de algum lugar.
	The students are in the classroom.
	(Os alunos estão na sala.)
	The car Keys are in my pocket.
	(As chaves do carro estão no meu bolso.)
	Usamos também in quando falamos sobre continentes, países, estados, cidades ou bairros.
I live in Brazil.
	(Eu moro no Brasil.)
ON
Usamos a preposição on quando queremos dizer que algo está sobre algum lugar ou em contato com ele.
	The computer is on the table.
	(O computador está na mesa.)
	The clock is on the wall.
	(O relógio está na parede.)
AT
A preposição é at é usada, no geral, quando o lugar é apenas uma referência.
	Your sister is at the station.
	(Sua irmã está na estação.)The fan is at the door.
	(O ventilador está na porta.)
	No primeiro exemplo, o sujeito sister pode estar na estação, mas não necessariamente dentro dela, sendo a estação apenas uma referência. Assim como segundo exemplo, onde o ventilador simplesmente está próximo á porta, que é só uma referência.
EXERCISE
	Answer the question saying where the objects are using in, on ora t.
	(Responda as perguntas dizendo onde os objetos estão usando in, on ou at)
EX:
(clock / wall)
Where’s the clock?
On the wall.
(label / bottle)
Where’s the label?
On the bottle.
(girl / Italy)
Where’s the girl?
In the Itally.
(notice / door)
Where’s the notice?
On the door.
(cow / fence)
Where’s the cow?
At the fence.
Unidade 5 – Present Continuous
He is studying Math right now.
(Ele está estudando Matemática agora.)
They are playing very well today.
(Eles estão jogando muito bem hoje.)
	Usamos o presente continuous para falar sobre uma ação que está acontecendo no momento da fala. Para falarmos o presente continuous podemos seguir a seguinte fórmula:
SUBJECT + BE + VERB-ING + REST
	Neste tempo verbal precisamos do verbo to be seguido de um segundo verbo terminado em –ing.
He is studying Math right now.
They are playing very well today.
	Na negativa e interrogativa, podemos usar as mesmas fórmulas que usamos para o verbo to be no começo deste curso, onde mudamos apenas o próprio be na frase. Observe:
He is studying Math right now.
He isn’t studying Math right now.
Is he studying Math right now?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
They are playing very well today.
They aren’t playing very well today.
Are they playing very well today?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
REGRAS DO –ING
	Quando vamos acrescentar a terminação –ing a um verbo, precisamos seguir algumas regras.
Regra básica = -ing
WORK	WORKING
WALK		WALKING
GO		GOING
DO		DOING
Verbos terminados em –e	-ing
DANCE	DANCING
DIVE		DIVING
RIDE		RIDING
DRIVE		DRIVING
Verbos terminados em *CVC	 dobra a última letra + -ing
SIT		SITTING
GET		GETTING
RUN		RUNNING
BEGIN	BEGINNING
SWIM		SWIMMING
*Quando as 3 últimas letras de um verbo formam um CVC (consoante / vogal / consoante), sendo a última sílaba a forte.
Verbos terminados em **CVC
VISIT		VISITING
TRAVEL	TRAVELING
LISTEN	LISTENING
OPEN		OPENING
**Quando as 3 últimas letras de um verbo formam um CvC (consoante / vogal / consoante), sendo a última sílaba fraca.
EXERCISE
	Say what the people in the following images are doing right now.
	(Diga o que as pessoas nas figuras a seguir estão fazendo.)
Ex:
Dance
She is dancing.
Cry
She is crying.
Draw
He is drawing.
Open the door
She is opening the door.
Play tennis
He is playing tennis.
Ride a bike
He is riding a bike.
Run
They are running.
EXERCISE
	Change the following sentencces from the affiirmative to the negative and interrogative forms, with short answer.
	(Passe as frases a seguir da afirmativa para as formas negativa e interrogativa, com resposta curta.)
The two boys are fighting.
