<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x1 h2 y1 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">UNIVERSIDA<span class="_0 blank"></span>DE FEDERA<span class="_0 blank"></span>L DE SÃO CARLOS </div><div class="t m1 x2 h3 y2 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">CENTRO DE CIÊN<span class="_0 blank"></span>CIAS EXATAS E D<span class="_0 blank"></span>E TECNOLOGIA<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m1 x3 h4 y3 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">DEPARTA<span class="_0 blank"></span>MENTO DE ENGENHARIA <span class="_0 blank"></span>CIVIL<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y4 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y5 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y6 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y9 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x4 h2 ya ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Tipos, cálculos e d<span class="_0 blank"></span>etalhes de escadas de con<span class="_0 blank"></span>creto ar<span class="_0 blank"></span>mado. </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 yb ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 yc ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 yd ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x5 h2 ye ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Gabriel Gageti<span class="ff3"> </span></div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 yf ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y10 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y11 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y12 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Trabalho <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Conclusão <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Curso </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y13 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">apresentado <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Departamento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y14 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Engenharia <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Civil <span class="_3 blank"> </span>da <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Un<span class="_0 blank"></span>iversidade </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y15 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Federal <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>São <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Carlos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>como <span class="_4 blank"> </span>parte <span class="_4 blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y16 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">requisitos <span class="_3 blank"> </span>para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>conclusão <span class="_3 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y17 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">graduação em Eng<span class="_0 blank"></span>enharia Civil </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y18 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y19 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x6 h2 y1a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Orientador:<span class="ff3 ws1"> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Prof. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Dr. <span class="_7 blank"> </span>Jasson <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Rodriguez </span></div><div class="t m1 x6 h3 y1b ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figueiredo Filho </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y1c ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y1d ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y1e ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x7 h3 y20 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x8 h3 y21 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">São Carlos </div><div class="t m1 x9 h3 y22 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2012 </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y23 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_8 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi xa y24 w1 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e5c9052e-df43-42cd-9393-e0dd640f4a7e/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y1 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y25 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">D</div><div class="t m2 xb h8 y25 ff5 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">EDICATÓRIA</div><div class="t m0 xc h7 y25 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y27 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y28 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y29 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y2a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y2b ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y2c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y2d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y2e ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y2f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y30 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y31 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y32 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y33 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y34 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y35 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y36 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y37 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y38 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y39 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y3a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y3b ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y3c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y3d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y3e ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y3f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y40 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y41 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y42 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y43 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y44 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y45 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y46 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 h9 y47 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 xd ha y48 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Dedico <span class="_6 blank"> </span>esta <span class="_6 blank"> </span>monografia <span class="_6 blank"> </span>à <span class="_6 blank"> </span>minha <span class="_6 blank"> </span>famí<span class="_0 blank"></span>lia <span class="_6 blank"> </span>que <span class="_6 blank"> </span>me <span class="_6 blank"> </span>apoiou </div><div class="t m2 xd ha y49 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">desde o <span class="_9 blank"> </span>começo da <span class="_9 blank"> </span>univ<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersidade até <span class="_9 blank"> </span>este momento <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e em </div><div class="t m2 xd ha y4a ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">especial a minha mãe<span class="_0 blank"></span>, Silvana Nadi<span class="_0 blank"></span>r Medeiros. </div><div class="t m2 xd ha y4b ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 xd ha y4c ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xa y4d w1 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e5c9052e-df43-42cd-9393-e0dd640f4a7e/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">A</div><div class="t m2 xb h8 y4e ff5 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">GRADECIMENTOS</div><div class="t m0 xe h7 y4e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y4f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y50 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y51 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Meus <span class="_6 blank"> </span>sinceros <span class="_6 blank"> </span>agradecimentos<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_6 blank"> </span>meu <span class="_6 blank"> </span>orientador, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Prof. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Dr. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Jasson <span class="_6 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"></span>odriguez <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Figueiredo<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y52 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Filho, <span class="_a blank"> </span>pelos <span class="_a blank"> </span>ensinamentos <span class="_a blank"> </span>durante <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>curso <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>também <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_a blank"> </span>disponibili<span class="_0 blank"></span>dade <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>dedicação <span class="_a blank"> </span>na </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y53 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">orientação ao meu <span class="_0 blank"></span>trabalho. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y54 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y55 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Aos meus colegas de<span class="_0 blank"></span> univ<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersidade pelo apoio e pel<span class="_0 blank"></span>os momentos em que <span class="_0 blank"></span>estivemos juntos<span class="_0 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y56 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y57 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">À minha famíl<span class="_0 blank"></span>ia pelo carinho e apoio em<span class="_0 blank"></span> todas as etapas do pe<span class="_0 blank"></span>ríodo univ<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersitário. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y58 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y59 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">E a todos os demai<span class="_0 blank"></span>s que estiveram env<span class="_0 blank"></span>olvidos neste trabalho d<span class="_0 blank"></span>e conclusão de cu<span class="_0 blank"></span>rso. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y5a ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y5b ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y5c ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 xf h2 y5c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x10 h2 y1 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">RESUMO </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y5d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y5e ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y3 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y5f ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y60 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y61 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y62 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A escada <span class="_b blank"> </span>é uma elemento <span class="_b blank"> </span>essenci<span class="_0 blank"></span>al e <span class="_b blank"> </span>obrigatório dentro de q<span class="_9 blank"> </span>ua<span class="_0 blank"></span>lquer edificação. São </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y63 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">elementos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>da <span class="_7 blank"> </span>edificação, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>pro<span class="_0 blank"></span>jetados <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e <span class="_7 blank"> </span>executados <span class="_4 blank"> </span>para <span class="_4 blank"> </span>unir <span class="_7 blank"> </span>por <span class="_4 blank"> </span>degrau<span class="_0 blank"></span>s <span class="_4 blank"> </span>sucessiv<span class="_0 blank"></span>os, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y64 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">forma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>con<span class="_0 blank"></span>fortável<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>sem<span class="_0 blank"></span> que <span class="_9 blank"> </span>haja um g<span class="_c blank"> </span>rande despendido de <span class="_c blank"> </span>energia, <span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_c blank"> </span>diferentes níveis de </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y65 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">uma edificação. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y66 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dificuldade <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>execu<span class="_0 blank"></span>ção <span class="_4 blank"> </span>das <span class="_4 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dentr<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_4 blank"> </span>da <span class="_4 blank"> </span>obra <span class="_4 blank"> </span>se <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dá <span class="_4 blank"> </span>devido <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_7 blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ato <span class="_4 blank"> </span>das <span class="_4 blank"> </span>suas </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y67 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">geometrias <span class="_a blank"> </span>irr<span class="_c blank"> </span>egulares, <span class="_a blank"> </span>dificuldades <span class="_6 blank"> </span>na <span class="_6 blank"> </span>armação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>também <span class="_6 blank"> </span>na <span class="_6 blank"> </span>concretagem, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>demandando<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y68 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">um tempo consideráve<span class="_0 blank"></span>l de execu<span class="_0 blank"></span>ção dentro da obra.<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y69 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Tendo <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>vista <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>si<span class="_0 blank"></span>stema <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>concreto <span class="_a blank"> </span>arm<span class="_0 blank"></span>ado <span class="_a blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>predominante <span class="_a blank"> </span>para <span class="_a blank"> </span>reali<span class="_0 blank"></span>zação <span class="_a blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y6a ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escadas, <span class="_d blank"> </span>foram <span class="_d blank"> </span>estudados <span class="_d blank"> </span>os <span class="_d blank"> </span>diversos <span class="_d blank"> </span>tipos <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_e blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_d blank"> </span>nesse <span class="_d blank"> </span>sistema <span class="_e blank"> </span>construtiv<span class="_0 blank"></span>o, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y6b ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">analisando <span class="_d blank"> </span>suas <span class="_e blank"> </span>dif<span class="_c blank"> </span>erentes <span class="_d blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas, <span class="_e blank"> </span>modos <span class="_e blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>ar<span class="_c blank"> </span>mação, <span class="_e blank"> </span>comportamento <span class="_e blank"> </span>estrutural <span class="_d blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y6c ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">métodos de cálculo<span class="_0 blank"></span>s. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y6d ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Foram <span class="_9 blank"> </span>também <span class="_f blank"> </span>estudad<span class="_0 blank"></span>as <span class="_9 blank"> </span>as <span class="_f blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_f blank"> </span>em <span class="_9 blank"> </span>concreto <span class="_9 blank"> </span>pré-moldado, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>q<span class="_c blank"> </span>ue <span class="_9 blank"> </span>apresentam-se <span class="_9 blank"> </span>como </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y6e ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>alternativa <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>rapidez <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>execução <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>racionalização <span class="_c blank"> </span>dentr<span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>da <span class="_9 blank"> </span>obra. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Analisou-se <span class="_c blank"> </span>dessa </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y6f ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">forma, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>alguns <span class="_c blank"> </span>tipos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>pré-moldadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>estudando <span class="_9 blank"> </span>suas <span class="_c blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas, <span class="_c blank"> </span>modos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>execução, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y70 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">processo de transpo<span class="_0 blank"></span>rte e comportamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to estrutural. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y71 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Por <span class="_f blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>im <span class="_a blank"> </span>foi <span class="_f blank"> </span>r<span class="_c blank"> </span>ealizad<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_f blank"> </span>d<span class="_c blank"> </span>imensionamento <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>detalhamento <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>alguns <span class="_a blank"> </span>tipo<span class="_0 blank"></span>s <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>escadas, <span class="_a blank"> </span>afim </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y72 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de analisar as taxas de<span class="_0 blank"></span> armaduras ne<span class="_0 blank"></span>cessárias e suas disposi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ções. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y73 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y74 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y75 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y76 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y77 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Palavras-chave: <span class="ff3">escada<span class="_0 blank"></span>s, concreto a<span class="_0 blank"></span>rmado, áreas, mo<span class="_0 blank"></span>mento, pré-moldada<span class="_0 blank"></span>. </span></div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y78 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y79 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y7a ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xa y7b w1 hb" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e5c9052e-df43-42cd-9393-e0dd640f4a7e/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">A</div><div class="t m2 xb h8 y4e ff5 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">BSTRACT</div><div class="t m0 x11 h7 y4e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y4f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y26 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x12 h2 y27 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ABSTRA<span class="_0 blank"></span>CT </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y28 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h2 y29 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m1 x0 h3 y2a ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y7c ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Stairs <span class="_7 blank"> </span>are <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_7 blank"> </span>fundamental <span class="_7 blank"> </span>and <span class="_7 blank"> </span>mandatory <span class="_7 blank"> </span>element <span class="_7 blank"> </span>of <span class="_7 blank"> </span>the <span class="_4 blank"> </span>inside<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_7 blank"> </span>of <span class="_4 blank"> </span>an<span class="_0 blank"></span>y <span class="_7 blank"> </span>building<span