The two boys aren’t fighting.
Are the two boys fighting?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
The dog is barking a lot.
The dog isn’t barking a lot.
Is the dog barking a lot?
Yes. It is. / No, it isn’t.
My daughter is playing basketball.
My daughter isn’t playing basketball.
Is my daughter playing basketball?
Yes, she is. / No, they aren’t.
They are building a new house.
They aren’t building a new house.
Are they building a new house?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
He is speaking beautifully tonight.
He isn	t speaking beautifully tonight.
Is he speaking beautifully tonight?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
John is playing with his friends.
John isn’t playing with his friends.
Is John playing with his friends?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
The coach is shouting at his team.
The coach isn’t shouting at his team.
Is the coach shouting at his team?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
Unidade 6 – PAST CONTINUOUS / FUTURE CONTINUOUS
She was working when / called her.
(Ela estava trabalhando quando eu liguei pra ela.)
At this time tomorrow, he will be going to Europe.
(A essa hora amanhã, ele estará indo para a Europa.)
	Usamos o past continuous e o future continuous quando queremos falar sobre uma ação que estava acontecendo em um determinado período de tempo no passado ou no futuro, respectivamente.
	Observando os exemplos acima podemos ver que a única diferença destes tempos verbais para o present continuousé o do verbo to be no passado ou futuro simples, como foi visto no começo do curso.
PRONOUN		PRESENT		PAST		FUTURE
I			AM			WAS		WILL BE
HE			IS			WAS		WILL BE
SHE			IS			WAS		WILL BE
IT			IS			WAS		WILL BE
WE			ARE			WERE		WILL BE
YOU			ARE			WERE		WILL BE
THEY			ARE			WERE		WILL BE
	Para a negativa e interrogativa, seguimos a mesma fórmula usada no present continuous. Observe:
She was working when I called her.
She wasn’t working when I called her.
Was she working when I called her?
Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
He will be going to Europe.
He won’t be going to Europe.
Will he be going to Europe?
Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
			Affirmative		negative
Past (singular)		WAS			WASN’T
Past (plural)		WERE			WEREN’T
Future			WILL BE		WON’T BE
EXERCISE
	Change the following sentences to the past and future continuous.
	( Passe as frases a seguir para o passado e futuro contínuos.)
The two boys are fighting.
The two boys were fighting.
The two boys will be fighting.
The dog is barking a lot.
The dog was barking a lot.
The dog will be barking a lot.
Is my daughter playing basketball?
Was my daughter playing basketball?
Will my daughter be playing basketball?
They aren’t building a new house.
They weren’t building a new house.
They won’t be building a new house.
He isn’t speaking beautifully tonight.
He wasn’t speaking beautifully tonight.
He won’t be speaking beautifully tonight.
John is playing with his friends.
John was playing with his friends.
John will be playing with his friends.
Is the coach shouting at his team?
Was the coach shouting at his team?
Will the coach be shouting at his team?
Unidade 7 – GOING TO
GOING TO
(presente, pasto r future plans)
I’m going to work tomorrrow.
(Eu vou trabalhar amanhã.)
My friends are going to travel to the beach this weekend.
(Meus amigos vão viajar para a praia esse fim-de-semana.)
	Podemos usar going to para nos referirmos a uma ação num futuro não tão distante e mais certo de acontecer. Não costumamos usar esta forma de futuro para algo muito distante ou muito incerto, sendo que nestes casos usamos o futuro simples com o auxiliar will. Observe os exemplos:
I’m going to work tomorrow morning.
(Eu vou trabalhar amanhã de manhã.)
If I work a lot, I will become a millionaire in 20 years.
(Se eu trabalhar muito,, eu me tornarei um milionário em 20 anos.)
	Veja que no segundo exemplo estamos tratando de um futuro mais distante (em 20 anos) e de uma ação um pouco incerta (se tornar um milionário).
	Também usamos be + going to em outros tempos verbais queremos nos referir a um plano passado ou futuro.
	Portanto, quando quisermos tratar de um futuro mais próximo e certo ou de um plano em qualquer tempo, usaremos o verbo to be + going to. Para isso podemos seguir a seguinte fórmula:
SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
I’m going to work tomorrow.
My friends are going to travel to the beach this weekend.
	Observe que após going to sempre usamos um verbo na sua forma base, sem conjugação. Qualquer alteração de presente, passado, futuro (não muito usado) afirmativa negativa e/ou interrogativa deve ser feita no verbo to be, e não no verbo após going to.
	Para isso podemos usar as seguintes fórmulas:
PRESENT	+
SUBJECT + AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
PRESENT	-
SUBJECT + AM NOT/ISN’T/AREN’T + GOING TO + VERB INTHE BASE FORM + REST
PRESENT	? 
AM/IS/ARE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
PAST		+
SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
PAST		-
SUBJECT + WASN’T/WEREN’T + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
PAST		?
WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
FUTURE	+
SUBJECT + WILL BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
FUTURE	-
SUBJECT + WON’T BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
FUTURE	?
WILL + SUBJECT + BE + GOING TO + VERB IN THE BASE FORM + REST
EXERCISE
	Make sentences in the presente affirmative using the subject, going to and the verb given.
	(Faça frases no presente afirmativo usando o sujeito, going to e o verbo dados.)
HE – WORK TOMORROW
HE IS GOING TO WORK TOMORROW.
SHEILA – TRAVEL TO THE BEACH
SHEILA IS GOING TO TRAVEL TO THE BEACH.
JACK AND PETER – PPLAY FOOTBALL WITH FRIENDS
JACK AND PETER ARE GOING TO PLAY FOOTBALL WITH DRIENDS.
WE – LIVE IN EUROPE NEXT YEAR
WE ARE GOING TO LIVE IN EUROPE NEXT YEAR.
I – START COLLEGE NEXT WEEK
I AM GOING TO START COLLEGE NEXT WEEK.
MY FAMILY – MOVE ABROAD
MY FAMILY IS GOING TO MOVE ABROAD.
HE – FINISH HIS HOMEWORK BEFORE DINNER
HE IS GOING TO FINISH HIS HOMEWORK BEFORE DINNER.
MY DADDY – RUN THE MARATHON THIS YEAR
MY DADDY IS GOING TO RUN THE MARATHON THIS YEAR.
EXERCISE
	Change the following sentences to the present, past and future, in the affirmative, negative and interrogative forms.
	(Passe as frases a seguir para o presente, passado e future nas formas afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas.)
John is going to type his project.
JOHN ISN’T GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT.
IS JOHN GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT?
JOHN WAS GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT.
JOHN WASN’T GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT.
WAS JOHN GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT?
JOHN WILL BE GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT.
JOHN WON’T BE GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT.
WILL JOHN BE GOING TO TYPE HIS PROJECT?
Bob is going to watch TV now.
Bob is going to watch TV now.
Bob isn’t going to watch TV now.
Is Bob going to watch TV now?
Bob was going to watch TV now.
Bob wasn’t going to watch TV now.
Was Bob going to watch TV now?
Bob will be going to watch TV now.
Bob won’t be going to watch TV now.
Will Bob be going to watch TV now?
Mr. Smith is going to shave after shower.
Mr. Smith is going to shave after shower.
Mr. Smith isn’t going to shave after shower.
Is Mr. Smith going to shave after shower?
Mr. Smith was going to shave after shower.
Mr. Smith wasn’t going to shave after shower.
Was Mr. Smith going to shave after shower?
Mr. Smiith will be going to shave after shower.
Mr. Smith won’t be going to shave after shower.
Will Mr. Smith be going to shave after shower?
We are going to play golfo n the weekend.
We are going to play golfo n the weekend.
We aren’t going to play golf in the weekend.