class="_0 blank"></span>. <span class="_7 blank"> </span>They <span class="_4 blank"> </span>are<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y7d ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">building elements, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>projected <span class="_c blank"> </span>and <span class="_c blank"> </span>executed <span class="_c blank"> </span>in <span class="_c blank"> </span>order <span class="_c blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>connect <span class="_c blank"> </span>successive steps, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>comfortably<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y7e ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">and with no greater<span class="_0 blank"></span> energy expenditure,<span class="_0 blank"></span> of a given buildi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ng. </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y7f ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">The <span class="_4 blank"> </span>difficulty <span class="_7 blank"> </span>of <span class="_4 blank"> </span>building <span class="_7 blank"> </span>st<span class="_c blank"> </span>airs <span class="_7 blank"> </span>on <span class="_4 blank"> </span>indoors <span class="_4 blank"> </span>is <span class="_7 blank"> </span>due <span class="_4 blank"> </span>to <span class="_4 blank"> </span>their <span class="_7 blank"> </span>irregular <span class="_4 blank"> </span>geometry, <span class="_7 blank"> </span>difficulty <span class="_4 blank"> </span>on </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y80 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">establishing <span class="_7 blank"> </span>fr<span class="_c blank"> </span>ames <span class="_4 blank"> </span>and<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>also <span class="_7 blank"> </span>to <span class="_4 blank"> </span>the <span class="_4 blank"> </span>concreting <span class="_7 blank"> </span>procedure, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>which <span class="_7 blank"> </span>demand <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>considerabl<span class="_0 blank"></span>e </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y81 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">amount of time. </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y82 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Considering <span class="_a blank"> </span>that <span class="_6 blank"> </span>the <span class="_6 blank"> </span>reinforced <span class="_6 blank"> </span>concrete <span class="_a blank"> </span>system <span class="_a blank"> </span>is <span class="_6 blank"> </span>predominant <span class="_6 blank"> </span>for <span class="_6 blank"> </span>building <span class="_a blank"> </span>stairs, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>several </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y83 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">types <span class="_a blank"> </span>of <span class="_6 blank"> </span>stairs <span class="_6 blank"> </span>on <span class="_a blank"> </span>this <span class="_6 blank"> </span>building <span class="_a blank"> </span>system <span class="_a blank"> </span>w<span class="_c blank"> </span>ere <span class="_a blank"> </span>studied, <span class="_a blank"> </span>analy<span class="_c blank"> </span>zi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ng <span class="_a blank"> </span>its <span class="_6 blank"> </span>different <span class="_6 blank"> </span>shapes, <span class="_a blank"> </span>setting </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y84 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">procedures, structural<span class="_0 blank"></span> behavior and cal<span class="_0 blank"></span>culation methods. </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y85 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Stairs <span class="_a blank"> </span>on <span class="_a blank"> </span>precast <span class="_a blank"> </span>concrete <span class="_a blank"> </span>w<span class="_c blank"> </span>ere <span class="_a blank"> </span>also <span class="_a blank"> </span>studied, <span class="_a blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ast <span class="_a blank"> </span>and <span class="_a blank"> </span>rational <span class="_a blank"> </span>alternative. <span class="_a blank"> </span>Therefore, </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y86 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">some <span class="_c blank"> </span>types <span class="_c blank"> </span>of <span class="_c blank"> </span>precast stairs <span class="_c blank"> </span>were <span class="_c blank"> </span>studied, <span class="_c blank"> </span>analyzing its <span class="_c blank"> </span>different <span class="_c blank"> </span>shapes, setting <span class="_c blank"> </span>procedures, </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y87 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">transportation procedure<span class="_0 blank"></span>s and structural<span class="_0 blank"></span> behavior. </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y88 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Finally, <span class="_c blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>he <span class="_9 blank"> </span>sizing <span class="_9 blank"> </span>and <span class="_9 blank"> </span>detailing <span class="_9 blank"> </span>of <span class="_f blank"> </span>some <span class="_9 blank"> </span>types <span class="_9 blank"> </span>of <span class="_9 blank"> </span>stairs <span class="_9 blank"> </span>w<span class="_c blank"> </span>are <span class="_9 blank"> </span>studied, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>in <span class="_9 blank"> </span>order <span class="_9 blank"> </span>to <span class="_f blank"> </span>analyz<span class="_0 blank"></span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>the </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y89 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">rate of steel setting need<span class="_0 blank"></span>ed and dimensi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ons. </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y8a ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y8b ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Keywords: stairs, reinfo<span class="_0 blank"></span>rced concrete<span class="_0 blank"></span>, areas, mo<span class="_0 blank"></span>mentum, precast.<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y8c ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y8d ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y8e ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y8f ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y90 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y91 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y92 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y93 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y94 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y95 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y96 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y97 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y98 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y99 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y9a ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y9b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xa y4d w1 h6" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e5c9052e-df43-42cd-9393-e0dd640f4a7e/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y4e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">S</div><div class="t m2 xb h8 y4e ff5 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">UMÁRIO</div><div class="t m0 x13 h7 y4e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x0 hc y25 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 hd y9c ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">1.</div><div class="t m2 xb he y9c ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 hd y9c ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">INTRODUÇÃO <span class="_10 blank"></span>.................................................................................................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>8</div><div class="t m2 x15 he y9c ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf y9d ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">1.1</div><div class="t m2 x17 he y9d ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf y9d ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">JUSTIFICATIVA <span class="_12 blank"></span>..................................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>8</div><div class="t m2 x15 he y9d ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf y9e ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">1.2</div><div class="t m2 x17 he y9e ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf y9e ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">OBJETIVOS <span class="_13 blank"></span>............................................................................................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>8</div><div class="t m2 x15 he y9e ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 y61 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">1.2.1</div><div class="t m2 x18 he y61 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 y61 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Detalhamento dos objetivos ................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>9</div><div class="t m2 x15 he y61 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 hd y9f ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.</div><div class="t m2 xb he y9f ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 hd y9f ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA <span class="_13 blank"></span>........................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>10</div><div class="t m2 x15 he y9f ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf ya0 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.1</div><div class="t m2 x17 he ya0 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf ya0 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">INTRODUÇÃO TEÓRICA <span class="_10 blank"></span>................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>10</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya0 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf ya1 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.2</div><div class="t m2 x17 he ya1 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf ya1 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">BREVE HISTÓRICO <span class="_13 blank"></span>............................