Are we going to play golf in the weekend?
We were going to play golf in the weekend.
We weren’t going to play golf in the weekend.
Were we going to play golf in the weekend?
We will be going to play golf in the weekend.
We won’t be going to play golf in the weekend.
Will web e going to play golf in the weekend?
Susan and her kids are going to travel.
Susan and her kids are going to travel.
Susan and her kids aren’t going to travel.
Are Susan and her kids going to travel?
Susan and her kids were going to traevel.
Susan and her kids weren’t going to travel.
Were Susan and her kids going to travel?
Susan and her kids will be going to travel.
Susan and her kids won’t be going to travel.
Will Susan and her kids be going to travel?
Unidade 8 – WH–QUESTIONS
WH-QUESTIONS
(verb to be)
	Nesta seção trabalharemos com as principais question words usando o verbo to be. Question words são palavras que usamos, na maioria das vezes, para fazer perguntas que não podem ser respondidas com Yes or no.
	Observe:
IS YOUR NAME PAULIE?
YES, IT IS.
--
WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
MY NAME IS PAULIE.
	Veja que no segundo exemplo utilizamos a question word what, o que torna a pergunta impossível de ser respondida com um simples yes or no, nos obrigando a dar uma informação mais específica.
	Trabalharemos aqui com as 15 principais question words. São elas:
WHAT?	O QUE? / QUAL?
WHEN?	QUANDO?
WHICH?	QUAL? / QUAIS?
WHERE?	ONDE?
WHY?		POR QUE?
WHO?	QUEM?
WHOSE?	DE QUEM?
HOW?	COMO?
HOW MANY?	QUANTOS? / QUANTAS?
HOW MUCH?	QUANTO? / QUANTA?
HOW OLD?		QUANTOS ANOS? 
HOW FAR?		QUE DISTÂNCIA? 
HOW LONG?	QUANTO TEMPO?
HOW OFTEN?	COM QUE FREQUÊNCIA?
WHAT TIME?	QUE HORAS?
	A maioria das question words apresentadas começam com wh-, por isso essas perguntas são chamadas de wh-questions. How, apesar de começar com h-apenas, entra no mesmo grupo por ter a mesma função que as outras palavras.	
	Vamos aprender como formular perguntas usando essas palavras e o verbo to be. Primeiro vamos relembrar como fazermos uma interrogativa comum.
HE IS A DOCTOR.
IS HE A DOCTOR?
	Agora pegaremos a pergunta e esconderemos uma informação.
IS HE A DOCTOR?		IS HE		?
	Essa informação que escondemos é a que vamos descobrir usando uma question word, que neste caso será “what?”.
IS HE A DOCTOR?		IS HE		?
WHAT IS HE?
	Observe que mantemos a estrutura da interrogativa e apenas acrescentamos uma question word antes do verbo to be. O mesmo processo se aplica no plural e nos outros tempos verbais (passado e futuro).
THEY ARE DOCTORS.	 ARE THEY DOCTORS?	 ARE THEY
............?
WHAT ARE THEY?
Vejamos outros exemplos.
JANE IS IN LONDON. IS JANE IN LONDON? IS JANE...........?
WHERE IS JANE?
	Neste caso utilizamos a palavra “Where?” porque a informação que escondemos é o lugar onde Jane está. Vejamos um exemplo similar no passado:
JANE WAS IN LONDON LAST MONTH.	 WAS JANE IN LONDON LAST
MONTH? WAS JANE.........LAST MONTH?
WHERE WAS JANE LAST MONTH?
EXERCISE
	Make wh-question considering the underlined words as the information to be hidden.
	(Faça wh-question considerando as palavras sublinhadas como as informações a serem escondidas.)
He is my cousin.
Who is he?
The book is on the desk.
WHERE IS THE BOOK?
The bus is in the station.
WHERE IS THE BUS?
This is my pencil.
WHOSE IS THIS?
My twin kids are 12 years old.
HOW OLD ARE THEY?
The bank is 2 blocks far from here.
HOW FAR IS THE BANK?
Our class today is 2 hours long.
HOW LONG IS OUR CLASS TODAY?
The car is US$ 20,000.
HOW MUCH IS THE CAR?
He is sad because he failed the exam.
WHY IS HE SAD?
Unidade 9 – COMPARATIVES / SUPERLATIVES
My book is more interesting than yours.
His cari s bigger than mine.
--
She is the most beautiful girl l’ve ever seen.
It’s the best movie in the world.
	Usamos os adjetivos comparativos para comparar dois objetos, lugares, pessoas, etc. Enquanto os superlativos são usados para comparar um objeto, lugar ou pessoa dentro de um grupo.
	Para aprendermos a utilizá-los, primeiro vamos separar os adjetivos em dois grupos: curtos e longos
Curtos	 até duas sílabas*
Longos	 mais de duas sílabas*
*existem algumas exceções quanto a isso
Alguns adjetivos curtos:
Big – small – safe – old – cheap – hot – happy
	Com os adjetivos curtos, temos que seguir algumas regras. Para transformá-los em adjetivos comparativos, temos de acrescentar a terminação –er à palavra.
Big	bigger than
Small	 smaller than
Safe	 safer than
Old	olderthan
Cheap	 cheaperthan
Hot	hotter than
Happy	 happier than
	A mesma regra se aplica aos superlativos, porém nesses casos acrescentamos a terminação –est à palavra.
Big	thebiggest
Small	 the smallest
Safe	 the safest
Old	 the oldest
Cheap	 the cheapest
Hot	the hottest
Happy	 the happiest
	Veja que em alguns casos não apenas acrescentamos a terminação, mas tivemos de fazer algumas alterações na palavra. Vejamos as regras.
Adjetivos curtos	 + -er / -est
Small	 smallerthan / thesmallest
Old	olderthan / the oldest
Cheap	 cheaper than / the cheapest
Adjetivos terminados em –e + -r / -st
Safe	safer than / the safest
Adjetivos terminados em CVC	dobra-se a ultima letra + -er / -est
Big	bigger than / the biggest
Hot	hotter than / the hottest
Adjetivos terminados em –y	troca-se o y –ier / -iest
Happy	 happier than / the happiest
	Alguns adjetivos longos:
	Dangerous – famous – expensive – beautiful – difficult
	Com os adjetivos longos, acrescentamos a palavra more antes do comparativos e the most antes dos superlativos, como nos exemplos dados no começo desta seção.
	Alguns outros adjetivos são chamados de irregulares, pois não seguem nenhuma das regras acima. São eles:
	Good	 better than	 the best
	Bad	 worse than	 the worst
	Far	 further than	 the furthest
EXERCISE
	Make comparative and superlative adjectives with the following words.
	(Faça adjetivos comparativos e superlativos com as seguintes palavras.)
Cold	COLDER THAN / THE COLDEST
Hungry	 HUNGRIER THAN / THE SADDEST
Sad SADDER THAN / THE SADDEST
Interesting MORE INTERESTING / THE MOST INTERESTING
Surprised MORE SUPRISED / THE MOST SURPRISED
Angry ANGRIER THAN / THE ANGRIEST
Happy HAPPIER THAN / THE HAPPIEST
Huge HUGER THAN / THE HUGEST
Dangerous MORE DANGEROUS / THE MOST DANGEROUS
Difficult MORE DIFFICULT / THE MOST DIFFICULT
Cheap CHEAPER THAN / THE CHEAPEST
Expensive MORE EXPENSIVE / THE MOST EXPENSIVE
EXERCISE
	Make sentences using comparative adjectives.
	(Faça frases usando os adjetivos comparativos.)
China / Italy (big)
CHINA IS BIGGER THAN ITALY.