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>10</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya1 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf ya2 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.3</div><div class="t m2 x17 he ya2 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf ya2 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">AÇÕES <span class="_0 blank"></span>.................................................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>11</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya2 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 ya3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.3.1</div><div class="t m2 x18 he ya3 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 ya3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Ações Permanentes <span class="_10 blank"></span>............................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>11</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya3 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 ya4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.3.2</div><div class="t m2 x18 he ya4 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 ya4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Ações variáveis <span class="_10 blank"></span>..................................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>12</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya4 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf ya5 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.4</div><div class="t m2 x17 he ya5 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf ya5 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">TIPOS E CLASSIFICAÇÃO <span class="_0 blank"></span>................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>13</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya5 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf ya6 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.5</div><div class="t m2 x17 he ya6 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf ya6 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">DIMENSÕES E TERMINOLOGIAS <span class="_0 blank"></span>.................................................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>14</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya6 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf ya7 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.6</div><div class="t m2 x17 he ya7 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf ya7 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ESCADAS RETANGULARES <span class="_14 blank"></span>............................................................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>16</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya7 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 ya8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.6.1</div><div class="t m2 x18 he ya8 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 ya8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas armadas transversalmente <span class="_11 blank"></span>....................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>16</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya8 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 y84 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.6.2</div><div class="t m2 x18 he y84 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 y84 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas armadas longitudinalmente <span class="_11 blank"></span>..................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>17</div><div class="t m2 x15 he y84 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 ya9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.6.3</div><div class="t m2 x18 he ya9 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 ya9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas armadas em cruz <span class="_14 blank"></span>..................................................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>19</div><div class="t m2 x15 he ya9 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yaa ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.6.4</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yaa ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yaa ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas com patamar............................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>20</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yaa ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yab ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.6.5</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yab ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yab ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas em balanço <span class="_11 blank"></span>.............................................................................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>21</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yab ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf yac ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.7</div><div class="t m2 x17 he yac ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf yac ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ESCADAS COM LAJES ORTOGONAIS <span class="_10 blank"></span>........................................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>23</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yac ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yad ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.7.1</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yad ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yad ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas em L <span class="_11 blank"></span>........................................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>23</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yad ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yae ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.7.2</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yae ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yae ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas em U........................................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>26</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yae ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yaf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.7.3</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yaf ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yaf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Escadas em O........................................................................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>29</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yaf ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf yb0 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.8</div><div class="t m2 x17 he yb0 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf yb0 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ESCADAS COM LAJES ADJACENTES <span class="_15 blank"></span>............................................................ <span class="_11 blank"></span>31</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb0 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf yb1 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.9</div><div class="t m2 x17 he yb1 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf yb1 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ESCADAS PRÉ-MOLDADAS <span class="_16 blank"></span>.............................................................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>34</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb1 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yb2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.9.1</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yb2 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yb2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Escada pré-moldada com peças de grandes dimensões <span class="_10 blank"></span>.........................<span class="_c blank"> </span>............... <span class="_11 blank"></span>36</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb2 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yb3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.9.2</div><div class="t m2 x18 he yb3 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x19 h1 yb3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Escada pré-moldada composta de diversos element<span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_11 blank"></span>......................................... <span class="_11 blank"></span>38</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb3 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf yb4 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.10</div><div class="t m2 x1a he yb4 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf yb4 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">DIMENSIONAMENTO DE ESCADAS <span class="_0 blank"></span>.............................................................. <span class="_16 blank"></span>42</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb4 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yb5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.10.1</div><div class="t m2 x2 he yb5 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1b h1 yb5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Escada de concreto armado, armada longitudinalm<span class="_c blank"> </span>ente: <span class="_13 blank"></span>................................. <span class="_11 blank"></span>43</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb5 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h1 yb6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">2.10.2</div><div class="t m2 x2 he yb6 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1b h1 yb6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Escada de concreto armado, armada transversalmente. ................................... <span class="_16 blank"></span>51</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb6 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 hd yb7 ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">3.