Angela / Amy (tal)
ANGELA IS TALLER THAN AMY.
Driving a car / riding a motorcycle (dangerous)
DRIVING A CAR IS MORE DANGEROUS THAN RIDING A MOTORCYCLE.
Your car / mmy car (fast)
YOUR CAR IS FASTER THAN MY CAR.
That actor / that driver (rich)
THAT ACTOR IS RICHER THAN DRIVER.
This encyclopedia / that book (expensive)
THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAT BOOK.
EXERCISE
	Make sentences using superlative adjectives.
	(Faça frases usando adjetivos superlativos.)
The Everest / mountain in the world (high)
THE EVEREST IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN THE WORLD.
The Nile / river in the world (long)
THE NILE IS THE LONGEST RIVER IN THE WORLD.
She / woman for me. (beautiful)
SHE IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL WOMAN FOR ME.
This / car l’ve had. (expensive)
THIS IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE CAR L’VE HAD.
This / sandwich in the menu. (cheap)
THIS IS THE CHEAPEST SANDWICH IN THE MENU.
Ferraris / cars ever made. (good)
FERRARIS ARE THE BEST CARS EVER MADE.
Unidade 10 – LIKE / WOULD LIKE
I LIKE COFFEE.
(Eu gosto de café.)
I’D LIKE SOME COFFEE.
(Eu gostaria de um café.)
	Usamos o verbo like (gostar) para expressar nossa preferência por algo, enquanto usamos para a expressão would like (gostaria) para fazer um pedido ou, na interrogativa, para oferecer algo a alguém.
Podemos usar would like de três formas diferentes:
SUBJECT + WOULD LIKE + VERB
I would like to drink. / I’d like to drink.
SUBJECT + WOULD LIKE + OBJECT
I would like a beer. / I’d like a beer.
SUBJECT + WOULD LIKE + VERB + OBJECT
I would like to drink a beer. / I’d like to drink a beer.
	Podemos usar tanto I would like quanto a forma contraída l’d like para fazer um pedido.
	Para oferecermos algo, usamos a forma interrogativa: Would you like...?
	Esta forma também segue as regras mencionadas acima, podendo ser usadas com um verbo, um objeto ou ambos.
Would you like to drink?
Would you like a beer?
Would you like to drink a beer?
EXERCISE
Offer the following objects to someone. Than, say that you would like them.
(Ofereça os seguintes objetos a alguém. Depois, diga que você os aceita.)
Ex:
an apple
WOULD YOU LIKE NA APPLE?
YES, I’D LIKE NA APPLE.
 a cup of coffee
WOULD YOU LIKE A CUP OF COFFEE?
YES, I’D LIKE A CUP OF COFFEE.
some cookies
WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COOKIES?
YES, I’D LIKE SOME COOKIES.
some chocolate
WOULD YOU LIKE SOME CHOCOLATE?
YES, I’D LIKE SOME CHOCOLATE.
Unidade 11 – ADVERBS OF MANNER
How does he drive? / He drives well.
(Como ele dirige? / Ele dirige bem.)
How does she swim? / She swims showly.
(Como ela nada? / Ela nada lentamente.)
	Usamos os advérbios de modo (adverbs of manner) para dizer de que modo ou maneira se faz algo. Estes advérbios, em inglês, normalmente aparecem logo após o verbo ou a idéia principal da oração. Observe:
He drives well.
He drives cars well.
	Na primeira fase, o advérbio well (bem) vem logo após o verbo drive (dirigir), enquanto na segunda frase onde especificamos que tipo de veículo ele dirige bem, no caso cars (carros), o advérbio vem logo após a idéia principal drive cars (dirigir carros), e não após o verbo.
	Para formarmos os advérbios de modo podemos seguir uma simples regra de se acrescentar o sufixo *-ly aos adjetivos. Veja:
Slow	 slowly
	Para transformar o adjetivo slow (lento/devagar)