</div><div class="t m2 xb he yb7 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 hd yb7 ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS <span class="_12 blank"></span>.......................................................................................... <span class="_16 blank"></span>54</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb7 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf yb8 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">3.1</div><div class="t m2 x17 he yb8 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf yb8 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">METODOLOGIA <span class="_15 blank"></span>................................................................................................... <span class="_16 blank"></span>54</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb8 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x16 hf yb9 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">3.2</div><div class="t m2 x17 he yb9 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hf yb9 ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">CONCLUSÕES <span class="_15 blank"></span>....................................................................................................... <span class="_16 blank"></span>55</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yb9 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 hd yba ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">4.</div><div class="t m2 xb he yba ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 hd yba ff6 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">REFERÊNCIAS <span class="_14 blank"></span>.............................................................................................................. <span class="_16 blank"></span>56</div><div class="t m2 x15 he yba ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_17 blank"> </span>8</div><div class="t m1 x1c h10 ybb ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1. <span class="_18 blank"></span><span class="fs5">INTRODUÇÃO </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ybc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ybd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h11 ybe ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.1 <span class="_19 blank"> </span>JUSTIFICATIV<span class="_c blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ybf ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A <span class="_9 blank"> </span>escada <span class="_9 blank"> </span>é <span class="_9 blank"> </span>um <span class="_f blank"> </span>element<span class="_0 blank"></span>o <span class="_9 blank"> </span>muito <span class="_9 blank"> </span>importante <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>obrigatório <span class="_9 blank"> </span>em <span class="_9 blank"> </span>qualquer <span class="_9 blank"> </span>edificação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>pois </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc0 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">torna <span class="_7 blank"> </span>possí<span class="_0 blank"></span>vel <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_7 blank"> </span>movimentação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>vertical <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pessoas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>em <span class="_6 blank"> </span>um <span class="_7 blank"> </span>edifíci<span class="_0 blank"></span>o. <span class="_7 blank"> </span>É <span class="_6 blank"> </span>necessário <span class="_7 blank"> </span>que <span class="_6 blank"> </span>se </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc1 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tenha <span class="_4 blank"> </span>conhecimento <span class="_4 blank"> </span>para <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>cons<span class="_0 blank"></span>trução <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>edificaçõe<span class="_0 blank"></span>s <span class="_4 blank"> </span>pois <span class="_4 blank"> </span>elas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dev<span class="_0 blank"></span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ter </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc2 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dimensões especi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ficas para gerar um con<span class="_0 blank"></span>forto para os usuários<span class="_0 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha yc3 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O <span class="_f blank"> </span>tipo <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>orma <span class="_f blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_f blank"> </span>utiliz<span class="_0 blank"></span>ado <span class="_9 blank"> </span>é<span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>sum<span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>impor<span class="_c blank"> </span>tância <span class="_9 blank"> </span>pois <span class="_f blank"> </span>pode <span class="_f blank"> </span>gerar <span class="_f blank"> </span>uma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>maior <span class="_f blank"> </span>ou </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc4 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">menor <span class="_c blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>acilidade <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>construção, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>racionalização <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>economia; <span class="_9 blank"> </span>deve <span class="_9 blank"> </span>também <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ser<span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>adequada <span class="_9 blank"> </span>às </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc5 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dimensões <span class="_7 blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>cargas<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_7 blank"> </span>edificação, <span class="_7 blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>des<span class="_0 blank"></span>sa <span class="_7 blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>orma <span class="_7 blank"> </span>o <span class="_4 blank"> </span>estudo <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>tipos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>armações,<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc6 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">apoios, patamares é<span class="_0 blank"></span> necessário. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha yc7 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O trabalho pretende enfa<span class="_0 blank"></span>tizar a importância de um proje<span class="_0 blank"></span>to e estudo das escadas para </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc8 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a <span class="_a blank"> </span>constr<span class="_c blank"> </span>ução <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_a blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>orma <span class="_a blank"> </span>padronizada <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>r<span class="_c blank"> </span>acionalizada <span class="_a blank"> </span>na <span class="_6 blank"> </span>obra, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>assim <span class="_6 blank"> </span>como <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>partir <span class="_6 blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yc9 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">conhecimento <span class="_a blank"> </span>criar <span class="_6 blank"> </span>possibilidad<span class="_0 blank"></span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>realização <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_6 blank"> </span>sofisticadas <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_6 blank"> </span>concreto </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yca ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">armado. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ycb ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h11 ycc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.2 <span class="_19 blank"> </span>OBJETIVOS </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ycd ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O <span class="_a blank"> </span>objetivo <span class="_f blank"> </span>do <span class="_a blank"> </span>trabalho <span class="_a blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>estuda<span class="_0 blank"></span>r <span class="_a blank"> </span>alguns <span class="_f blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>ipos <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>concreto <span class="_f blank"> </span>armado <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>pode<span class="_0 blank"></span>m </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yce ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ser <span class="_a blank"> </span>utilizadas <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>uma <span class="_a blank"> </span>e<span class="_c blank"> </span>dificação. <span class="_a blank"> </span>Pretende-se <span class="_a blank"> </span>analisar <span class="_a blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>dif<span class="_c blank"> </span>erentes <span class="_a blank"> </span>formas <span class="_a blank"> </span>existentes <span class="_a blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ycf ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escadas, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>as <span class="_1a blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_1a blank"> </span>formas <span class="_1a blank"> </span>de <span class="_1a blank"> </span>armações<span class="_0 blank"></span>, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>dimensões, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>pa<span class="_0 blank"></span>tamares, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>apoios <span class="_1a blank"> </span>e <span class="_1a blank"> </span>açõe<span class="_0 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yd0 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">submetidas <span class="_b blank"> </span>à <span class="_1b blank"> </span>elas. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Serão <span class="_1b blank"> </span>abordados <span class="_b blank"> </span>também <span class="_b blank"> </span>alg<span class="_c blank"> </span>uns <span class="_b blank"> </span>tipos <span class="_1b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_1b blank"> </span>pré-moldadas, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yd1 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">analisando <span class="_a blank"> </span>suas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>especificidades <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_7 blank"> </span>comportame<span class="_0 blank"></span>ntos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>estruturais. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Serão <span class="_a blank"> </span>citadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yd2 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">diferentes <span class="_a blank"> </span>formas <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>construção <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>comportamento <span class="_a blank"> </span>estrutural <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>por <span class="_a blank"> </span>fim <span class="_a blank"> </span>serão <span class="_a blank"> </span>detalhadas <span class="_a blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yd3 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">dimensionadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>arm<span class="_c blank"> </span>adas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>longitudinalme<span class="_0 blank"></span>nte <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>transversalmente <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_f blank"> </span>uma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>edificação, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yd4 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">fazendo <span class="_7 blank"> </span>um <span class="_7 blank"> </span>comparativo <span class="_7 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_7 blank"> </span>as <span class="_7 blank"> </span>taxas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>armadura <span class="_7 blank"> </span>encontrada <span class="_7 blank"> </span>par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a <span class="_7 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>armadas </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yd5 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">transversalmente, no <span class="_0 blank"></span>caso de calculadas<span class="_0 blank"></span> como vi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ga e como laje. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yd8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_17 blank"> </span>9</div><div class="t m3 x0 h12 yd9 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1<span class="_c blank"> </span>.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>2<span class="_c blank"> </span>.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>1<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_19 blank"> </span>D<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_c blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>L<span class="_9 blank"> </span>H<span class="_c blank"> </span>A<span class="_f blank"> </span>ME<span class="_9 blank"> </span>N<span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_c blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>D<span class="_c blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>S<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>B<span class="_c blank"> </span>J<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_c blank"> </span>I<span class="_9 blank"> </span>V<span class="_c blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>S<span class="_9 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha yda ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">- Estudo das generalida<span class="_0 blank"></span>des e ações e<span class="_0 blank"></span>m escadas; </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ydb ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">- Estudo dos modos de<span class="_0 blank"></span> armação, assi<span class="_0 blank"></span>m como das v<span class="_0 blank"></span>igas e lajes nas escad<span class="_0 blank"></span>as; </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ydc ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">- Detalhamento e di<span class="_0 blank"></span>mensionamento<span class="_0 blank"></span> de uma esc<span class="_0 blank"></span>ada de concreto armado<span class="_0 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ydd ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yde ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_1c blank"> </span>10</div><div class="t m1 xe h10 ybb ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2. <span class="_1d blank"></span><span class="fs5">REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h11 ydf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.1 <span class="_19 blank"> </span>INTRODUÇÃO TEÓRICA </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ye0 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">As <span class="_7 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>são <span class="_7 blank"> </span>elemen<span class="_0 blank"></span>tos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>edificação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_c blank"> </span>ojet<span class="_0 blank"></span>ados <span class="_7 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>executados <span class="_7 blank"> </span>pa<span class="_0 blank"></span>ra <span class="_6 blank"> </span>q<span class="_c blank"> </span>ue <span class="_6 blank"> </span>o <span class="_7 blank"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye1 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">humano <span class="_9 blank"> </span>possa <span class="_f blank"> </span>se <span class="_f blank"> </span>locomov<span class="_0 blank"></span>er <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>um <span class="_f blank"> </span>nível <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>outro <span class="_f blank"> </span>da <span class="_f blank"> </span>edificação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>forma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>confortável <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>sem </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye2 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que <span class="_6 blank"> </span>haja <span class="_6 blank"> </span>um <span class="_6 blank"> </span>gr<span class="_c blank"> </span>ande <span class="_a blank"> </span>g<span class="_c blank"> </span>asto <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>ener<span class="_0 blank"></span>gia. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>As <span class="_6 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>em <span class="_7 blank"> </span>compa<span class="_0 blank"></span>ração <span class="_6 blank"> </span>com <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>rampas, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye3 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">possuem <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>mesma <span class="_c blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>inalidade, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>têm <span class="_f blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>vantagem <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ocuparem <span class="_f blank"> </span>um <span class="_9 blank"> </span>espaço <span class="_9 blank"> </span>menor, <span class="_f blank"> </span>no <span class="_9 blank"> </span>entanto </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye4 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">não permite o trafe<span class="_0 blank"></span>go com cadeira de rodas<span class="_0 blank"></span>, carrinhos de car<span class="_0 blank"></span>ga e coisas d<span class="_0 blank"></span>o gênero. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ye5 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Por <span class="_1e blank"> </span>apresentarem <span class="_1f blank"> </span>geometrias <span class="_1f blank"> </span>irregulares, <span class="_1f blank"> </span>planos <span class="_1e blank"> </span>inclinados, <span class="_1f blank"> </span>dificuldade <span class="_1f blank"> </span>na </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye6 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">montagem <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>formas, <span class="_f blank"> </span>na <span class="_a blank"> </span>armação <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>também <span class="_f blank"> </span>na <span class="_a blank"> </span>concreta<span class="_0 blank"></span>gem, <span class="_a blank"> </span>as <span class="_f blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_f blank"> </span>demandam <span class="_a blank"> </span>um<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye7 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tempo <span class="_a blank"> </span>considerável <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>execução <span class="_a blank"> </span>dentro <span class="_a blank"> </span>da <span class="_a blank"> </span>obra. <span class="_a blank"> </span>Por <span class="_6 blank"> </span>esse <span class="_a blank"> </span>fato, <span class="_a blank"> </span>muitas <span class="_a blank"> </span>vezes <span class="_a blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>escolhida </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha ye8 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">como alternativ<span class="_0 blank"></span>a de rapidez<span class="_0 blank"></span> e racionalização<span class="_0 blank"></span> a utilização de escadas pré-mol<span class="_0 blank"></span>dadas. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha ye9 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Há <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dif<span class="_c blank"> </span>erentes <span class="_20 blank"> </span>possibilidades <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_20 blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e mat<span class="_0 blank"></span>eriais <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de con<span class="_0 blank"></span>strução <span class="_20 blank"> </span>para <span class="_4 blank"> </span>escadas, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yea ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">podendo <span class="_a blank"> </span>essas <span class="_a blank"> </span>serem <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>concreto <span class="_6 blank"> </span>armado, <span class="_a blank"> </span>concreto <span class="_a blank"> </span>pré-moldado, <span class="_a blank"> </span>metálicas, <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>m<span class="_c blank"> </span>adeira, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yeb ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sendo alguns tipos apoi<span class="_0 blank"></span>ados sobre lajes<span class="_0 blank"></span> ou vigas, em bal<span class="_0 blank"></span>anço ou engastada<span class="_0 blank"></span>s. </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha yec ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">No <span class="_7 blank"> </span>entanto <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pode-se <span class="_7 blank"> </span>dizer <span class="_7 blank"> </span>que <span class="_7 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>escolha <span class="_7 blank"> </span>do <span class="_6 blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>ipo <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_7 blank"> </span>material <span class="_7 blank"> </span>que <span class="_7 blank"> </span>será <span class="_7 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"></span>xecutada <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a<span class="_c blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yed ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escada, deve ser real<span class="_0 blank"></span>izada a partir da análise<span class="_0 blank"></span> das possibili<span class="_0 blank"></span>dades dentro da obra.<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h11 yee ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.2 <span class="_19 blank"> </span>BREVE HISTÓRICO </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yef ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A <span class="_a blank"> </span>orig<span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>das <span class="_a blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>certamente <span class="_a blank"> </span>remonta <span class="_a blank"> </span>aos <span class="_a blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>empos <span class="_a blank"> </span>mais <span class="_a blank"> </span>long<span class="_c blank"> </span>ínquo<span class="_0 blank"></span>s. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>A <span class="_a blank"> </span>presença <span class="_6 blank"> </span>das<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf0 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escadas <span class="_a blank"> </span>talhad<span class="_0 blank"></span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>na<span class="_0 blank"></span>s <span class="_a blank"> </span>pi<span class="_0 blank"></span>râmides <span class="_f blank"> </span>egípcias, <span class="_a blank"> </span>con<span class="_0 blank"></span>firmam <span class="_a blank"> </span>esse <span class="_f blank"> </span>fato <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>mostram <span class="_f blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>os <span class="_f blank"> </span>degraus </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf1 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">das escadas já exi<span class="_0 blank"></span>stiam a muito tempo at<span class="_0 blank"></span>rás. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf2 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Afim <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>conse<span class="_0 blank"></span>guir <span class="_a blank"> </span>se <span class="_a blank"> </span>locomov<span class="_0 blank"></span>er <span class="_a blank"> </span>verticalmen<span class="_0 blank"></span>te <span class="_a blank"> </span>com <span class="_f blank"> </span>ma<span class="_c blank"> </span>is <span class="_a blank"> </span>facil<span class="_0 blank"></span>idade, <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>ho<span class="_0 blank"></span>mem <span class="_a blank"> </span>começou <span class="_f blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf3 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escavar <span class="_b blank"> </span>em<span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_1b blank"> </span>rampas <span class="_1b blank"> </span>naturais, <span class="_b blank"> </span>formas <span class="_1b blank"> </span>de <span class="_1b blank"> </span>degraus, <span class="_b blank"> </span>q<span class="_c blank"> </span>ue <span class="_1b blank"> </span>sucedendo-<span class="_0 blank"></span>se <span class="_b blank"> </span>uns <span class="_1b blank"> </span>aos <span class="_1b blank"> </span>outros, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf4 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">permitiam <span class="_b blank"> </span>atingir <span class="_b blank"> </span>níveis <span class="_1b blank"> </span>superiores<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_1b blank"> </span>inferiores<span class="_0 blank"></span>. <span class="_1b blank"> </span>No <span class="_b blank"> </span>entanto, <span class="_b blank"> </span>apesar <span class="_b blank"> </span>da <span class="_b blank"> </span>realização <span class="_b blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf5 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">primeiras <span class="_7 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>tenham <span class="_4 blank"> </span>sido <span class="_7 blank"> </span>realizadas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>modo <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>atingir <span class="_7 blank"> </span>os <span class="_4 blank"> </span>objetiv<span class="_0 blank"></span>os <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>locomoção </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf6 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">vertical, <span class="_f blank"> </span>essas <span class="_a blank"> </span>es<span class="_0 blank"></span>tão <span class="_f blank"> </span>muito <span class="_f blank"> </span>long<span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_f blank"> </span>das <span class="_f blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas <span class="_f blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>ca<span class="_0 blank"></span>racterísticas <span class="_f blank"> </span>das <span class="_f blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_f blank"> </span>existentes <span class="_a blank"> </span>hoj<span class="_0 blank"></span>e </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf7 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">em dia, devido ao <span class="_0 blank"></span>fato das grandes trans<span class="_0 blank"></span>formações durante o te<span class="_0 blank"></span>mpo. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf8 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Observava-se que <span class="_c blank"> </span>na <span class="_c blank"> </span>Idade Média, as <span class="_c blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>eram <span class="_c blank"> </span>vistas <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>pensadas meramente <span class="_c blank"> </span>ao <span class="_c blank"> </span>nív<span class="_0 blank"></span>el </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yf9 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">técnico <span class="_1b blank"> </span>e <span class="_1b blank"> </span>utilitário, <span class="_1b blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_1b blank"> </span>muitas <span class="_1b blank"> </span>veze<span class="_0 blank"></span>s <span class="_1b blank"> </span>realizadas <span class="_1b blank"> </span>com <span class="_1b blank"> </span>m<span class="_c blank"> </span>uito <span class="_1b blank"> </span>descui<span class="_0 blank"></span>do. <span class="_1b blank"> </span>No <span class="_1b blank"> </span>início <span class="_1b blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yfa ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Renascimento essa <span class="_c blank"> </span>visão <span class="_c blank"> </span>foi <span class="_c blank"> </span>alterada, <span class="_c blank"> </span>dando m<span class="_c blank"> </span>ais valor <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_c blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas <span class="_c blank"> </span>e q<span class="_c blank"> </span>ualidade da <span class="_c blank"> </span>execução </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x1e yfb w2 h13" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e5c9052e-df43-42cd-9393-e0dd640f4a7e/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_1c blank"> </span>11</div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yfc ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">das <span class="_9 blank"> </span>escadas. <span class="_f blank"> </span>No <span class="_f blank"> </span>entanto <span class="_9 blank"> </span>as <span class="_f blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_f blank"> </span>não <span class="_f blank"> </span>eram <span class="_f blank"> </span>cômodas, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>endo <span class="_9 blank"> </span>um <span class="_f blank"> </span>grande <span class="_f blank"> </span>comprimento <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yfd ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pouca <span class="_f blank"> </span>altura, <span class="_a blank"> </span>embo<span class="_0 blank"></span>ra <span class="_f blank"> </span>não <span class="_f blank"> </span>fosse <span class="_a blank"> </span>incomodo <span class="_f blank"> </span>à <span class="_f blank"> </span>população. <span class="_f blank"> </span>Hoje <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_f blank"> </span>dia <span class="_a blank"> </span>ess<span class="_0 blank"></span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>situação <span class="_a blank"> </span>mudo<span class="_0 blank"></span>u </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yfe ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">muito, <span class="_f blank"> </span>o <span class="_f blank"> </span>ritmo <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>vida <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e<span class="_c blank"> </span>xige <span class="_9 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_f blank"> </span>escada <span class="_f blank"> </span>que <span class="_f blank"> </span>possa <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_f blank"> </span>percorrida <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>m<span class="_c blank"> </span>odo <span class="_9 blank"> </span>r<span class="_c blank"> </span>ápido, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>seguro </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha yff ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que com o menor gas<span class="_0 blank"></span>to de energia. </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y100 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">É <span class="_6 blank"> </span>impossível <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_7 blank"> </span>possamos <span class="_a blank"> </span>conhecer <span class="_6 blank"> </span>todos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>os <span class="_6 blank"> </span>tipos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>existentes <span class="_a blank"> </span>at<span class="_c blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y101 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">hoje, <span class="_b blank"> </span>porém <span class="_b blank"> </span>as <span class="_b blank"> </span>escadas <span class="_b blank"> </span>tornaram-se <span class="_b blank"> </span>um <span class="_b blank"> </span>ele<span class="_0 blank"></span>mento <span class="_b blank"> </span>necessário <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_b blank"> </span>essencial dentr<span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_b blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y102 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">edificações, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>proporciona<span class="_0 blank"></span>ndo <span class="_4 blank"> </span>não <span class="_4 blank"> </span>somente <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>cir<span class="_0 blank"></span>culação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>mas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>como <span class="_4 blank"> </span>tam<span class="_0 blank"></span>bém <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>segurança, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y103 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">refúgio ou alternativ<span class="_0 blank"></span>a para o caso do<span class="_0 blank"></span> não funcion<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento de elevadores.<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y104 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Dessa <span class="_c blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>orma, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>transformação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>durante <span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_9 blank"> </span>t<span class="_c blank"> </span>empos <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>os <span class="_9 blank"> </span>estudos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>dedicados <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_9 blank"> </span>escadas, </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y105 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">podemos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ver <span class="_6 blank"> </span>hoje <span class="_6 blank"> </span>em <span class="_6 blank"> </span>dia, <span class="_a blank"> </span>uma <span class="_7 blank"> </span>in<span class="_0 blank"></span>finidade <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>modelos, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>tamanhos, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>materiais <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>f<span class="_c blank"> </span>ormas <span class="_a blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y106 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">escadas, <span class="_a blank"> </span>passando <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>não <span class="_a blank"> </span>serem <span class="_a blank"> </span>vistas <span class="_a blank"> </span>somente <span class="_a blank"> </span>como <span class="_a blank"> </span>um <span class="_a blank"> </span>objeto <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>utilização <span class="_a blank"> </span>dentro <span class="_a blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y107 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">edificações, mas també<span class="_0 blank"></span>m como obras<span class="_0 blank"></span> muito belas e a<span class="_0 blank"></span>rrojadas. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y108 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.3 <span class="_19 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"></span>ÇÕES </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha y109 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">As <span class="_1b blank"> </span>ações <span class="_1a blank"> </span>presentes <span class="_1b blank"> </span>em <span class="_1b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_1a blank"> </span>escada <span class="_1b blank"> </span>são <span class="_1b blank"> </span>as <span class="_1a blank"> </span>ações <span class="_1b blank"> </span>permanentes <span class="_1b blank"> </span>e <span class="_1a blank"> </span>as <span class="_1b blank"> </span>ações </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y10a ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">variáveis. </div><div class="t m3 x0 h12 y10b ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2<span class="_c blank"> </span>.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>3<span class="_c blank"> </span>.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>1<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_19 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_c blank"> </span>Õ<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>S<span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>P<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_c blank"> </span>R<span class="_9 blank"> </span>M<span class="_c blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>N<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>N<span class="_c blank"> </span>T<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>S<span class="_c blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y10c ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.3.1.1 <span class="_21 blank"> </span>Peso Próprio </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha y10d ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O <span class="_4 blank"> </span>peso <span class="_7 blank"> </span>próprio <span class="_4 blank"> </span>é <span class="_7 blank"> </span>calculado <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>acordo <span class="_7 blank"> </span>com <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_7 blank"> </span>espessur<span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_7 blank"> </span>m<span class="_c blank"> </span>édia <span class="_7 blank"> </span>hm, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>mostrada <span class="_7 blank"> </span>na </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y10e ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">figura <span class="_c blank"> </span>1 <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>peso <span class="_c blank"> </span>especí<span class="_0 blank"></span>fico <span class="_c blank"> </span>do <span class="_c blank"> </span>concreto q<span class="_c blank"> </span>ue é <span class="_c blank"> </span>igual <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>25kN/m³. <span class="_c blank"> </span>No <span class="_c blank"> </span>entanto <span class="_c blank"> </span>se t<span class="_c blank"> </span>ratar <span class="_c blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y10f ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">uma escada de la<span class="_0 blank"></span>je com espessu<span class="_0 blank"></span>ra constante e a<span class="_0 blank"></span> composição dos <span class="_20 blank"> </span>degraus forem de<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y110 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">alvenaria<span class="_0 blank"></span>, <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_f blank"> </span>peso <span class="_a blank"> </span>próprio <span class="_a blank"> </span>é <span class="_f blank"> </span>calculado <span class="_a blank"> </span>somando-se <span class="_f blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>peso <span class="_a blank"> </span>da <span class="_f blank"> </span>laje, <span class="_a blank"> </span>calculado <span class="_f blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>função <span class="_a blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y111 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">h</div><div class="t m4 x1f h14 y112 ff3 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0">1</div><div class="t m2 x20 ha y111 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">, <span class="_f blank"> </span>ao <span class="_f blank"> </span>peso <span class="_f blank"> </span>do <span class="_f blank"> </span>enchime<span class="_0 blank"></span>nto <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>alven<span class="_0 blank"></span>aria, <span class="_f blank"> </span>calculado <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>função <span class="_f blank"> </span>da <span class="_f blank"> </span>espessura <span class="_9 blank"> </span>média </div><div class="t m3 x21 h15 yb3 ff9 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">\ue001</div><div class="t m3 x21 h15 y113 ff9 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0">\ue002</div><div class="t m2 x22 ha y111 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">, <span class="_f blank"> </span>como </div><div class="t m2 x0 ha y114 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mostrado na figura 2<span class="_0 blank"></span>. <span class="_0 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x23 ha y115 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figura 1 - Lajes com de<span class="_0 blank"></span>graus de alv<span class="_0 blank"></span>enaria. </div><div class="t m2 x24 ha y116 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m2 x1d ha y117 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Fonte: Mel<span class="_0 blank"></span>ges (1997) </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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